大学化学 （1） 医学基础化学

大学化学（ 1 ） 医学基础化学

刘洛生 82378

sheng7ed@126.com

CHAPTER 1 Solution ( 4h) 2 Electrolyte solution (5h) 3 Buffer solution (4h) 5 Rates of chemical reaction(4h) 10 Titrimetry (4h) 11 Spectropotometry(2h) 6 Electrochemistry (6h) 12 The colloidal system and surface phenomena (5h) 7 Atomic Structure (4h) 8 Molecular Structure (4h) 9 Coordination Compounds (6h)

课本（英文、中文 共 48-52 学时）

顺序

• 先中文，再英文 ; 记忆英文的词汇和相关定义

• 正确理解基本概念、基本原理及适用范围

抽象→联系实际，勤思考，理解，推理。

预习自学 记笔记，及时复习、消化、答疑。

重视作业 适当做习题。

小论文：医学中的化学问题（调查论述）

学习方法：

CHAPTER 1 Solution ( 4h) 2 Electrolyte solution (5h) 3 Buffer solution (4h) 5 Rates of chemical reaction(4h) 10 Titrimetry (4h) 11 Spectropotometry(2h) 6 Electrochemistry (6h) 12 The colloidal system and surface phenomena (5h) 7 Atomic Structure (4h) 8 Molecular Structure (4h) 9 Coordination Compounds (6h)

溶液化学

化学动力学

分析化学

电化学

胶体化学

结构化学

• 【调查医院中化学知 识的运用 】• 1 分学习小 组 ( 选出小组长 )

2 利用课余时间分头到图 书馆、 网 上查找资料 3 到医院实地考察、 调查、验证 4 总结 教学时间 : 可利用课余时间查找资料 , 医院考察 每小组写出一份调查报告 , 堂课总结。 调查提纲 : 查找化学在医学上运用： 诊断、治疗、预防等医学成果研究 对资料归类

进入学校网络课堂：• 山东大学• 校部机关• 本科生院• 网络学堂• 山东大学课程中心

http://www.course.sdu.edu.cn/G2S/ShowSystem/Index.aspx

• 课程网站点击排行——更多 医学基础化学——刘洛生 医学理化实验——赵全芹

分组 地点• 1 组 7202

• 2 组 7216

• 3 组 7217

医学基础化学实验（ 1 ）

• 山东大学• 学院总览• 化学院化工学院• 示范中心• 无机及分析化学实验• 网络资源 ( 多种形式 )• 基础化学实验操作内容简介（观看一、五、六、七）

实验 1 内容： 实验基本操作、 酸碱标准溶液的配制与标定（实验十六）

网络教学：

实验循环 1

实验一 粗食盐精制 （ 7202 ）

实验九 醋酸电离平衡常数的测定（ 7216 ）

实验三、 十七 分析天平的使用 硼砂含量测定 （ 7217 ）

• 基础化学实验操作内容简介• 观看（二、三、四、八、九）

网络教学：

进入方法： 山东大学 学院总览 化学院化工学院 示范中心 无机及分析化学实验 网络资源 ( 多种形式 )

医学基础化学实验（ 1 ）考核方法 • 采取平时和期终两种考核相结合方法 :

1. 平时考核： 出勤情况、实验预习、实验过程、实验操作、 实验报告、实验安全卫生等。

2. 期终考核： 考核学生的基本操作技能或多种形式。 （涵盖所有实验内容的相关技能操作）

平时成绩占 70 ％、期终成绩占 30 ％。

CHAPTER ONE

SOLUTION

1-1 Basic Terms of Solution

1-2 Solubility of Solution

1-3 Solution Concentration

1-4 Colligative Properties of Solutions

问题： 生理盐水？ 等渗溶液？

溶液浓度、稀溶液的依数性、渗透及渗透压概念有关

（ 5%GS 、 50%GS ）

（ 0.9%NaCl ）

肾脏衰竭的治疗方法——血液透析原理？

为什么临床输液要注意所输入溶液的浓度和体积呢？

生物膜与疾病

1-1      Basic Terms of Solution

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed in each other.

• When one of these substances is a liquid and the others are so1ids or gases, we tend to think of the liquid as the substance that dissolves the solid or gas. The liquid is referred to as the solvent and the solids and gases as the solutes.

• Such interactions between solute and solvent molecules is known as solvation( 溶剂化 ).

• When the solvent is water it is known as hydration. （水合）

2. Molarity(c): moles solute / Liter solution

3. Molality* (mB) ： moles solute / Kg solvent

4. Mole Fraction (x) :

ways of expressing concentration:ways of expressing concentration:

1-3 Solution Concentration

1 .Amount-of-substance Concentration c（物质的量浓度）

（体积摩尔浓度）

（质量摩尔浓度）（摩尔分数）

1 .Amount-of-substance Concentration• ——is a concentration unit equal to the amount-of- substance of solute dissolved in a liter of solution

nB (mol) or cB= (mol/L)

V (L) eg: 58.5 g of NaCl is dissolved in enough water to give 1L of solution, what is the Amount-of-substance Concentration of the solution ?

Answer: cNaCl =1mol/L

2 . Molarity (c): _____moles solute / Liter solution

nB

cB= V

Molarity (c): ≈ Amount-of-substance Concentration

Eg : If 0.435 g of KMnO4 is dissolved in enough

water to give 250. mL of solution, what is the

molarity of KMnO4?

Solve :

the first step is to convert the mass of material to moles.

0.435 g KMnO4 • 1 mol KMnO4 = 0.00275 mol KMnO4

158.0 g KMnO4Molarity KMnO4 = 0.00275 mol KMnO4 = 0.0110mol/L

0.250 L solution

3. Molality _____moles solute / kg solvent• Molality is a concentration unit equal to the

amount-of-substance of solute dissolved in a kilogram of solvent.

amount-of-substance of solute (nB)Molality (mB)= mass of solvent (mA)

nB or mB = mA

若将 58.5gNaCl 溶于 1kg 水，所得溶液的质量摩尔浓度是 1 mo1/kg

4 Mole fraction (Amount-of-substance Fraction)

Moles of A (Amount-of-substance of A) Mole fraction of A = Sum of moles of all components( 组分 )

or nA

xA = nA + nB + …

它表示某物质的 物质的量与混合物的总物质的量之比，常以符号 “ x” 表示，它没有单位。

Alcohol solution

nH2O = 2mol

nalcohol = 3mol

nH2O

x H2O =

nalcohol +nH2O

= 2/(2+3) =0.4

Solutions By “Parts”

• Parts per million is the number of particles of solute per one-million particles of solution.

1 ppm = 1 mg/L (10-3)• Parts per billion （十亿） is the number of

particles of solute per one-billion particles of solution.

1 ppb = 1 µg/L (10-6)• Parts per trillion （万亿） is the number of

particles of solute per one-trillion particles of solution.

1 ppt = 1 ng/L (10-9)

等物质的量的反应规则

• 关于浓度，细读中文书 p8-10

aA + tT dD + eE

)()()()( eEndDntTnaAn

1- 4 Colligative Properties of Solutions

1 Vapor Pressure Lowering

2 Boiling Point Elevation

3 Freezing Point Depression

4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

5 The Colligative Properties of Electrolyte

Solution

6 Isotonic( 等 ), Hypotonic ( 低 ), Hypertonic ( 高 )

The first depends on the nature of solute eg. Color 、 electric and the volume change

The second not depend on the nature of solute

eg. vapor pressure 、 boiling point 、 freezing point and osmotic pressure

1-4 Colligative Properties of Solutions

Two kinds of properties of a solution :

• colligative property: —— All these properties depend on the collective effect of the number of dissolved particles rather than on the nature of the particles involved

依数性 指溶液的某些性质与溶质的粒子数的多少有关， 与溶质本性无关。

通性

(1) the lowering of the vapor pressure of the

solution relative to that of the pure solvent,

(2) the elevation of the boiling point,

(3) the depression of the freezing point,

(4) the phenomenon of osmotic pressure.

• colligative property

nonvolatile,

nonelectrolyte

dilute solution

依数性 难挥发性 非电解质 稀溶液

• Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form.

1-4.1 Lowering of Vapor Pressure

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon - some molecules have enough kinetic energy to escape.

蒸发的 2个条件： 质点的动能足够大； 运动的方向指向液体表面

Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water.

If the container is

closed, an equilibrium

is reached where

an equal number of

molecules return to the surface.

Saturated Vapor PressureEquilibrium: ν rate evaporation = ν rate condensation .

• At this point the vapor is said to be saturated,

and the pressure of that vapor is called the saturated vapor pressure.

• The pressure of this equilibrium is called

the vapor pressure .

Lowering of Vapor Pressure

(a)vapor pressure of pure solvent (b) vapor pressure of solutionpo p

Δp = po- p

A dilute solution :

Vapor pressure (p) of is directly proportional to mole fraction of the solvent.

p∝ xA

xA is mole of solvent

The constant is the vapor pressure of pure solvent p°

　 　　　　　　 　 　 p = p°xA …… （经验公式）

比例系数

xA+ xB =1

p = po xA

= po(1- xB)

= po - po xB

∴ po- p = po xB 　 Δp = po xB

Raoult’s law : Vapor pressure lowing (Δp)of a dilute solution that containing nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte is directly proportional to the amount-of-substance fraction of the solute and has nothing to do with the nature of solute.

Raoult’s law

在一定温度下，难挥发非电解质稀溶液蒸气压下降 Δp 与溶质的质量摩尔分数 xB 成正比，而与溶质的本性无关

For a dilute solution nA>> nB ， (nA+nB≈nA)

Δp= K bB (1-9)

A

B

BA

BB n

n

nn

nx

AA M

gn

1000

BA

B nM

pxpp1000

Suppose: solvent is 1000g

Δp= K bB

mB

mB

若以水为溶剂， 1kgH2O 中含有 nB

在数值上mB≈nB

• Raoult’s law :

Vapor pressure lowing of a dilute solution that containing nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte is directly proportional to the molality of the solution and has

nothing to do with the nature of solute.

Δ p = K mB

Raoult’s law: 在一定温度下，难挥发非电解质稀溶液蒸气压下降 Δp 与溶液的质量摩尔浓度 mB 成正比，而与溶质的本性无关 。

Raoult’s law : Δ p = K　mB

T （温度）

p pure solvent

solution

solution

Figure 1-1 The vapor pressure of solution

稀溶液的 mB 大， 粒子数目越多，溶液的 p越低， Δp 越大。

Vapor Pressure Lowering

• Describe what is happening in the pictures below.• Use the concept of vapor pressure lowering to explain

this phenomenon.

1-4.2 Elevation of Boiling Point

•Why? anti-freeze （防冻剂） (or salt)?

汽车散热器中的溶液作用 保护发动机——冬季免于冰冻 ——夏季免于高温

increasing the boiling point

Normal Boiling Point:Normal Boiling Point:

HH22OO T Tbb=100=10000C C boilingboiling

PPH2OH2O==PP 外外 =101.3 =101.3 kkPPaa

About solutionAbout solution

T=100T=10000C C no no boilingboiling

PPH2OH2O ≠ ≠PP 外外 ≠ ≠ 101.3 101.3 kkPaPa

Figure 1-2 The vapor pressure of solution is lower

About solutionAbout solution

T=100T=10000C C

PPH2OH2O ≠ ≠PP 外外 ≠ ≠ 101.3 101.3 kkPaPa

•Boiling Point Elevation Δ Tb = (Tb -Tb°)

Tb°_ b.p. of pure solvent Tb _ b.p. solvent in solution

ΔTb= Kb mB

Kb　is different for different solvent

大量的实验得出溶液的沸点升高与质量摩尔浓度有如下关系

Kb 为溶剂的摩尔沸点升高常数

•Table 1- 1 Boiling-Point elevation and Freezing- Paint Depression Constants

Solvent Formula Tb(℃) Kb Tf(℃) Kf

Acetic acid CH3COOH 118.1 3.07 17 3.9

Benzene C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 4.9

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 76.7 5.03 -22.9 32

Diethyl ether C4H 10O 34.7 2.02 - 116.2 1.8

Ethanol C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 - 114.7 -

Naphthalene C10H8 - - 80.5 6.8

Water H2O 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86

萘

二乙醚

1-4.3 Depression of Freezing Point

• Freezing Point: -Temperature at which a liquid congeals( 凝固 ) into the solid state at a given pressure. PP 液 液 ==PP 固固

凝固点 是溶剂的固相与液相平衡共存的温度

Water•

0 0C P 固相 = P 液相（固 - 液两相共存）

0 0C 以上 P 固相 〉 P 液相 （冰溶化）

0 0C 以下 P 固相 〈 P 液相 （水转化为冰）

Freeze piont ： H2O T = 0 T = 0 ℃

PP 液液 ==PP 固固

||

About solutionAbout solution

T = 0 T = 0 ℃

PP 固固　　≠ ≠ PP 液液

00

solution ： 0℃ P 溶液 ＜ P冰 （冰吸收热量融化，使体系温度降低）

Figure 1-2 The vapor pressure of solution is lower

0.610a

b

　ΔTf = Kf mB

Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent.

Kf is different for different solvent

• Δ Tf = ( Tf°- Tf)

Tf°_ f.p. of pure solvent Tf _ f.p. solvent in solution

Depression of Freezing Point Δ Tf

•Table 1- 1 Boiling-Point elevation and Freezing- Paint Depression Constants

Solvent Formula Tb(℃) Kb Tf(℃) Kf

Acetic acid CH3COOH 118.1 3.07 17 3.9

Benzene C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 4.9

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 76.7 5.03 -22.9 32

Diethyl ether C4H 10O 34.7 2.02 - 116.2 1.8

Ethanol C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 - 114.7 -

Naphthalene C10H8 - - 80.5 6.8

Water H2O 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86

萘

二乙醚

[例 ] 取 0.749g谷氨酸溶于 50.0g 水，测得凝固点为 － 0.188℃ ，试求谷氨酸的摩尔质量。 解：利用公式， ΔTf ＝ Kf·mB

所以 M ＝ 148 （ g·mol － 1） 按谷氨酸的分子式 [COOHCHNH2(CH2)2COOH]计算， 其摩尔质量应为 147 g·mol － 1。

Determining Molecular Weight (p21)

0.50

1000749.086.1188.0

M

[ 例 1-9] 乙二醇 CH2(OH)CH2(OH)是一种常用的汽车防冻剂，它溶于水并完全是非挥发性的（ b.p.197℃ ）。 计算在 2505g 水中溶解 651g该物质的溶液的凝固点。 夏天能否将它用于汽车散热器中？ 乙二醇的摩尔质量是 62.01g/mol 。

解：溶液的质量摩尔浓度

kgmolmB /19.42505

1000

01.62

651

ΔTf ＝ Kf·mB ＝ 1.86×4.19 ＝ 7.79(K)

因为纯水的凝固点是 273K ， 该溶液凝固点 Tf ＝ 273-7.79 ＝ 265.21K

沸点升高 ΔTb ＝ 0.52×4.19 ＝ 2.2 （ K ）此溶液在 375.2K沸腾，所以夏天它能用于汽车散热器中防止溶液沸腾。

Determining Molecular Weight (p21)

•Dissolves 2.06 g of an unknown solid

substance in 164 g of cyclohexane (C6H12 环己

烷 ) and determines that the freezing point of

this solution is 4.76 .The freezing point of ℃

pure cyclohexane is 6.47 ; the ℃ Kf is 20.0K

kg/mol. What is the molecular weight of the

unknown solid, (Assume that it is nonionizable

and nonvolatile.)

Solution:The freezing-point depression is

ΔTf =freezing point of pure solvent - freezing point of solution

= 6.47℃ - 4.76℃ = 1.71 ℃according to ΔTf = Kf mB

mB =ΔTf / Kf = 1.71 / 20.0 =0.0855 (mol / kg)Amount-of-substance of solute

(nB)= 0.164kg×0.0855 mol / kg =0.0140 mol n = m/M Molar mass unknown =2.06g /0.0140mol = 147 g/mol

1-4.4 Osmotic Pressure

• Osmosis

——is the spontaneous movement ( 自发运动 )of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

渗透达平衡： 溶液与纯溶剂之间产生——压力差 π

π ：由于溶剂渗透造成的，所以将其称为渗透压。 π ： 维持渗透平衡所向溶液上方施加的最小压力。 单位是 Pa 或 kPa 。

• 实验证明： 在一定温度下，π 与它的浓度成正比； 在一定浓度时，π 与绝对温度成正比。

1886年荷兰物理化学家范托夫（ van’t Hoff ）综合上述实验结果，指出稀溶液的渗透压与温度、浓度的关系同理想气态方程一致：

πV ＝ nRT

π ＝ cRT

• For a dilute solution,

公式的意义在于：一定温度下，溶液的渗透压与溶液 的质量摩尔浓度成正比，也就是说 : 与溶液中所含溶质质点的数目成正比，而与溶质的本性无关。

π ＝ cRT

π ＝ mBRT

难挥发非电解质稀溶液依数性总结

Δ p = K mB

ΔTb = Kb mB Kb =0.512

ΔTf = Kf mB Kf =1.86

Π = RT mB

Problem1. What would the boiling point of a solution be

if 18.0g of glucose were dissolved on 1000g of H2O?

freezing point ? Osmotic Pressure？

2. What would the boiling point of a solution be if 5.85g of NaCl were dissolved on 1000g of H2O?

1. 解 ΔTb = Kb mB

= 0.52×0.10 = 0.052

T b =100+0.052 =100.052

1-4.5 The Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solution

Δ p = i K mB ΔTb = i Kb mB ΔTf = i Kf mB i - Van’t Hoff factor Π = i RT mB

For glucose i =1; for KNO3 i =2 ; for MgCl2, i = 3

1- 4.6 Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic Solution

Osmosis —is important in many biological processes

A cell might be thought of as an aqueous solution surrounded by a semipermeable membrane.

The solutions surrounding cells must have

the same osmotic pressure.

Otherwise, water will either leave the cell,

dehydrating （脱水） it ,

or enter the cell, causing it to burst （溶胀）

——hemolysis （溶血） .

Osmosis and Blood Cells(a) A cell placed in an isotonic solution. The net movement of water in and out of the cell is zero because the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is the same. (5%C6H12O6)

(b) In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than that inside. There is a net flow of water out of the cell, causing the cell to dehydrate, shrink, and perhaps die. (50% C6H12O6)

(c) In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is less than that inside. There is a net flow of water into the cell, causing the cell to swell and perhaps to

burst. (1 % C6H12O6)

IsotonicIsotonic HypertonicHypertonic HypotonicHypotonic

水、电解质紊乱水、电解质紊乱

1-4.7 Osmolarity （渗透物质的量浓度）

Osmolarity cos （ mol/L or mmol/L).

is the measure of solute concentration,

defined as the number of osmoles

(Osm) of solute per liter of solution

渗量浓度 cos __ 指 1L 溶液中能产生渗透效应的各种 溶质微粒（分子或离子）的总物质的量。

例 计算医院补液用的 50.0 g·L-1葡萄糖溶液和 9.00 g·L-1

NaCl溶液 (生理盐水 ) 的 cos .

解 葡萄糖的摩尔质量 M=180 g·mol-1 ， 50.0 g·L-

1C6H12O6

溶液的渗量浓度为：1

1

1

os Lmmol2781mol

1000mmol

mol180g

L50.0g

c

NaCl的摩尔质量 M=58.5 g·mol-1 ， 9.00 g·L-1

NaCl溶液的渗量浓度为：

11

1

os L308mmol21mol

1000mmol

mol58.5g

L9.00g

c

•Body fluids ： 280-320 mmol/L

•Body fluids ： Π ?

For dilute solutions, osmolarity is expressed in

milliosmols per liter (m Osm/L).

• What is the osmolarity of a 0.9% NaCl solution? osmolarity = molarity × i 1000 = 0.9%×----------------- ×2 = 0.308 Osm/L 100×M(58.5)

( 308mOsm/L)

• What is the osmolarity of a 5% glucose solution?

Solution:• Glucose is a nonelectrolyte; number of particlesosmolarity = molarity ×------------------------- = molarity × i molecule of solute

1000 =5%×----------------- × 1 = 0.277 Osm/L 100×M(180)

= 277mOsm/L

Edema （水肿） occur

1-4.8 Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure and Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

1-4.8 Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure and Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

• Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure (772KPa)

by NaCl, NaHCO3, regulate （调节） balance

of fluid and electrolyte on the two side of cell wall

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure (2.93~4.00KPa)

by large molecular (Protein ） regulate balance of fluid and electrolyte on the two side of blood capillary wall.

（（ICFICF））

（（ECFECF））

（（Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid））

（（P

lasm

aP

lasm

a））

水、电解质紊乱水、电解质紊乱

Crystalloid Osmotic PressurColloidal Osmotic Pressure ?

Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure If lack of water in the body, the outside fluids of cells become hypertonic, can lead to dehydratio

If water intake is too much, the outside fluids of cells become hypotonic, can lead to hemolysis( 溶血 ),

（（ICFICF））

（（ECFECF））

（（Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid））

（（P

lasm

aP

lasm

a））

水、电解质紊乱水、电解质紊乱

If the protein in plasma become less because some

disease, Colloidal Osmotic Pressure become less,

small molecules osmosis to the outside of blood

capillary wall,so the edema （水肿） occur.

Dialysis• Process of cleaning blood

透析是指溶质通过半透膜，从高浓度溶液向低浓度方向运动。

血液透析包括溶质的移动和水的移动，即血液和透析液在透析器（人工肾）内借半透膜接触和浓度梯度进行物质交换，使血液中的代谢废物和过多的电解质向透析液移动，透析液中的钙离子、碱基等向血液中移动。