AMODS and High Energy Density Sciences

2011. 9. 7.

Yong-Joo RHEE

Laboratory for Quantum Optics

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

+82-42-868-2935 http://amods.kaeri.re.kr yjrhee@kaeri.re.kr

Presentation at DCN meeting, IAEA

1. Introduction Lab. For Quantum Optics, AMODS, HEDS 2. Relativistic calculation of Atomic Data 2.1 MCDF (Multi-Configuration Dirac-Fock) code (UPMC, NIST) 2.2 Electron impact ionization of W, Mo, etc (NIST) 2.3 Radiation from HCI of W for Tokamak plasma (NIST) 2.4 Radiation from HCI of Xe for EUV source (NIFS) 2.5 Radiation from HCI of Si for stellar object (black hole, neutron star ,etc) (Osaka U.) 2.6 Dielectric recombination of Fe ion (Columbia U.) 3. Hydrodynamic simulations of HEDS 3.1 EOS/opacity data (QEOS, SESAME) 3.2 3D compressed plasma (Osaka U. of Japan) 3.3 2D compressed plasma (RAL of UK) 3.4 1D compressed plasma (LULI of France, LLNL of USA) 3.5 Pressure Acceleration of plasma (PALS of Czech Republic) 4. SUMMARY

Atomic Spectroscopy Laser Propagation

Population Dynamics

Relativistic structure calculation Electron impact ionization Radiative transition of HCI

isotope shift hyperfine structure autoionization

Density matrix STIRAP

High Energy Density Sciences

-VULCAN,LULI,PALS,GEKKO XII,SG II, TITAN - Simulation with Hydrodynamic/PIC code - EOS/Opacity, LabHydro, IFE/MFE

Laser-induced plasma

AMODS

W-HCI

Atomic Structure & Transitions Collisions and Reactions

MPI

PATH

IAEA,

ORNL

Michigan

NIST, CUP

NIFS

CDS

NIST

UPMC

KAERI

NIST KAERI Strathclyde

Most data retrievals are controlled by SCRIPTS (PERL, k-shell)

NIST

Fusion Simulation

KAERI

Behavior of matter under extreme conditions

of pressure and temperature

Concentration of intense source of energy

in a small region at a short time

Energy density > 10 kJ/g

Thermal temperature > 1 eV ( ~11600 oK)

- Laser produced plasma

- Inertial confinement fusion

- Exploding wires

- High velocity impact including meteorite impacts

and gun experiments

- Target heated by electron or ion beams

- Z-pinch devices

Dirac-Fock Equation

A

A

A AA A

Q (r)A BA,B

P (r)A BA A AA

κ ε V (r)d+ - -2c XP (r) Q (r)εdr r c c = +

-XQ (r) -P (r)cV (r) κ εd- - -

c dr r cB A

http://amods.kaeri.re.kr/mcdf/MCDF.html PC version – downloadable from MCDF site

Workstation version (2000)

Exchange term

Screened Coulomb charge term

Lagrange multipliers

Multi Configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) code : Jean-Paul Desclaux (Grenoble, France) Paul Indelicato (University of Pierre & Marie Curie) (late) Yong-Ki Kim (NIST, USA) - relativistic wave functions - electric and magnetic multipole transition - plane wave Born cross section - angular coefficients, etc

Radial function X r

Relativistic MCDF code - atomic structure and transitions. 2.1

Direct Ionization

BEB (Binary Encounter Bethe) model

N : Orbital Occupation Number B : Orbital Binding Energy U : Orbital Kinetic Energy R : Rydberg Energy T : Incident Electron Energy t = T/B u = U/B a0 : Bohr Radius

Bethe Mott

Bound state

Continuum

Electron

Ionization energy

interference

Excitation Autoionization

Electron

Bound state 1

Excited state : autoionization or photoemission

Continuum

Bound state 2

BE PWB

E CB

T

T B E

T

T E

2 2

0

2

4 ( / ) ln 1 1 ln1 1

( 1) / 2 1

orb

a N R B t t

t u m t t tE: excitation energy B: bound energy PWB: plane wave Born Approximation for neutral atom CB: Coulomb Born approximation for singly charged ion

First ionization limit

2.2 Electron impact ionization calculation based on BEB and MCDF

Electron impact ionization - W, Mo, light elements, etc

e-impact ionization of neutral W

Online calculation of direct ionization cross section based

on BEB is possible in AMODS for W and Mo.

W34+ (n=4) : 4p64dn [ 4p5 4dn+1 + 4p64dn-14f ]

Strong emission at 50 A from a tokamak plasma has been detected, which would cause a loss of power and lower the temperature of tokamak plasma

2.3

Series of EUV spectra of W ions (25+ to 36+) measured at Berlin EBIT

[ 4p5 4dn+1 + 4p64dn-14f ] 4p64dn W33+ : n=5

J= 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 W34+ : n=4 J= 0, 1, 2 W35+ : n=3 J= 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 W36+ : n=2 J= 2, 3, 4 W37+ : n=1 J= 3/2, 5/2 [ 4s4pn+1 + 4s24pn-14d ] 4s24pn W38+ : n=6 J= 0 W39+ : n=5 J= 3/2, 1/2 W40+ : n=4 J= 2, 0, 1 W41+ : n=3 J= 3/2 W42+ : n=2 J= 0, 1, 2 W43+ : n=1 J= 1/2, 3/2

W44+ : 3d104s4p 3d104s2

J= 0 W45+ : 3d10[4p + 4f] 3d104s J= 1/2 W46+ : [3d94s + 3d94p] 3d10

J= 0

+33

+34

+35

+36

+37

+38

+39

+40

+41

+42

+43

+44

+45

+46

4p64d9 + 4p64d75p1 + 4p64d74f1

4p64d8

ΔJ=0, ±1

To see the effects of configuration interaction

(HULLAC code – multiconfiguration)

T. Kato, EUVL2004

4d8 (J=3,4) 4d75p

Xe is important as EUV source and diagnostics of fusion

plasmas: transition probabilities of Xe10+

2.4

Implosion target : CH (Polystyrene) shell diameter: 500 μm thickness: 7 μm

GEKKO Laser parameters: Gaussian, 527nm Energy: 400J/beam FWHM: 1.2 ns d/R = -2 or -3 d = -750

Nd:YAG laser 1 J, 1064 nm, 13 ns 500 μm diameter

Si on a polyimide substrate

13 ns

13 ns

Gaussian in time and flat spatially

Ta

X-ray

compact object (BH, NS,WD)

accretion disk

stellar wind

companion star

Implosion speed =3.5 X107 cm/sec

실

Laboratory X-ray

X-ray from Blackhole (Cygnus X3)

X-ray from neutron star (Vela X1)

2.5

companion star

GXII 12 beams

pinhole shield X-ray spectrometer-IP

X-ray spectrometer - CCD

X-ray frame camera Transmission grating spectrometer

Heating laser X-ray Streak Camera

X-ray Multi-Pinhole Camera (0.5~6keV)

CH shell, 500um-diam. 5um -thick

L

Fe 15μm

Ni 10μm

Cu 10μm

None

Al 20μm

Al 30μm

Ti 40μm

V 15μm

None Mg 10μm

Al 5μm

Al 10μm

4 XPH

(XMPC. XPH, TG, XSC) for implosion dynamics and

(XFC, XS-CCD, XS-IP) for photo-ionization process

XPH and TG data shows TR ~ 500 eV. X-ray streak camera reveals

vimp

= 4 x 107 cm /sec and stagnation size is about 100 μm diameter.

96.6 micron

3.8 x 107

cm/s

4.5 x 107 cm/s

1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

gA

E(KeV)

Emission spectrum of He-like and Li-like Si by MCDF

Experimental spectra are similar to those at low temperature at low density and/or at high temperature at high density. (FLYCHK) Meanwhile spectra of Vela X-1 or Cygnus X-3 are similar to that at high density and low temperature. At high density and low temperature, radiative recombination rate is increased which results in the growth of population of Li-like and Be-like Si ions. -> Indirect evidence that forbidden and intercombination lines of astronomical spectra stem from Li and Be like Si ions.

2.6

300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Single-n CI

Multi-n CI

Experiment

<v>

(1

0-1

0 c

m3 s

-1)

Center of Mass Energy (eV)

600 650 700 750 800 8500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

<v>

(1

0-1

0 c

m3 s

-1)

Center of Mass Energy (eV)

Single-n CI

Multi-n CI

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

n=14

n=13n=12n=11

n=10n=9n=8

n=7

n=6

n=5

n=4n=3

|cn'|2

n'

Behaviors of Multi-n CI for Fe15+ DN = 1 (N=2->3) DR

Resonance overlap Reduction of resonance strength for n=6 complex

Mixing coefficients by Multi-n CI Comparison with experiment

1 10 100 10000.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

1.06Zn

19+

Ni17+

Fe15+

Cr13+

Ti11+

Ca9+

Cr13+

Ca9+

Ti11+

Zn19+

Ni17+

Fe15+

T (eV)

m

CI/

sC

I

Maxwellian DR Rate Coefficients for Na-like Ions by Multi-n CI

Fe15+ Total DR of DN = 0,1 Reduction of Total DR by multi-n CI

Multi-n CI significantly reduces the theoretical resonance strengths for capture into n ≥ 5 levels. This brings theory into very good agreement with experiment and removes a previously existing discrepancy between the two. CI between different n levels reduces the Maxwellian rate coefficient of DR by up to ~10% at CIE temperatures and by up to ~15% at higher temperatures for Na-like ions from Ca9+ to Zn19+ [7].

fluorescent layers Ag 5 µm on the front side

(signature of the fast electron source)

Sn 10 µm + Cu 10 µm on the rear side

(signature of the fast electrons

reaching the rear side)

CH 15 µm

propagation layer

Al variable thickness

10, 20, 40, 60, 80 µm

22.5° 45°

Al 5 µm

3

E0,ρ0,P0,U0

E1,ρ1,P1,U1

Shock

front

Shock

front

L=St (U1-U0)t

Displaced Rear surface

1. Conservation of mass

Stρ0 = [St-(U1-U0)t]ρ1

S=(U1-U0)ρ1/(ρ1-ρ0)=(U1-U0)V0/(V0-V1)

2. Conservation of momentum

(P1-P0)t = ρ0 LU1-ρ0 LU0

P1-P0 = ρ0 S (U1-U0)

V0ρ0(U1-U0)2=(P1-P0)(V0-V1)

3. Conservation of Energy

(P1U1-P0U0)t=Lρ0 [1/2(U12-

U02)+E1-E0]

E1-E0=1/2(P1+P0)(V0-V1)

Locus of (P, 1/V) or (P, ρ) satisfying

these relations is Hugoniot curve

3.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 140.1

1

10

100

1000

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

Al3718

Al3719

Al3720

QEOS_Al

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

CH7590

CH7591

CH7592

CH7593

QEOS_CH

QEOS_CH

(with Maxwell-construction)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

CH27171

QEOS_CH2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

CD27160

CD2QEOS

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

CD

Al

CH

CH2

CD2

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

P(M

bar)

Density (g/cc)

Al3720

CH7591

CH27171

CD27160

QEOS

SESAME

Implosion of Polystyrene - ILE. Feb. 2008 c geometry 3 c c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward c c c c mesh 1 31 .0244 .0250 region 1 30 1 1.044 material 1 CH eos 1032 1 opacity table eos 2032 1 electron EOS table eos 3032 1 ion EOS table c c 0.527 um laser source c source laser .527 -31 gauss 1.8e-9 4.0e+19 1.2e-9 c pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas c parm postdt 1.e-11 parm xlibam .6 parm flxlem .05 parm editdt 0.01e-9

ILE-imp-1-1.inf

250 μm

6μm

1 D simulation with HYADES code reveals that the stagnation size is about 80 μm, implosion velocity is about 6 X 107 cm /sec

Nothing in A CH shell

40 μm

Stagnation size = 80 μm

Implosion speed = 6.0 x 107 cm/sec

3.2

16 Mbar

22 Mbar

800 eV

140 eV

180 eV

Electron Temperature

Radiation Temperature Mass density = 5.1 g/cm3

Two step experiment (1) 2D implosion and (2) electron transport - target: CH - diagnostics: proton/X-ray radiography - simulation: CHIC, HYADES

3.3

Implosion of Polystyrene - RAL. Oct. 2008 c geometry 2 c c 30 zones of CH feathered c inward and outward c mesh 1 15 .0000 .0090 mesh 15 31 .0090 .0110 region 1 15 1 0.100 region 16 30 2 1.044 material 1 CH eos 1032 1 eos 2032 1 eos 3032 1 material 2 CH eos 1032 2 eos 2032 2 eos 3032 2 c c 0.527 um laser source c source laser .527 -31 tv 0.0e-9 0.0e+19 tv 0.2e-9 4.0e+19 tv 1.2e-9 4.0e+19 tv 1.4e-9 0.0e+19 C c pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas c parm postdt 1.e-11

220um

180um

200um

Laser: 4 x 60J, 1.2x1013 W/cm @2w

Flat top (1ns) temporal profile

Target: Outer shell: solid CH (20 um thick) Inner part: CH foam (180um diameter) Two temperature model: electron EOS, ion EOS

0 ns 1.4 ns

1.0 ns

Laser

1.2x1013 W/cm

20 μm

foam only

6 g/cc

foam only

implosion speed of foam = 1.5 x 107 cm/sec

220 eV

220 eV

foam only

foam only

3.4

28.486

24.942

8.905

1.5575

Kb1 (keV)

0.917 7.30 25.271 / 25.044 50 Tin (Sn)

6.3 10.5 22.163 / 21.990 47 Silver (Ag)

5.96 8.96 8.048 / 8.028 29 Copper (Cu)

3.77 2.70 1.4867 / 1.4863 13 Aluminum (Al)

(106 W-1m-1) r (g/cc) K1 / K2 (keV) Z Material

fluorescent layers Ag 5 µm on the front side (signature of the fast electron source)

Sn 10 µm + Cu 10 µm on the rear side (signature of the fast electrons reaching the rear side)

CH 15 µm

propagation layer Al variable thickness 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 µm

22.5° 45°

Al 5 µm

propagation layer Al variable thickness 20, 30, 60 µm

Type A targets (with tracers on both front and rear sides)

Type B targets (with tracers only on the rear side)

Targets J. Santos

4.8 ns 7.7 ns

1st shock Breakout

2nd shock Breakout

A60 Target

Pure Al 40um

4.5ns

0.2ns 0.2ns

Compression speed of Al = 4 x 106 cm/sec

Radiation temperature of Al = 4.5 eV

1000Jx0.44x0.5=220J

3.1 x 1013 W/cm2

2ω, 5ns, Φ425um

Flat top

1000x0.44x0.5J=220J

3.1 x 1013 W/cm2

2ω, 5ns, Φ425um

Flat top

4.5ns

0.2ns 0.2ns

CH

Cu Sn

Al

Ag

Al

Compression speed of Al = 1.3 x 106 cm/sec

Al

5um

Sn

10um Cu

10um CH

15um

Al

40um

Ag

5um

TYPE A Target

Radiation temperature of Al = 2.5 eV

Te

3.5

vj (1.5 – 4) 107cm/s, rj 0.015cm, ne 3 1019cm-3 , z = 3, A = 13 cs 1.5 106cm/s, M 10 – 27, Pe (1.2 – 3.3) 102, Re (2.4 – 6.5) 104 , 500ns/10ns 50.

Polystyrene - PALS. Dec. 2008

c

geometry 1

c

c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward

c

mesh 1 30 .0000 .0010

region 1 30 1 1.044

material 1 CH

eos 1032 1

eos 2032 1

eos 3032 1

c

c 1.315 um laser source

c

source laser 1.315 1

gauss 0.25e-9 1.5e+22 0.25e-9

c

pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas

Laser: 120 J 250ps 1,315nm (1w) Gaussian diameter: 0.2 mm 1.5 x 1015 W/cm2

Target: polystyrene (CH) density: 1.044 g/cc, thickness: 0.010 mm

Two T model (EOS)

Polystyrene - PALS. Dec. 2008

c

geometry 1

c

c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward

c

mesh 1 30 .0000 .0010

region 1 30 1 1.044

material 1 CH

eos 1032 1

eos 2032 1

eos 3032 1

c

c 0.6575 um laser source

c

source laser 0.6575 1

gauss 0.25e-9 1.5e+22 0.25e-9

c

pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas

Laser: 120 J 250ps 0.6575 nm (2w) Gaussian diameter: 0.2 mm 1.5 x 1015 W/cm2

Target: polystyrene (CH) density: 1.044 g/cc, thickness: 0.010 mm

Two T model (EOS)

Zone coordinates (expanding foil) Zone coordinates (expanding foil)

Compression speed = 2 x 107 cm/s

Compression speed = 4 x 107 cm/s

30 Mbar

40 Mbar

Mass density = 4.5 g/cm3 Mass density = 5.0 g/cm3

Electron T = 110 eV Electron T = 125 eV

Radiation T = 110 eV Radiation T = 125 eV

GEKKO XII VULCAN LULI2000 TITAN PALS

Exp. parameter

Target

material

shape

CH shell

sphere

CH foam

cylinder

Al foil

planar

Al foil

planar

CH foil

planar/cylinder

Laser

energy

intensity

time profile

12x400J@2w

4x1012 W

Gaussian

4x60J @2w

1.2x1013 W/cm

Flat top

1x 220J @2w

3x1013 W/cm2

Flat top

1x 170J @2w

1.3x1014 W/cm2

Flat top

1x 120J@2w

1.5x1015 W/cm2

Gaussian

Simulation Result

Stagnation

size (diameter) 80 um 40 um NA NA NA

Implosion

Speed (max) 6 x 107 cm/s 1.5 x 107 cm/s 0.13 x107 cm/s 0.25 x 107 cm.s 4 x 107 cm/s

Material

Density (max) 5 g/cm3 6 g/cm3 6 g/cm3 7 g/cm3 5 g/cm3

Electron

Temperature 800 eV 220 eV 2.5 eV 10 eV 125 eV

Radiation

Temperature 180 eV 220 eV 2.5 eV 10 eV 125 eV

A+M data is crucial to the simulations through EOS/opacity data

1. For the future energy production, fusion energy is also a major interest of KAERI as well as nuclear power plants based on fission reaction.

2. KAERI has been doing research on the atomic spectroscopy, establishing an A+M database (AMODS), extending areas of interests to A+M physics of High Energy Density Sciences. 3. For experiments on HEDS, KAERI has established a broad collaboration network with high energy laser facilities such as RAL (UK), LULI (France), PALS center (Czech Republic), LLNL (USA), ILE (Japan), CAEP (China), and domestic institutes like APRI/GIST (Petawatt laser facility). 4. A+M data would be needed more and more for use in plasma simulations of HEDS, EOS/opacity, astrophysics, and so on. KAERI will continue to be the main source of A+M data for fusion and fission applications.