دراسات وأبحاث العدد 21
Post on 15-Feb-2016
666 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
-
*,+*)('&%$#" !
10)('32,10/.#"-
2111 1579 :NSSI 3630 3522 :NSSI-e
3106 / 9002 ('&%$#"!
-
!"#$%&
'& ()*+,+-./01)234")567+(
4*.5'6++789:;
-
=8+9*+: W
!"#$%&6g:Hh '&4"
7+( ();V+F;ij. ZYklb++,Wt U"+>B
uQT R>o"*+t+9;$+IWh@* +r,;$0>B
^5P=i0,n8+9*+: QTX+ 6^b +!9++F0bH$6^e3#,b+0y
P+g&+,9'Nb+&ue3bW+R}B
,M+95
A+%0(r*Z*P+=> # *ij. C+NoW?^&;$+FX+fU*+: $ 86
-
''CEF( 26'$"
`IJA>H
Ra?,b]
W``$"c$d
W``e'S16",W
` -Bf
''Cb!
g"DR"
'"hij )!
9 -$
XCb!
4"'&+ !Qnq D
W``k'-
`>HIJA
`!WCH-
`,l7
`%
-
`Y$" R4R/%&p-dCW /01,*v'()01
`>HIJA . R%&p-dCW {, /01,*v'()01
`nX'L/ R{,%&p-gdCW ,*>v'()01
`g7nY"n {E/X%&-gdCW-78 ,*/01v'()01
`,ac!" %&p-dCWL',cyr ,*/01v'()01
`hij'AxA %&p-dCWyrL',c ,*/01v'()01
2,b]
n'()01
W`)q -f$" EF('>?+ "Xa9v"*6,*)D' |+
W`$"c$d + "V "n-)D''$" y
W`A>"Y ,%&p-dCW R{v,*ZhiR c'r6
W`Y"l'I" "Rq5%&p-dCW?aS1p$"S1aLy c'r6
W` 9Xl! L01%D C
`$"%{a L', CdCW3 ,01
`LM Wf |g S1 CdCW 53El,* '#
`a +r%&-gdCWv7z ,* 'W
W`""t1uk'lW C+ "%&p-dCW v"l -,* "!
W`7>""Y"]6" p-dCWv,*$-I" C
-
"%&'>?-u1+J'*:"R '>
b&8+9*+: (=9+3Q? ^X z *+: $ 86 *vX$,0 +: +& ) Yk6,96]?}p0 #;+}b+9 fMg}W $
QTl9 6+R !Q#71 B
,+ "V 960>,+U
-
06>+[78l:
)QN(~$6^+9srHW=u$Xii :&>q 60> 6!X9W86
-
p}B
X L 6!& Y -g> l*+6,>V6#4+66> 0q6Qx.)B
oly "01o
$ fpI$XY~
-
xCZ ' 0^0*+,> $QT&gU, 6!0}X$^0*+, + WQTlX$bY
03C+0INbB
.+,OY=X;$X$}+~ 0QOW;$,0>,*P+=>+X+]^$bC+0B
%j&+!,Oq}+q0*+60>+++f&+!*+t+99W 6%^k0p3Y+9HWC
, # Y+! W"+g W, W?^> W/` > p:g: WQT$ WNN WQT
*+F%B
)*+F%$$&PFcB
,01 [yZ ' ,+-.M +5U $QT& k0N+> 60o$ +: M +5U#~XW ,F+9 +R +p&z
}+ l&WlX$b 6!&Y,66YF01>,*+: $ 6^b$b#;$X$ B
, #+fb 5U*+t+99 ; +ug:W$W,+-.W!W4Q>p:Wb+jHW
-
C+ "u|f $$%&gN#*Hh +@Y6@i0:@iNOB
F-.,+HI6~'ttr
-
.
01
01
23
32
01
83
10
100
140
480
110
130
-
113
133
823
413
183
133
803
002
432
242
412
882
232
102
-
401
1010438
411
488
431
404
Construction dune chelle dvaluation de Capacits Technologiques
Lamouri SAHRAOUI 111
Crisis: A rethinking about the relationship between Public
Relations, Communication, and Environment
KHALDI SOUAD
130
Les changes verbaux entre norme et ralit
Cas des tudiants maliens de luniversit de Khenchela. HASSANI Rima Aida
148
-
550
0055
" "
2055
-
1
!"#$%&'(
'()*&+,
-*'./#-001
232
!" #$ %&'()*+%,-./%01%23
456%# 78"9:;9:?0@#3A%0BC"D'EFGHIJ2)2KL
!J4%0I*M'NO#PN#7?Q'O'LKRI9L4ST
FUKRV0WC'+ST8JCX%V%,"I:O# E)'Y )%9O'8E=ZH=["#
=2*/\]7V^KLNT8%# N#O'C4_G*?Q'=ZB`O#]7%#63E%#
aK/Z=?"=b&c8)NZ=VLC[TA%0J#d5FM=:2N]CeHN
O#fIK"gV0hO#)'%=%iL[j+K2CI:VG"E,P67-k(I 67'
E= lV3 T%m /%0 5%n_ BC"D =2* LGV a E=Z R.2 V,# -,
+M3oI*_]7K67L*#aH:["BC"DM256V -["PMorocco suffered during the sixteenth to the crisis of foreign interference in its internal affairs
century and manifested particularly in the growing imperialist invasion of Alatlentih its shores,
which had a serious dimensions and implications for the Moroccan society on the one hand and
on the political structure of the state of Morocco as a whole. If the State Aloutasah has
demonstrated its inability to meet the new challenges, and the expulsion of an alien and restore
security and stability to throughout the Kingdom, the pan Moroccans have shown more than
once complained of the new situation and the inability of the ruling power in the face of it, Vatjht
their sights towards Saadia state taken it will increase in the south of Morocco came to bear the
banner of jihad, and mobilized motivation to face the enemy Ibero enabling it to power and
development methods, especially after that succeeded in freeing a number of stomata territories.
On this basis, this article tries to approach the new relationship that linked the state Urban Saadia
in Morocco in historical circumstantial hypersensitive society and try to identify the most
important changes that touched the structure of this society and the role that foreign played in
this transformationP
p3qHCJ?G*r5FM=:?0r5%n_BC"D
O#]U%/%_s7tR"3u8vC*`))%"I:/%_)"#%0!c*5FM=:?0>"2=
0Z)_LR%")H$!8w O#vC*)%9)"#>"2=56t=%]N,c."T%
-
2
w ).M,=%TCJ3PYA%0BC"DNT%'a=MH:["]^2#L4v%,-.15
16(I GM3%#C4) xVc!#2OJ3 u bK:Y =FM= H#Qe "ycK56 V#
) 43V!#2 ).MH.=zV EVG{Y M56@M, Co=%|O#!4HIV
7cP-,=
}{Y/%0xT%O#]7FU+)z,Tv=2*xT%&-\nR/%0~=V3n#0z,vO#
5%Qe%2+%,t"#]J_PG, s71CU4= dKO't":==%Q"HIV+
e7F*q3=,"HIV6E%7^sP{YIIK7)%"T%0Z9&@[*?0P(1)
5V),DM'F*=[wq(2)/\K56V#@IIKV)!#2+K%=56
/%0P +Cn (I C"7 w K v=% +K c.K!M,"*# +K
3 ]b /%0 O#
* ]7).@ Q"+4 %0 V0h-."c5V),>"2=O# V:/%0 BRv7V@I
7O)Lcw O'V06n7[*H%nMR3'/%0xG=-."c:P
L\KaHIJ":/%0/\K56V7"p#.#Q"3=%+?fZ CI:@I9
LqR3c.qL2%3C48/%0O#EFh49#tREIHV\/%' H%C"T8N#4 %J"g@:P!8+G*N#%Jtm3T-cR+Y
"%# NTti8O#?O#O=,'
-
5
8%K NO#* V%,"I ]UV 852* ]J[ xC22TV %C"I ,T%yv=2* G
(T=#]e)PtR eEcBT)O#|7+Y!Pz,TB%==&]NnTV+4!NT{Y*#
'%&K7OJ=u6)'|7vI9B#7M*"4aH$"#:]b,TO#]NTO'tR
V2'MHVM"':O#]J[T%tR%K/MIKO'[M=%03aR%q"H
52*P!C"gO#+K%Jq-VVO#IqMtR#O'FM23T%tR#+J=(23)P37
H)"'a@78
M*"J#O#@, #X`'LTa M+K]J["3/%0 II3
=)"R:sV#KPLqJ"IN2+KH)22 I%C"=uO=/ZO#v#),Mx:eBnl
%n_P
F*q3|7sV>=#+K:Yt2`]UVxC2tR%P!C"gOCTKVRxC2+J=+K]J_
M0352*wT"NT%NmMI#O#%h4K|7+K-C"c:74=d]NM'T"fZ
v,=%qv[`P(24)P
7>"2=6\ "NO#]c!4 N&RvhcMO#=2 )#-IK M:X` PFUK
^c.2,3MEVyYz,TLc'HP
%2-.%0%`_=?4%G*2"7/"JO#FM4?c!"cFKX`#,M=
2M*#]J_'%&*#vyv"=$O#*s7&R#-[I8=_P
H"J CN# ?c]J_'%&L"c CI:8lV"M3%3Lc/%0O# 'C N'L
I*H#$ P+=$O-Rc'/%0*@NT}|V&3W2s%nk"J#,'
=)MTP25P
T82M,2 '%& 2MGfM*S7+6xC2v!=".B`#L4EF sPK-h#$%
'v=2*-) *#{Y4(T6C'`V Q"I #'!4"F#]N"&R#
]"iV"y0"I+K[`KsIVLc]"2}"2,I2P26
xK"TO#$%&'B*+%,BG#=O#'%&*#Lc%9C4,qcCI:8V
!MRFh4))%356@oAKOu2+K]J[]N"7KW'VM"''v=2*'W,=P
67+:h#z,T++.hlV3LM4aLhO#Lm2M]J_'%&+KP
5V),F&=8yNO#{YBC"#$K+J3+K!MR%R#$K@72M+KP%:h#@G2=Lc
MMI+4]NKv).MEV)Y]*,"]NZ+KFU]N".I]J_V%C"IW'cO=
!4N'f3%3aE%7^s7O'Fh4h#K@G2=Lc8!.,qEVyYv=2N'xIEFh4
C4BC"DH?7TH:"UO#v=2*KP27
-
6
#e
1- @M, Cov=2* VN^ NC" ~=V3 *#/) 4 r O=)2 %45
199088P
2- 5VRDM'/%0VrO#h%&'w#v%,v#%&'$Q"*#Pq"?4%
A%2{ 2MG2000P97P
3- 8*q98P
4- .h# 5V), I B%#99 P64%4 %J M'=2* N'/%0rV
xnMh2MG8%&BMG4%68
5-K8/%03>VC2"I:4)V#$K@qIx.YI{Y
-
7
W'38
-
8
T%UMM
1P F0Co8%T:,|#VM5)_7?%+()72M985)_1888P
2P @&4%]7%YO(M'4%!cOW.'KO#HCUW.' P8(T19388
3P +=$O]^u2#?2r%1961P
4P @9%t2n~=V3KOW.*M'OCo8t2`{Y&O#E2*=2~=V3
+CI { N' %K10437r1633 8W12387r1812W8IV)Co ,i
@&5=$MrxnMVT,hV)81988 P
5P 3VC4" =2* ~=V383E)[ ]c% M' ,i ,8xnM V+'
H:,19948
6P w=V9 5) J=) xT%& ~=V38%n Co 8@Qc Co %2 {Y %3PrV
nMxVB=$"%&4%(
7P "@q9+G*u2'%&H#,#]J_-,"IV)- 52*N2r
xnMV&v'*W2/)482004 P
8P @M,Cov=2*VN^NC"~=V3*#4/)rO=)2%451990
9P w=V)YKw=V)Y=?=?4%R.'r!#Kr)2989r98P
10P 5VRDM'/%0VKr%&'O#h%&'w#v%,v#$Q"*#Pq"?4%
A%2{ 2MGP
11P %4%JM'/%0=2*N'rxnMVh2MG8%&BMG4%P
12P K8/%V#$K@qIx.YI{YVC2"I:4)!MR28L&U1481r%"4K
1541rxnMVT,hV)81984P
13P & ~ O 8H$ 4$ *%q O# %3 8Q 2MG# 8T" K %2 {Y
8xnMV8E=Z2006P
14P FAOUZIS.M.H/sociomogie politique colonial du Maroc-cas de michaux bellaire.afrique orient-casa Blanca 1988.
15P J.BERQUE :oulmas : fondateurs ;insurges du maghreb au XVII siecle.Ed sindibad 1983.
16P r Terrasse H, Histoire du Maroc des origines l'tablissement du Protectorat, Casablanca, T.2, 1950, p.
17. Drague G, - Esquisse d'histoire religieuse du Maroc, Paris, 1951,
-
9
!
"!#
$"!#%&!'"!()&*!+,
-&.$
/012&
"34&567868$
&9:,(:-
!"#$%&'()!*+,-./0123!
+4567+4$8 +9:210;%?@% 23A46+B>?+C#!B&A0DEF)!
1GCGF =BHIJ@EF/@)+>&$+6K%+H%90%LC4D*1+!
M023!.NO!P6)+9.*)*Q!CGR
ES%PN8T+CG..NU&*DV*'W6+,-./
+45(6 :MNXYM0Z!;+2/6[
+5D'$6+,-./6+45&'()!*[
AbstractThis study aims to reveal the level of burnout and its relationship with performance among civil protection assistants, the sample was 210 assistant selected In stratified random sample
method. As a research-tool we used a questionnaire after confirming the psychometric
properties. After the statistical analyses the study concluded that the level of burnout is low
among the sample, and there is no relationship between burnout and performance, and there are
significant differences in burnout level due to civil status and experience.Key words: Burnout, Organizational performance, The agent of civil protection.
-
10
\, K]^_3FM]> &9 O'0+`a +N$+ ` b* *
Q!X+N$+\`W+>cdef67H>0bDEc}8J*)06-Q!-./+N4RT_9.K9)*1+eV
K92$98[)*K9\,:Burnout;98M0
Q!+>DEc}Df`
-
11
*+45&'()!*+,-./.90*M023!N8K
* K T N89>8 +S DES5 u9>:+45 ( 6
XX!*+2/6;
2Y%D%+y
W+(j@g!+y{+~IB
.Df23!N8+45&'()!*+,-./M0+CG[
+CXND+y9+yj@ !=]>8
* _! +45&'()!*9&[
*-./94.8M0+CG.Df23!N8[
* TMB5)!/GT+CG.DfN8[
*T+CG.DfN8MNX5)!/G[
*+2*]W/)!/GT+CG.DfN8[
4Y%x%*
/=+Bvx%+x
+45&'()!*! !"#$[
+,-./M02394 !x9[
.*+SDES5u9>PN8T.N !x9
+![
\,M&.R+HG0M'u9019&
Y 3 +&W"&98:MASLACH ;x @ .
-
12
Y"&98$! ! kSU '5n9 m+4 94 >x * oR
+!:[3;
Y"&98t)*b9P3:MASLACH;W.90*!'h 'U&
94 .FQ!DES5j@B83:MASLACH;c3cDN0)66_![
Y 3 CN "&9W _B $ => 1+!:Burnout; 14}0 6j@ . T
kSU1y98m+4K9.Q!8 F )$#& 6
K'!TK]'8K'!+2)'9&6HG524B!K0486K'98=&? !!
J$91>#e)'&b[
6Y-N+4+5
1L?x*P+V^
Q!u9> )* K 6+45 &'( )!* +, -./ M0 239 9+>?
0b9Vb
-
13
2Y7H>P'h -XN++9)
o*Q!x986~/P'Q!b+'9 02 8xA0!12502@bUFT6)!
P&Z8)$&)*A5@F*P'h_3F &}8B1+!6M4$53WT$D'
>420P&Z8I7+ 6~/P' +9W225O9 @ x@14* \'
06PN&Fdu9>6t+m5K>2 g'$O!D4+>KWQ!8+!4$8
+/ 210)!:)!\#!MC;+B>?+C#!B&A0b+FI6[
YW%
%% 2130 113 53.80
3140 49 23.33
41' 48 22.85
+%45( X!* 108 51.42
X 100 47.61
=A 02 0.95
K* 00 00
%+2/ P?"6\`0~pD95D4+>PT+9D+B8Q!
g_~y5 9+>?x3Fx3F0.J*1+8J@x[9+>?P +V^
+D./Q!4'!y5
0B)+>[
-
14
*Y%0%B5
o*Q!0B5x98B+B(_~xs &FV**#7>M0c. !\>!
KN* 1&97>Q9&M9"2*x*K+v[:8;
&vKN/0B5+B0j@.T92D+yDESDVr@ 23A46
b&:HG
+45 &'( [[[;P D30B5 y E{D30B -N0 U&* '2 )!/M#5 u90 P
M+M+CGF/)!b @
j@TD95D4+>P'+/[
Y)+>
!"#$x+(.)* 23A4:6+,-./0123!
+45 &'()!*;T]'5 +/ \.*b+'G0 '2DES+2xs 4 6
+>49EF/@6)+>Y1'+'G8TY3)WN3+B:Maslach
burnout inventory; 6N.+B8a+&B52* +B5@9&7+6
aDpQ!x9Q9TD'`5Dr5M]> E>W.!K>2 1IJ@
#5 &B0 OB& 7+ 2c +B5 9& 6 W/ e8 T MS#5 D8DB W
+8p ~F Dw+g DW# Dr5 T M9 ZR W#5:4R P0A Df
!'N[;
-
15
_/ &9>DN.4Wf+!)$&1+!:94.8
!#5;9>N.6987]:G#ZR;U[
+B 490 '2 +B' +>N/ +09 PN' 9N 90 @ 23A4
x? 95)']!+:1988;.+!P+>4=818>!)/[
~/.>0 `/ @Q! -V !'hQ!)+>K'#&W
_/+2/6+45(6 T]'5K9+G#D4+>*CGp0=9&[
]18>!.!)!94.!16263646566676
869610611612613614[
7]@TD>9.!6!#5>8+B&:14;b\>!156166176186
19620621622623624625626627628[
P0 'U&K9+,-./+(.t*.G#ZR@+B&
:20;W\>!296306316326336346356366376386396406416426436
44645646647648[
+B5B>?)+>D>!Q!0NR$+^2D$+M0N5'pDNf
\#0n96n96J.*6=6\#0=[+DN=162665[
Y)+>3&$+CGp
)+> $^ W}10GB&G6D>]G KW&$+CGp0GB4
+4c\)+>4O+!*LC49&D>])*MT61Py+2[
*)+>D>c
n!K>2 'y6=+>A\EF/j@+02 =BH*t|+~/+!Q!)+>
B&?_'90'2?R@>F=+>A8\.!=+>A8Test- Retestk>8K9ef6
+>A8!8 !9&J@)E0KGH5DN\_/1B
)$8+!+F0'2efKN* 6=+>A\.!!b
-
16
+C#!B&A07H>[I7+6)+>P&Z8\.!IP+0*90*906+CWLC4Wk>8K9I90'+6+~/+!
)+>=+>A8\.!=+>A8+!.*)*'!:20;)![
k>8K9K'94x(j@T)E0+.950tiJ@
R=
YD27++!D>c>0X+'&+B5)*M>8)E0K9=+0(+'90+2 23A4
%01'+2R:0.89;[
*)+>~
+B)O'9Q!33+~/18~TY6G _!P'&f
4 )49& &@M9 qDwM0X++'Q!+!\B+>N/D~ !*6+~/18~T33+B+2G !@
6+(j@g1'C3 W}KN* 6+(DES+BPyn!I214
4$8M'$ !'hQ!)+>:06;b+`8K'!b!G M'$\@8*
DB&S{+G3xg)+>> W}xs6J.+9b!
3-yT6DBQ!>5D3&9-NI[
%01'+2D27+)+>3@GU&*IM'$~yR0:0.94; !
D>]'+2&@T]'5++0(+'9=&?
D>]0890.94Yb2_&'+:02;)+>DN.E8KN* &vIaE&95y&
! u
94.
-
17
4Y%5%+CGRt+/
YT5+CGR+&B5D.9&'+
Y&w5tYl(5J+95xY)E0k>8K9YP+08JW>F:x2;
:test de khi deux;L40_$Y0.05[
3Y#2%%+8C4%L%
+0(DA5 ~0 '2 90 => 23A4 &+95D"5 &w5t
.90* M0 +?>8 D239 90 @W 6)+>-G 6+, -./
'pD&5"q!.0 0K$925\#5D$:6\#0=
\#0n96n96J.*6=;_-B06+yK$>5+CGRt+/=+>A06
88 694 .
-
18
1+N8 K'H .9T +8 6-./Pn9& "25 &B8 \.! 6N( j>4
\+H9"+U8)* $@K]kSy)K06 &Fd[/+CX+y=BvO!0[
LC4+4] +CX +y %0 B958694.8K9+,-./
+45&'()!*[
D-GR +45&'()!*+,-./
94.8 0.03
+9bm 210
D-GR +45&'()!*+,-./
!#5>8 k>8K9 0.05
+9bm 210
%0 B95/M+CXM+y '+ * :.8M0+CG.Df23!.N
+9.*+,-./!#5;.8D3954~_3F 46
%0 2 J@ +, -./ 940.03 6K9 2 J@ +, -./ !#5 >8 M0
%0'80.05+,-./.90*M0+9y+?>823!.N~86
%0D2k>8'+B00.08[3WT+9y4W239)/BBH&M+CXM+yW)*J*[
M0+CG.Df23!.NO!J*6=BH89+y)*_B$1+!
-./M0+45&'()!*+,[
+/ E]WTb
-
19
)* 14}V J@ )!/ K'! w+0 KF. 10 }0 '+`8 0 8 m+ j@ ) '!
+NK$#0b0'+B&(N.y&[
\'!/.! xG.! &(N. '+B
05 03 08 15.51 0.05
'pKC>D&!0K$925\#5D$4-G 23A4:6=6\#0=
\#0n96n96J.*;L40=+>A06_$ExcelP+08JWb+2&vI6:W2;6B1+!
! ES~pLC4W:0.05;W
+>{Q! \. &'9bw" +!.*D0mT+CG.Df.N
W%b+Blef.>2%02+CG..NQ!\9525.4423A4@
Q!cr& ES)*94)* $ 1 6 '+B W* 0 '+B)*
0)!/[
1+!0R T )*ef 9 6+y =Bv>c*
-
20
05 02 04 9.49 0.05
D&"q!.0 0K$925\#5D$-G0'2)*90
_$L40=+>A06'pKC>ExcelW%b+2&vI62ES~pLC4WB1+!6
!+45(:0.05;W
MNX5./0~p+45(t+!.*D0mT+CG.Df.N
W%b+Blef.>+>{Q!2%0+CG..NQ!\9537.21@6
W*0'+B)* >!+45(ES)*_B$1+!6'+B :MNX50p
M&Z9;+45&'()!*0RN.Tcr&[
e@0MNX5)!/)*m+j@X! $6+y=Bv& !~F@Z
\'!/.! xG.! &(N. '+B
05 03 08 15.51 0.05
-
21
%0+4&)!8 90 1+! 6xA 0! a&0 D u90 +45 &'( a&& +45 &'(DAp
%+L%CK~I6E8
).NLC+06 _! +45&'()!*9&
+9.*6-]0"qb`9DW*
K'9y* !L8++'(Q!yK$#0$9+64fJ.r&6>9G
1+023!.NO! @W64.NO!Q!.j@)*E{61+N4Q!K9
6K>B5T_9-.}0>& @6+45&'()!*+,-./M0.~81+! -0
j-.*Mvxs]W*)9b!.g3F _+D2D+~0+(
K]DES5u9>01?>86y_DzH> &X5-NPy
5=6!'NJ.G2*.90)95w+Q!7(
1C.*Q!cr&)*14}V @[
-
22
FE8-D0Ay"q3! +#8Q!CGF/!8+B8
)9sG&)* $a[
qAQ!b! )!/+!8xs&.VL0O+B2aD2RkSU"
bqh9'H^,r5;os(*9:5;.
8%*9:5;]UV0.%*>?@T*CDY66a%!(/HO[*
#*%m@-S(5*>?@P(-(R5jbeH4
-
24
6n%e-8K$%KRO*9:5;'^$()b_?@ HKSKR$,dY%=0,%y$
Yy(F.ltzKH[e=3y@'RO/y$/.1%5;.
*%>?@P0.O/6>%VO;SK{; |z.8.-Y{VF}~O/
/Z:5;*QC,%*L*Q:5;?@xR>%9fg$/Zh9**-%6jb*-#e5;-*>?@xR:+
>%V5dyjb/a;zH.'**9:5;=0,%#f@-%*%>?@
xRx+2,VOSK8.-YV6(/%6*9:5;%9xR|h9/Zfg$|e5;*-jb%6*-*
SK2,6%+6%6^W0.%^KW5e>?@^V*9*Kx6-6
/%-ha*9k@VOO%6.(6(%6Y!?(8oV$'16487i0
e5;*-6(R5e,i0%%6%6"SK2,*9.P0.>?@6Oe,7
-f*K2( 0.*'(Y66=0,%s%ofg$e6Z%O[i09#Ii
-* Z$>%VO 0.%#e5;SK2,$66v/>?@*o*9WO$jbm
ry>?@|
>%9ry|%6*-*Kx66%i6h9/Z
(%yOi96#S4"O%6.(('R!66%5p%6WHqe,
m-0.%V-5(O$SK6H($},F>%6%6(Y"HyWH!8.5$
V"yYK%%*5O/^jb7V5O%6.(6(0.%"e1$W4e-f
1648i0%6*-1%}~OF%%6Y!?(*66V}5O-F%6Oz
#/Rjb%>?@*P0.>?@Y1F'"8.-K>%VO%|
9>%|%6*-*Kx6/^%O%6.(
V5 O% 6.(}HK1648%5 >?@* 0.% 5Y3 %6 -6R$ SK
m@9>%6@6e%^'@6*%i-WV%>%6A7FRP0.>?@*%
(uY6KW%6%6"*-SK2,mi1$O55OO%6.,[
5(fY66H.[[%e5;*7
*%0@SKP0.O5-},'KzOO-oHSK85/%-#l0.%m-
jb/KZV(*>%6%/%9k@' $>%6%/%9_r5,62*
-
25
#YH(59i0m-jb!(j%9VO191476(%P0.VO1918%
Wy19196KBiO/i0%O-HoV$%66sK8ORZK89#/RK%
e-P0.HoV},6%"6}T6K%8oVWHqp%6%SK?5>6(%#
0u%Kx6*K*-%6i("5%6e#3*%zK5P0.HoVY'^
Y2K%*KWV6++H(+7
:+|(+6%x6*K*9zKHw
Y/*-%6*!(+F}*VO1939jb1945F%
YK*K84-",-%2G5CZKc(e3#k@-%},+,9f6$
K/$#5;0.%m-jbs*!"K66e90.e,?
i^R7
%#0IY/%MjbKbfO$*9*660.%*>?@O$HoV
896VO1945FYK-V*9p%6i0/>?@(+7
8%*e-P0.HoV}!OO-*'-$*-#>%6[be-0. cCV>@b6(R
zKHw*Q8M@#EH.z'o*9p%6i0}5O- P0.HoV0@-/RK[
ZVK?O(^=0,%eL;d]e5;7
o%0.*>?@55*d+896F}O/-!?KA@6"66z.%"/R0VVO1948jb
1991#F%Y2BVHu*9z*-%Ai0e,rg KWy#i5(%0.d5
e,',*c(pc(%z,{[6H(SKi%VH8E[$Ow70.%
m-jb1O%VF}Rk-'^$,-66E*-%UV7
>?@%P0.1%WY66#5(6{c(f+*(5;k@W1
8!$Y66Y3Wy:5;F%e,*~-/#(Ry,iZ![z(
AzK1971%1975i0%6"($Z!e6R6e6%c(x+jb
5O*Y6Z}y@5, K>%66zK1974%1975#0.4b
-
26
YKHFYk@6VIAzK1965%1967%bAzK1983%1985
7
%0IY/%MWO*9'H^0.V*#Y66},%6R*>?@
}K be5F}5O$>?@#/R6x6/*K*9:5;
YV(5*sa8967
>%9|6x6*KV5-*9>?@/R
Y6{/R(Y[%t%6tO/6',^M%V9 #:5b6!%Yf-
Y^!Ve^V5-*9*saewYHoV%5VHoVf%(iV%/F
}5O$VO1965F%}Ra*>?@5O./$V({c( H.[C
a',^%O9,/.6%z\R6(%*9iZ![777jbf=37
-*KV5HMHV%6%(%8Ocomission BraudtF}^$VO
1977VSK!*Y%//HV/=VR#p%66Y2,/HKSKMA>H^
eVw%~-%HVFi$jb@Y66E~-#6K?%5?YKq%F'^$
y@fR,SKY(Hq7Y6,-%SK/%4rgSKY62A9>%6%
*-e5;*%85z(7
H,Y6,-V5?5'5%V9.$/ZVO1982eV(*9^
SK/%4'
-
27
xR:+|*9:5;%|/(
>%VO*>?@0.xRdyjb/a;ioV'**9:5;=0,%
0.%*'-l5$MSK8.-kV(2H'#HV0.%*>?@ry|
ry>%9|*9:5;
eb*9:5;*8.5[%*8.K/Z#K8R*%
d$>"6"%'OO9*Q:5;.%#[be-s?[>2H!>"CD
Y(F}%V$0.7
0u%*%>?@VO/0I>%VOdyjb8.-/F %V$O/6W2,SK8.-
kV(2H 0.%*>?@z|
>%9|C($*9:5;
ebC($*9:5;/y$%A!5#AOO-2,/d5>%9i0PVR$6VSK
M#*Q-d5:+i0% "a*sa89662,/SK66^
5$[i0'H^',L*,%#90I%*%'-C($*9:5;>%VO2,
SK',*C(MC(%WO 0.%*>?@z|
[%-|C(M*Q:5;
.%s(C(i6V*Q#:5;i0%PVR$1%/i6VLiyod Axworthy#6
W4%0.P/RK2OO-*O56V=3%{;W%V7
6!%sK1%/i6VLiyod Axworthy*9:5; O%H9*Y66
0.%W4%-^2H6(%Y,dOO9Q648V-'8E"%M-7
VO%SK0.*%'-
-
28
(O%*0.*fg2,0.jb6"fR,SK"J(],%6(*K
#s%'?@P0.O/6VOhRC(WO*Q:5;=3% 9+,-8.
-
29
:+|kV(OO9*Q:5;
'^$d"#e5;HV5;aL6%?K8K6',V#@H,'^$kV(
OO9*Q:5;i0[*L %_%*>?@0.eR$!?K*9
#:5;0.%*>?@z|
[%-|d"e5;ZV(,zOO-*9:5;
3be,*9:5;yR$H].wiUVi0'^OO-*d"#e5;e
0.o/klAAAR% -[*Lf*9:5;/@>P0.#d
de5;'^$UO9i/(*Q:5;zyR$RYOO9#0g,#m%
Z8(%f%=3*YFoVbkkVK%-(- 7
(%sK[d]e5;/6ZOO-66KnoV#zO5i--(${OO-fR(
*KKaL6F'^$oVzOO96"%WWO$Y"[%'
P/%UV7
|aL6ZV(,zOO-*9:5;
aL6H!!?@-8.5$A5
-
30
>%9|C($
zMW4%C($(Z[%-H"=0,%Z
'H(SKr,HV"*H*>kjbC($'{0I7fe-0.r,
VKK*(Zk@-6($rR$%6($%#E?K$0.?M*K$0'(
WGyZ7
[%-|C($
>%VO*>?@0.ZV(dyjb',*C(ig=0,%C(z"?yk[7
C(ig|gs?@#'aR.%/6Z"#z^3b}RyH,#r%%
SK#>6(#?O;%#>%#=%%}+>%#d6Z%|"9|3b R- R%-%7
C(z"?yk[|V.6KY($[be-8.-P0.Y(o$*>?@?r.0
OO-|
r.0zZ^ |2,/SKr"kp%sKSK -/6!%-yO/b}R+$
r"Z7
r.0zK4|2,/SK4%-ZFI R"Z7
r.0l|sK%SK -/6!/br"ZSKZHe7
|C($
Y6($Y(F}%V$ #}@%0.%W/5$[0.6K% aR$/
A(*%#8('.1AA+"RH(%SKs?@#8EZZ>%VO%*>?@0.
ZV(Z"8.-Y(F>%V$Hz|
Kwolfgag glatzer,"R$Yry%5;Fzyg$WXr#($%
',.87
-Alfred Michael Dacherey6K>kjb?@Yy(5>%VO[W4%C($#i0%e2HV
*,%%x]rOVW/Z0'e5b7
-
31
'+L,"AHz(*,dY%5;Fzyg$WXr
6K5SK!$*Rjb"KL,%7
0u%oe-?,*#RP%5;z.kV(OO97
:+|kVK
8*e-*8.+6F%}![66(*s?@[66(*#V[be-V.
*d$[%-66^SK(kV(Fo$*>?@ZVKRSK6!#P:5;
%5;7
[%-|ZVKRSK6!
(0.ZV(*K5;*/oV8i06SK'!9NRSK6!WeH4
>aH( 79i0ry/%41b,YR(a%F6?@
rwZ![8A$'@6i0oZV(,i.?@>ZSKY5;6tKH#8(,Y6
#Z#0g*57777H,2,$rwKH[SK22($Y/6!99i08.6K5SK
A5
-
32
xRx+|*9:5;YV%'($
S(5*9:5;8K6'($%*>?@(RO(-yF%e$..
d#e5;o$%P0.(9,,8.5$SK5;eH4%RSK
6!*#*%m@-8.5$A5?@ry|
ry>%9|/%*9:5;SK5;
S(5*9:5;jb?@f$H*WX-CV(iF6!
6EZVKRSK6!7H,S(5fHUV649\%9%6UV"%
aDO0g4NRSK6!o%0.*>?@%|
>%9|*9zZ^8.,6(*4RSK6!
V"kSK*9zZ^*>?@++*e?K;z(de5;i0% y/
]zOO-.7
65%*9zZ^*>?@f$H*,Y66O?565w0.%Ry$-6R
"65*i6( K0;:6R%-z5Vw%-66 70I%T%RSK6!
*>?@,"*9zZ^e0.ry%_
.Z"Hz|
WV',6K*^SK 55,i/[i0'+LSK-Y/CV(SK#Y0H,
'+LZtVKHq*>(9Fu* $"7
WVWX-r0(Y?(%OFr$$O*sa8oVO5(%-*sa
YKH*9YKHw,./;YZK%8wHoVF%m6($CV(ijbCV(
z5VwP,;% K>H(OrO-(H!7
WVWX-6K[SK^'O'+B=3Y["6K;z5(i0(6K
SK#OSK6YyO"%-a(e%i-HK#M!%-e,6K[
'/abz7
:+|*9zZz0g%~/%%T5;
1$/[*9:5;SK
-
33
[%-|*9z0gP/%%T"e5;
'^$M!wO%0g6UV6"%*8.-M"%ySK"5#(F%
[*L.1%[b* >?@?@z!P(-SKW/m5
"UVV5?@z|
>%9|/%*[iZ![z\R%8KP:5;
3be,P:5;rwZ![\R%e0.1/%*9:5;*>?@
6(RiZ![z\R%SK'($P:5;%o0.*>?@z|
[%-|*[iZ![1%P:5;
s(*9iZ![SK -Z![F'ZSK'@,SK $"
=0,%eH4R$YOO9Vm5z^([ 70u%o*9iZ![SK -
'@6zOO9*MWH9'@6yGH5$8IA5K8E"#SK%
0.UO96ne-?@eH4,'@6i0lR$
OO-6 ,RYOO9#UVWW/Y5^(=0,%O>k[%
CY6KH[#Z,#8(*5777
|*9z\RP/%%1P:5;
s(*9z\RSK -/?@CD/\Rg5Z!KH%eb8*
-
34
I?@1Y/6[YH\R#WHqx"6K5=3SKW/Y5^(
y$%4%9Z![KH[%7
:+|/%*9zO5z(Hq%8K5;
3b},5;6H($SKm6R$d"e5;'UVe%%i-2B%-(RO\SK
5"#m@9e?@eH4"@'6(#KH[',% RygbVSK
m59%-YKHw0.%65)H(CYKHw!(#V9%8K6%T
!"%-s(r-e"9d]Y!9p%62*NWBP0.Y\
5;7
0u%%-*>?@V
-
35
``$`H`|
8.O66w*Q:5;6$/-66Y6KOSKT"#UVA5e/*/|^/y$%d"e5[%6#X$6T-A-#'Hw#(HwZ^V(+%(|
#.#N7
6RK.p|KOO5#2w#:+5O(YO/6#^V%#eVR#Ye#N7
)*+,-./00$%'1 !/2$3!!'( 4$%#4 !+$%#4!155!'(6 )7(8$945151$:$1#$1'9(;'
-
36
d?KXz%%f@|*9Ayi6Y"%y%6V66w#c(z$O;|#2w6(#
e#N7)6@K6H|*9:5;#5O#8.6(#V#N7
-$C5$!C5''%1!1#% !D1D%3C5!!'( ?151C5$41 41!!+&!'( )*+-.!'(!'( E1 ;'
-
37
-'9L-9K:8?'&1!!'(
6H6RK8z5VzK%i68,|y$AV$%Um6Ra(wVyOeHK#L,9
((#V%6q#>%96(#>%9#N7d%6Vk896e5|$>"6K%%5|sZ;AA5VwZ%n;Yg%;Q#
DC+3:|#/#N7 -&'=:5 !135#!!'(6 #%4$5='1$ !D1CD%C5G!!'( H%1+%2#&01112$$1 !313!!3(
6p6K|?565w2,.YO/6d"e5;|#.#N7
6RK=*6TU/|L/;%^% A(^e%#(C((V9|#
#N7 +1;$'
-
38
!"
#$%&$ '
!"#!$ %#&'#()*+!",
- ./01,2-$3& 04 530" 6$"789:;-3>3 ;?@$0AB#CD3C->>3 ;?>E-F0G$+!"6H-
!"#+!"+I+!J&?G$$K L @$h AB# R 6[ ]^I
+!", ;?G$ 2$F&iYG$!$GN#=Conventional Protection for the Place of Business
The elements of the place of business, physical and moral, are very important for the merchant,
because they contain the trade secrets of great value, so he is trying to keep his business in order
not to lose the advantage of the exclusive on it. For his side, the Emirati legislator has provided
a legal protection for these elements from the assault, and has authorized the merchant to put
restrictions and conditions in the agreements in order to maintain the said elements.In this research we examined the most important agreements that seek the merchant to bind the
other Contracting Party in order to safeguard the elements of business, including the
conventional protection through agreements and the conventional protection through non-
compete clause, and conventional protection through condition of licensing and leasing of
subcontractors. At the end we found that the Emirati legislator has organized some of these
conditions, but it needs to be modified in some circumstances, such as to confer greater
protection to those elements.
$3$
)#+!%"&'# )`>3\&:,YIj)$G$kl()*+!%",
gm),!:n%YG:o09p !"$+!;$ %$+!XY;-3\$M
(%$ = %# +!" .;,$I Q " \>n F
-
39
d;! W AI0 M ].# - !$ "$ $" M Z:e +I `>M H "i
WAI0M -CvwM -!yd;! =G:
3" ]^I G$ 0 ;-g! ]| 0 } Z-g!, R% G$ ->>3 # c" n, M Zf ~^#
G M"#" O3"Rk+=
*+!"M&,0" BW;[06[RY6[",R)AB#UI:" ()
+!"6[RZ:`->#'O0MG$W)MG$FB#9pC!#];j+!"
`$" ) G$ 9p G, >3 ;?C,-%y 6[7R>3[%L->>3 ;?>E()*
04B#9pC!#G -"()1;12$G$1!:oZ$3%[-:$
#"1>3&Vi^1;",-=@a ;n$r^rXY6[Z3,U6
-
40
]jz#()*$C!$W"$"W2]^IG$-M&,h ;?=
.z#y3>3 ;?2n,->>333P$$)>$
+ )%3"7>33P$-,,LrTuC,
B#9pC!#G$?7$$=
]jz#
W2]^IG$-M&,0 ;?
()*$C!$W"$"
C!#W_O$"`$K#;"%3CnG;Q,1;j$"F!rF
G 6];"P!o(6_B%3",Zg!,-jG$(j;"M^F>"
8%8&3"F>";"C!$G$;"R"V =" _B6[RZp
8) -M ;" %3 7 9Ij >M)$2#%3"G$" ;"3
XYCihIT51CNG$3"_Okl0RV O;!-;-C3", Ln Y0YR>3 W:
-
41
"3"6-&!, 8C]^I;" =r^rXYV# 6[Z3!Ai# 6[UMAC
@Tz!
]jV#;"C!$W"$"W2-[$
C!$AB$-a,W"UNjQ3m" s&,Ym8%C!#W_O3
Xh8aB!#$C!$8aB!$7;" 0Ra;"=
R+j;,L[3.6[;!-%#3.W3,$"`;"M^7
;" A^N0 $" = C!$ W $" &, `CV ` -! G 3C
33C3$W206[1 ;"8$F!r;"+_O%)->3$R: M$"
b'O;"1 &YZf:$RC;"Zn,!}G$Z!:o 1r7
u;"+C!$=
-1>0Y1,;"37!8+7@a ;"$"`C!#Ws&,0RY
_O1% (6:BRn 3"u0s&,Y7C!#W_O% YG$P!o$![W
C!$G$$"P!$XY`CV8%YUy>G;: _B6[% YFG$%y3#RCC!#
$W206[R;Q$ eV O3"6[FQ3>"3"R F!r=
.V#;"+$"C!$Ws&,0_O
1Q3>3"R " $XYo Y3"6-&!,8C FBCYW"$"W2y3 0
LY"43 (6 gC*W2h 6[G:
9pR:$+\Y$"-PNBCYW"$2$$";YG$;:^CC"$=
FQ3>Y";"71 G$? %x$(6 W20 6[$"& 3"RC ? 6[7
3z $!Z?y# ];"C!$W_O3"`;Q,XY;"z+a) $p3"R
3F>";"C!$B$$"-CB! L?7G I;z+;"
F>Y"$"R$XY3"7_OQ3m;"+;" Ra]j;"+;"
1&>;"6' RG$1C!$;"G$31C12 Rn(6=
1,n$6[8%#9091>a-CFL8z#-"#3"F>"1C! ;7B ;"+C! R=
-
42
2(Q 3 ;" A> R:# R$2 -3$ Rn Y 0Y z-z+ R: 0 s&,0 6[ R
;"yB#y# ;?=
3fYs&,06S;"+; RDt0;nK $$"G$P3 RR%3"
3"$"FfYK $1!$PMYs&,0;1Dt0=
8%#b>G$%& 909s&,0!-"$NOPi@$hAB#R->#C
Rh3"FQ3>Y"1C!$G$1"!$$"6[P$37_B R;"y-C^.$P>y#G$
^;C"m$";,0P!y#7Cg!];-!yA^Nh40P!y#+F=
8%#(y##R>3G$
8%#b!3Cu3z, wzy#;"3FQ3>Y"C!#W_O7-3-3zy$;"
68611;A^Nh;"F^;C"m1; $"XY]n#;"RnY
1IAB$?j6[G$8%&01-C!$XY,1^;]3>YP!#=
->rs&,hWY\M!B$$"C!#W=
8%#G;Q,909!-"$-[ _OYXY9B $n6 &@$h->#1-[j$n`=
kBnRPM3C$F%y6[7@$hAB#kM$RR. 1-
.nR:,+3MG$ 8%#b>R:1- -[j$nRn909 uV# 3V$F
1M^NY(t
.r;"yB#y# ;?WD^3;"A>R:#R$2-3$s&,0R: R=
-
43
&, 7 u--Q t -!.Y &+ G$ C!# W _B # 8%# M G$
@a #3C;"A>R:#R$2P!#_O--3,_B@$h->#38!19807
8%#281>;"Y
, G$ ! ]N ;" + G$ R I ;" szh 1 Dt ^C 8# %* 3" f
;"GAV3>h,71$I71-3 1$' R6Z" I;+(jDt0;n
8#=
8%#\y>;n291>R>38#%*9pRI;"szh1Dt^C>>
R 6 Z" I ; + (j Dt 0 ;" G 1V3>Y , G$ ! 8# ;" + G$
8#, fM1$I71-3 1$' =
8%# Q3,130 1> @$h ;" M G$G$ . `,%# W:
RxB ;" D 3C$ I ;" 1Mz M y (6 GN# 9p $"
;"+G$-!,F!-;h=
1;%tY7$"s3% N8$[@$hAB# [%LW8$RR.
Q, 6`-!&];"U&+` 1VR:#-G$P!#R: R@$0AB#V,3R:#7%R: Ra-
Rt1!$9nAVM7Z-MCn7;"+C!$$"g01>
-
44
(%x R1>aOG$7vwsV!6[7;"RY-_B>1-Yo(6R:#P!#y3
C!$XYo0R:$7;"G$$"R$$B#1?ym$:B 6[$"
29pC_B>1-Y=
8%# 7 @$h AB# _O Y909 C!$ G$ $" P!$ y3 R -># 1-Yo(6R:=B$zy#R:,-
G$3V$P!#Rn(;"+_B!->:#%?->#$Dt^C_B!7I,
N" RaB6[7uV$:B3"7b>%RC6;"3FQ3>=
8%#7@$hAB#_O3C1-909 83C2L];ju" C!#G$P!#R: R
+[O &>d>YW$"_O;n_B!6S, (6;"
%!YI;(2$G$$"P!mW3 R"G$-C;"+)! L"
s&,07P!#1;B (6;"A> e)-CW3#b!XYG$3V$P!#_ORnY1>"
1>^VQ3 R>3RC;"A>-=
r, z-z+?6[7_B" C!#G$P!#_O73_BC,7Y
("3"6-&!,F!r_B 6S$2$$"y `CV`;-C5$2$1"t1!$]^IY
1&I =7 : O R: R AB$ &> G$ B$ B! R $" -C
-
45
V# ;:* XY F) IT P-V-C ]^Ih \33e C 1-C ^$ 4 1 C!$ AB$
c "=
G%y6[7],. F:B ^;,YC!#W"s&,0;-3$
$"
M@$hAB#RC-z+s&,YYC!$W"$"W2 R+jRnY
s&,0;;";-C2t`7+j6[dI8%#\y>YC!#W
90983C31>@$h-># XY A121 1> -C % 3C ;" M G$ R $" Dt
`-,T`?Y76>YR%;"
1 R>33"7-y!#$"M1,$2;"+IY=
2 >>M1.oG$;"+G$PMY$"FY3=
(j" RR%C!mW3 Rs&,0 6[G$z R$"AB#D3C1- F!
-x$^C&K aVI($"G$P3 RR% 5cC3"C$Y7
7 s&,h ; R Dt? 6[ =;" + f 8# % 9p 3" Rn Y
Ffh6[K $$"G$P3 1>W%$C!#W_B; R1Dt01>C8%&!#1,%
?6[79IDt^CP 3"$"C Y6nG$P>#_B;
C!#=
7 S W2h $" `", C!# W s&,0 z+ _O \33e Y 1> R.
R: 3-x$;"5]^Ih6[G0x$R: ;"3FQ3>"11^IY
c " V# &'# D V# Dt ;n ]^Ih 6[ )-> 1+ L ij G
C!#AB#s^pV#u NGC!#kM=
0Wz-z+ w3"K" CP!#8$]^I$"1$K (6;"39y$GI],.
Y$ 3-x$[P$WK#C!#W_B1^IYG$"-x$RR.
W:j3C0x$9Ij6["t w;"+P$1$IF!r$"1$K (63"$ju",
u 7 \., 0 -x# 6[ 9y3 -x#ih [ fn C 0Y w ;" +
`,%#7%-R>3[ w;"+W2y;C1-M^Q128129
1>===8#, fM1$I71-3 1$' R6Z" I;+(jDt0=1-
-
46
yD)-C;"+;"G$$"P!m.;"3]VYV R]j;"
.=
.V#$"`C!#W_OZ--3,
6[7 %&8%h%&! 0RhW"Wg!G$",;"2$7%& RZp]
G$Zp 1!$% 7 1C 1!$ 1; -IY 7 GN$ n8m R>3
1-!.0]j7h(Y;CDt0U?G#6[c"1;g!#3-b! L=
8%#76n231>b!,LR>hs3?#"R^hG$;"7u?b'O:1
VG$ ;?u1R;n-i$%_B-I =
_B]3XY?vi\eVQ (6k-"QUV[$"R:u$XYCih
;"yG_B3C#cCY1>;"+G$C!#W=H3C6
_B 6[.$s&,0`;Q,7 zy$;"yR: R_OXY@$hAB#;
8%#7%-9098%#->#>M1.oG$;"+G$PMY6nR>3
8%#W:h!$"121@$h;"R>MG$=
-
47
W2 [ 3 _B C ;" + C!$ "$" W2 _O R ]3 +^I
y!71-Ot>M;"M^7RDG$A>uIXY@$hAB#;-3
XYR;" MG 6`3 H;G$ x#zy$`;"713$"zy$`
;" M^ F> " S ih 6[ .$ d%Y F G$ zy$ ;" yC ;? _B
1&'#;"PNMR: ;"+1;"1$-MF!r$"RC!#G$1,B!$
I8aB!$?1?&;"v=
1NB>71 WVy $"!_B 6[.$d%YRR. 3F>"#
RDu-3eQ3,$"zy#RC)-!_B6S;"vi\e$"3 M;"
;"+$"Q#y#`P&>[ mR:,Rty#6[`iR
`k"ij3?1>n$"3"7N=
!"#
ZNO zW-3G$1-CNG:oY M" z3"$I1-C!$P$1$K (63""
?y$;-Z?y$1-Q3,#3C G$F(G$-C!1,2-$Lay3s&,y3 "C-!&8#3=
y&!$s&,73"71 yG M"#`CVv! Y& 0y3s&,RY=Q3,
]^v 6n 3" +!" ];" u P$ M"# P; R y3 s&, aG;:,y3s&,"-NRCY
M"Z%Y3"_OG;ii1 yt& 01>C}=y3_O6Ia
-
48
",C!$R%36-&!,F1bI#u,PQ 1>Y13-V,\M]^IRh&+
$$=
1-b>;(aW-3GA!$0W3 R1bI#v! Y -"-Ny3s&,"
6n" %y6[73"%3"R8#%3G$1>a3"k+"t6[8;$"-N
b-I%3.$6-&! 8;#(8#%3G$", S_B 6[% y,L $K L
y3W20@a 6 )n%3-!&C"#3>D-$0v-y6[nx :1%=
y3 8%"G$G:MKnyRG$ W20 6H N 8$ e
(%#=
.V#y3
0--3s^N0-G$y3s&,
- uV#y3s&,P$M"#W2 1m9v!m1&!3"+!"]^vW"
v :y-I,=
- -3#y3s&,R: ;!-3"+!"]^vG$9vP!mW3 RP$M"#W2 Y
1?1&!+!"6[v R13G$=
->rG$y3s&,-Cvw3V!#-=
6[R-Cvw 3V!#-G$yM_OITM"#P$$K#%3"G;Q RP-V
3":$M"#-3 _B
WM"#`" ]^v071NB>8O$1>Yu ,73V!#6[D5=LZ-Mj-3$
7(./u1R: 0u(R%G$-C1NB>2$7u?3-CsV!6[Gdl
Z-Mh6[G I`C!#]P -=
u, _B 6[ , u , ]^v W3 0 Ra .; M"# $ 7 3$ W2
G$ 3" +!" 3! 9v P$ M" W 1- t 6n Z-Mh 6[ 7 1C! 1,)!$
eR: $p1NB>M"#-C]2 L3V!#
-
49
R H;"IbI (6 )$^"#AOM@$0AB#Rb! 6[G$`
}[9pR%3V!#,73C$'y-8%-Cv3V!$7H;"sV>%
) $^" ;"$ ` 1!- C!# ybI M Rn Y ) $^" ;"$ `
b'OG$.nj1;"=
u ,1bI#1-CP!o(67vwsV! ebI;DAB#Rb! 6[6Ix
~& % AB# R - h3"
J&?XY_B6[(%x +!"6[]^v7M"# -3,L_BMG$" Y3V!#
-3 () Z0 ) $^" ];" Z"$ M"# W-M 7 ) ) ";
-!y-:#+! )=
6[P!oRnY+IP$M"#-MG$ &"," 6[Ra01-s0XY1,)!$ y,G$M"#
y,R+I1-3C#WM"#G I5G$C!;PQdXY1,)!# =
-0 ;:G$ 8%yZ:?%y 6[78%y -Q3 W:0G$b',-
750G$"!#;:[iR"V#\$M!VR76[PM
%#ZM`nAi$19952145c "V#] n-D
-
50
8%#^;1-,#Qc ",G1C-x$ 9y3,^"C",B#282R>MG$
W'#hcCQMWMM1-CR"V#Z:?Rn#1-!8aB!#F^;U+
L ) M G$
!#_O1"$u3z,0 m !"$Rn %$Q&>-& msj7 9y3 -x#9pC
-C y&, L -i# # G$ Q aV ` - V C, 3, R 3# G$ B#
" 0G$%$RC1-3$%XY!$v[ 3,W%$3"$9vAi#;:
#;:V7i$]%|R: R#;:*6[W$1,rYD50- 3,7Ai
W-3 M";u?V" 3"Rn Y
: (./u1RM"#y3$9pu? 6[Rn0Yu? 6[W'%&! R(
=PP-!y,;",L3"+!" 3Nd>huM"#!oR )-C
9p'OG$W1,G$FC!$R%"-u6n=
&!Ib'By-I,!oRDt^CM"#y3$ 3"s3?6[R:,
'OjW$&MZ 41QC`" -&",NO" 9pb! _O(!#
b-I,FVY;" M"#C!$G$1&>6n7+!"&!G I'Oj
3"+!"Z-Y3! b-I,G I'O!$D)-Cy33V!$dI$1&>
y33V!$7G I'OG$M"#C!#!57=
#_O.$3V$'Oj-G$y3_OR: M3V!$7'OjP$$"WbI
$"Wv! &uN!$7`!-"$'O%Ran->R: M-3 C]"-
Z"$=
-
51
G9vIy-I,!mWMC!$:^$O'Oj-G$3V$y3_ORnY
+!"3"]jM"#C!$GA!$09v)-C=
- G$ yM _O G;Q, b-I, 3 RaB - 8) Cp G %+ Z-:e M ![
WG$K;O7Z:?+>C7 ! $7Z-:zR:$Rn'Oj2001=
-Q36[PMb',G$nBb-I,FVY3"Rn`nO`WMb-I,3R7
yy'$-!CC"$V,LV K-:-)nB
y3 ];"0 6[ R ;- 3C y3 H;"3C 8z# :;# :-) % -Cv
nB1I3" 6[FQ3>"iYG$3?M;=
V`b-I3R^VZ:?Z-:z/-[G$\N->V K-:-)nBR0YG M"#`C
8%#%#MI:B 1>n85Z-:zk y$PC6nV,-j;-M&,G$
ijCnK=MI:B 3"6[[[%y6[7Z-:z/-[!,L [wa#C
8%#b!-"C85;-M&,G$,,L->>3rT$6n$jRnY-j
G M"#`CV`s6[
3Nb-I3R^V ;-#PC%--Q36[7G M"#`CV
-
52
Ra;-#PC%8z#:;#:-)dI3 ,Fj%e085$8["$G$
RaB6S+Ij`>3G$(k;n=
8%# \"!$ 3C %y 6[ 7 8% ->>3 3 G$ ZM (%e018 !
1981n Y XY
-
53
% 2-- ;: G%+ Z: ![ %y 6[ 7 ZM 71112012 n (5
.ox$-#R76[PMb',nO-$$C Q $2Y7
PM 8& P$ -#12 # R: W % 4 s3z0 , G$" \$3, -
zy8DNyM!$7O^
-
54
3C^+1 8"#v9v3"zm$" W1y3 =t(6sV! eZ 6R
L^3"1 87W'^ ?+3" mR:
-!&C"#nhXYg!%*7vwsV!7B#
G M"#zy$G$=
u1R: RIjM"#_B RM"#& G M"#" O3"$RO0
'Z RnR:#8#-G$%R: Rv! 2_B6[9pR%3"71$
zy_B ;n3"R ,G$!-"$8$]^IP DP--G$y3_O e
jsB3V!$y3 Ran!-"$3V!$;B R_B6[-3V!$=
8%#\y>3843>%3b-I%37s&,06[D w(y#8)R>MG$
1> b!, - -!& C"#$' u -!: %# R: R s&,0 Dt
mu? 6[%R_Bd>h750`CV -u& 8% 8m !-"$ -Cv 3V! =6n
1>%y6[7(y#()R>3-Q h8n6#F8%#3G;Q R
3V!$7d>0750-!:W'u%;R: -y3_O-!:
`CV s&,0 8# 6[ e R 8% 8m 8% -Cv = u? yM _O R
,9pIjuN!#XY y7%#uRG:o0!-"$-Cv3V!$7d>h750
y3_O-C!$L=
8%#b>m84-Cv3V!$7d>hP--!:];"uo%#RC
`CV1-u& #8#6[ e R8%8m!-"$=_B6["tAB#R~^
%;R: Ra8%-Cv3V!mR:#-G$-MY3V$+!"6[];"u
7%#u0%;!;#u?6[C!$9v-Cd>hP-3V!#6[7-!:
y3_O-C!$L,9pIuN!$XY y=
-C 1, M"# 7 m C!$ : ^$O R: M y3 _O RY];" G A!$0 1- )
3V!# 6[ 7 H;" W3 : 9v XY -C Uy 1 u 0 y3 3V!$ 7 "-
-
55
UyG$1"!$Q3 6[C!#6[G$9vP!oR1-tG:y33V!$7M"#C!$
u0M"$XY3"7 +=
-8)CpG%+IZ-:eM![ ICCW_Oy3_B]^Ih]
3GZ>C!#7k-!! $7Z-:zR:$Rn-V YIT->#Y`nO`WK$
WG$K; %O7Z:?+ 1996=
R: --V YnO-: $nO`Wb-I,3![R7-Q36[PMb',
G$-!&C"#3>3"W:3"6[G;Q,HbI#->#jnBMG$G$G$M-!&C"#6[;"1bI#R(3" 6[1
V!$ dI " D, -!& C"# W' bI# C!$ Y ;", C 3"3
R - 3" 7 _O m 3V!# 6[ 7 1NB> o R 1 bI# P!o 1> - y3
9pR%3V!#6[71NB>o(63C[bI#=
u-VR>31&+: $jR>3XY7 R H Q, - 3" y> Z-:z /-[ \"N14 7 1>a Q3 ]^IY
8#1C!$!$(!#P-!y,GP!oRITM";RC(j3"G M"#`CV
WM M 1 bI# R /- `, 6H 1$2 6-&! ]^IY , G$ 0R>Mkl3"G$8%#85$8["$G$
7->#-Y\;Q>L%yM^-j-";wG8%y25$1957=
-
56
K $ H - C!# D W G qz, 8%# R `, -> 0 R>M Z-:z /-[ \"N
$:B%$j6[R/-`,[%1BZ$-MW!;`-jF^;""N3$XYO
8&2-$(6!:W3R`,G IUNP$%3"G$%WYBC,,
W4;.I`"M19968%#b!F;0XY" #"M143"G$
8%#`+/-H56148%#857 -> 0R>3->>3rT$8["$G$
-Q36[=
8-3 XY O -> 0 R>M 1>j $ 8["$ XY 0R>MR` uV!#6[G$*-"y-
9&H;g!#3 $8["# 3N MV>C!#geL#j
$8["$%!;B,0IhG$n>Rn %%-MPi7.; iSuz M ;nN';
8%#RCG$Zp;.0!: V85M$8["$G$
-
57
2371984 . ZM +55689 730 K;C>19893> -M&, ..
ZM3-rIx$u-V#N3141bI#\8%#6[-\QCZ-:z/-[R0Y
R(C!#WW-x$VC!$YW1-& (6_BW
M1-#Ra#PC%;:*\QC6n-nW -2RnF3!#-!&C"#
#:oL-!&C"#W'C!$)!$N=
/-[#j $3 G$j ;? i 0u1-#V", -M&,0G$
3$PC R1-#u,, 6[1&>Z-;y1)!$1-#! 0YV O#
3$ PC R t 1- # RC -!& C"# b-I, ]^v uC"# b-I, ]^v u
MG$W' U" :]^vu3$PC Rt1-#RC6-!&=
6[ R ]2 V' # s3 c ", " y3 1- # R XY /-H \+,
8%#%(6z!-M&,014nd>1-#W2Yb! -M&,^;Q"#R;
R ;:*
-
58
3 7%$34e0 )
-,T%-3b-I3G;Q RDtP$s3?6[gCz; i
4 "];"b-I 8$ e8%# W:RaB 6[7 R $^31 6[G$
R>3=
8%#b>XY8%"31];"b-I -M%MAB#Rg 138%#78%
) 7 1-), Z R 9v 5 r q : t Y 1 bI# M G$ ) $^"3P$! Cy," Rj=
`C]^IG$GNG$9a8hW&$V#6[7">U
]jA&8h7u?W&$=
); !"#+!"an8h7u?-3,+IF^;"67rG$1R: $3m
1"M$-G$2-;$)#PM$Rn!-"$!y
-
59
^V+vthk ",G$08h7u?W&$ z=]3 "&y$vthC
B1;$"!-"$83$1!$A&>0G$1!:$V=^V+th
W"$F3$"$8$`"6SA&>hG$b'OG:oRa`"x$W2 Q3m3[=
$8h7u?K" F^;"67;$%)#PM$-C" L()*+!Z[G
8%#1-YMG$
)#-;B L !"#+!"th",L%h=8%#1-Y3G$
* P- 3 G$ n 7 th ;-M 8$ x# Z n 8i \y> $! (y# ()
1![()=
W3, 7 P!y# + () * + u [ 8th 7 u? y3 1>a `. `
!-"$858O$7a;nx#R:#;0= !"#+!"an:Bu?6[g
2 (6R:;a$1-CR: (6&7()z;(6&7$1,51-C]
); !"#+!"`G$8h7u?&'-C1371NB>1-Co=&;n
RnY$137()1NB>oRnY$7Q
`)#8#"-Z"Q"W"u VG$F2RvB G 6)=
;B P-*7UyC()*+!G$y!K" 8h7u?RnY1>R.
R: 8h7u?!$-u !"# %#+!()*a$P]D!
9pG$1!$%y"x#PG;Q ?6[7(B;()*tY3G
3"7%C!#W_B$a#(B#C!m=
.A&GNG$()*9a,
Yx#`8h\3"$x R9Ij6[%1,51]2-(6z;a#
1$;.0;%> CGNG$9a; $6CGNG$IT)$P- *6[
!$898%"$
-
60
8%#Q3,7871>R>33 3"# \>n F 3 y! "
3"$3C$R%)##thuG]D!)##;,0fa#x#
)#1G:=
8%#C%hAB#kM$[6[39)#;.$s3RaB-e%h8)R>MG$
ZM wG a#`:#R>MXYAS3"#+`>3W:XY+!14!
20131>b!,[1!$$8%#7t-M71-y!#Z:?Gkl0#R>3W:R;n" 06G a
P-7R>3Z:(B#XY3!,L !"#+!"G$-H->%h:;#7th7u?
8%#RG$Zp)#385RCW"$[;:C !"#)#+!G$",8)R>MG$
8Mu?+!G$%7->>3y!S;,0836[R`71-CUy1:$
x;-V3C#0Y-H->%h:;#78z#-"3Rh
GNG$ththG]D!#" =
8%#G$->.83&R(y##R>3W:"5941>b!,Y$jRn
D )# P!y# 6[ a# P- R 8Q \QM )$ P!y$ 1 B> 3 t +I
x#uz -Cn>;i(B#WMYthF3Q3,RP>#_B%G$Zp;:z;
33iG$=
*FVb!6[Q3 G$Zp(B;thG]D!GNG$th;7u?;:
-,T_BCG:th37%g?
-
61
1 Ij_BC,3>RP-V>4y'#;:*$jt(;:*8DY
hG]D!a;;GNG$tjt=
2 -#1Vin1"-)#+Vi=
3 thG]D!a;;)->ix#+YW=
4 x;-Cn>;i wa#W3 R=
5 #1oRn(6()_B!&>2m wa#W2 R+ja=
y#c3!;:W:1-.83&7b!RY
5948Q\QM)$P!y$1B>Y3t+I$jRnY1>#R>3G$
)#P!y# 6[a#P- RthF3Q3,RP>#_B%G$Zp ;:z;D
a; P># _B GD) D AB# R ;:* 6[ FQM 1- $ ]
5^a#1-CaB>b'Bn3x#BRn4$1C^IthG]D!F
)#P-1$Y\M]D!#12 Rn(6_B! )&y\. R_B"!y$)$Rn
P!y#=
8%#"$7 5*0t1> %&$ 594R: Rn6&(y##R>3G$
1$M (5 _B> 7 ^3$_B> G \&> Ra 9p Rn C 5 p ];a ]vO0
8%#6[]|Gd1>C )&y1v$=
8%#"$73#G$RnY594a#Msj\.
:[aYL8x#`"1C^I(5_B>]2 +ja#RU!/j&-zy
7F;n 5:$1!$6' (6();" 6[-[$G$Q sj\IM[tY3
P-37[n(6 !"# %#1,$3$[$`",712$.1-k>a#P$2 Rn
R>3u-V,7aVIMR: 01>C=
j 7 \. 1&'m Z:? "! $_B! W" GV G$ MY K # ! s
FQ3|7MYG$1!y ;#-6Ia,R;:z;R%%$CP-M()
"!R: 1!$8%y
-
62
8%#G$->.83&7(y#AB#kM$RR. 594[3#+jG$F!.[
PCRnthuG]D!g?Wa# W2F3AB# 3,XY
1! kM 1+ Vi 7 () !y ;.h kM, W 7 ^.;$ () d
1-C aB> 3x#BRn4$thG]D!P>#_BGD) a;AB#aC
5^a#]D!#12 Rn(6_B! )&y\.,R_B"!y$W)$RnF
P!y#)#P-WY\M=
`B#G$n6Ia RuF!.0% 0(y#AB# [%L;:?CGNG$8h3"1,DYx#]M3C$-,,
kl C R>3 W:j 3C 8h 3 %!3z# j PC W2h G GN G$ #
R>3W:j3C1V$+jx;C=
ZM%hG #`:#R>MMXY8%"14!20148%#\y>3C181>
hV;6-&!^M 6-&!,!8h3K" uCy'#6-&!8%1m3z#
86C!
-
63
-%$G$C $W'W3 R`-`$"$P$$" R1bI;DtGNG$3#
->hMG$
-CF13;Dt3"7_O1"!oI]3$XY1Q"1n;"6-&!,: R]
1&!1W3 RQ3,;"v-NG:,=
2;"+M;M]j]3#-x$3,=
8%#\y>3C6n8911>1,R>3G$V R.]3;Dt0B;"+
;"+1Y0Y]j]3#13z =
8%#\y>t0%3]|77881>@$0->#6n789 Y
b-I3b! $GNG$b-I,!$9v1!]D!b-IG$6-&;Dt0
IU^=
8%#7(y#AB#b>%y6[781ZM()R>3G$17!199911>
[%$3Cm0Y-yL-!:G9v]%;Dt0=%;W2Y6["
3"-!& C"#G9v] W"%# 3C$6I"0Y %#MG$ -yL
-!&C"#3>M""-N1-1-;-,%;"-NW21>aW20 6[AB#K
V" (6 y!"%$^;:$$2" W206[RXYCihJ&zG M"#RC
-
64
A!%#R, W206[b!G;Q -!&C"#3>3R41-
-y'B%#3C$6Ia0Y9pXY1,D7L-!&C"#G]G$-3$=
>3-Q h8n6#7F1>]6[7(y#()R-!:G]%;Dt0
8%#-b!,L W2^%$" "-NW206[[%$3Cm0Y9v-yL
83=
Z3 b! 6[ 3 (y# AB# R R. 1 (6 _B `!3, G$ .n FO "&
8F 7 \. F 3" -!& C"# 6', (6 :B Rn %3" P- 7 UNj
-!y-:#]:OG$[9pW-!CC"$WAI=y'B0W3,%3"6[RW%$
[bI#RC`CV`3"WYu NG1-Y-!&C"#3!W3-(6b'BC"$Mj
UVP!o1>C3#1-Y-!&C"#3>Z G$ e789Ij;:%;R(G M"#
!]D!GNG$ Sb-I 8%Y1bI#bI#3C$R%9v =6[1ky # g>
%$ " ! 9v ] W RC 6 2-;, -!C C"# R:, $! +I - G$ b!
8%#1-\y>L W20-"-N83(y#()R>3G$=
$I# R n6 w G n 1M3 ]D! 6n W3 M b XY !$ F2 7 9p
}3#713u" ;-C+IG M"#`CV`s&,0 9pC:W2 R
1bI#XY%a$2$bI#RnL6[
bI#3Cm0Ib'OXY3"=
/
!,3 6[\%Ai$.; -jG$ 89n()z; -M&,0 ;?
R +I () 1 +! XY C: " 82-$ . +!" 6[ \>n Y 1
-C!$G$9p1 ./o$Ia:B;" M()s7F3RY1:
1-C!$G$9pSs& 8 8:$+!G$=
$K L%3"7C!#W_O% u NG);-M&,0 ;?Ai$7z3C6
-CvwR$2-G$bI#C!$G$bI#8MG$-y3_O6n
7 z 3C 6n -3$ W 3V$ y3 6[ Rn F sV!G$ b-I 9a P!$ s&,
GN=
-
65
@a ;-C.;,!G$;|XY6[\yIM6[
1 B#C!$W"()*PW2Zg! @$0AB#RY(y>G;ia#
>33G;i[% )M y> ", )h3" 3"# -># >33R>0s3?=
5 bI#C"$R%GNG$3"d>0+!"b-IRY03.W[XY(%x
]%"c "V#3"&W3 RbI#uG$R: }y'B
3"-x#=
",29;"MG$8#3>$"-CgL-!$2
;"8%9p;"%37]j;"+1;F>"Ix$
OXY8#7$"s3% N8$[@$hAB#[%LW8$R
6
;"37Ny$`RDu3e3"$=
2 th ; 7 u? ;:* FV Q3 y> @$h )
-
66
3 8%#b> ",8i34~& ",Z -(%e0 )%32000
2 %=&Vy$M7-!:3>3W:1999=
3 %=R D]$-!:3>%37 )->>3 ;?R>37--e%
h(y#: $Xh"V2009-"Q!%=
4 %=Z-:?k )s3?) )];j)#"NR%]jF2w
B>!R%uB$%"$=
5 % =G ; FC ]^ B! 8 w "$w % -!: 3! >3 Nh
:h !200177=
6 %=-;W"3#%--"->>3
8[390=
7 %=;"R>M]+9nG.1"V1 !:hU"#8aB!$1.1979=
8 %=()R>3-31z-{ g> )];j )-!y-:#F2w
8[3-"Q!%]j1981=
9 %=-3z-{ZM(y#8)R>MO17!19998[3-"Q!%
.."V2000=
10 -{Y2 2"&z_B-o%n-!:3>n-!:3>
-
67
11 %=thP-8;#%3"(-"P DB!C3.%_R;42010W=
12 % =];j ]h F2w ()R>3O-:" 2 2 )%3" )# )
)Xh"V=
13 %=;$"$s3?-n8n%-$!]-!yb-I%3
8[31983=
14 %=u-&OG"$w:8[3"$"V$->>3-!G$-!:3>
1984=
15 %=;"R>MO!O-;V-"Q!%""1983W=
16 % =^-: %; -n 8n% -!: 3> ]| 7- 8) %3s3?
8[3"$1986=
17 % =(y#R>37;"3 nDG ]%; y# /-HPV$ ->. "V
:$"1982W=
18 %=W"Z-[Yy!$MOR;%h;"R>1992W=
19 -{Y`;%R;%h()R>3=
20 %}# Zn F> D B! % -!: 3> %3" ->>3 rjR; P
2003=
21 % =-n0 k } R>3 ]| 7 -!: 3> %3" >3 Wg!
u DM2"$8n%1989=
123456
1%=2 2"zCF{$'GNG$9aiUy#7!-"#M18!1993W=
2 ZM%h8)R>M12!1966W=
3 ZM(y#8)R>M17!1999W=
4 ZM@$h->#343!1976W=
6 ZM(y##R>3131!1948W=
-
68
7 ZM%8$Y7M33!2008W=
8 ZM%hG a#`:#R>M14!2013=
9 @$h;"MZM8!1980W=
10 ZM(%e0R>317 !2002AI03-Q h8n6#=
12 8$*|-> 3-n-;>!R%"NR%]jF2w
uB$%=%=_;"R>M]+9nG !:hU"#8aB!$!=%=V;"R>MO!O-;-"Q!%""W=%=-!:3>%37 )->>3 ;?R D]$: $h(y#R>37--e%
Xh"V
-"Q!%=8%#Q 1,n$6[%$-CFL(y##R>3G;"a~&R$"t
3"FQ3>Y"4 )-!y%=1 !:hU"#8aB!$1..1"V;"R>M]+9nG=%=P#;"R>MO!O-;u=%=:$" y#/-HPV$->."V(y#R>37;"3nDG ]%;W=%=R;%h;"R>MOW"Z-[Yy!$W
8%# g> \y> - %h # R>3 G$ 1>]^Ih 7 $" `;Q, RCV u&,Y Y
-z+9p_BRn;"+F3Yy31-Cv$!-;Q,C!#%=]j F2w ) -!y -:# )];j g> ()R>3 -3 1z-{%
8[3-"Q!=%=uP#nD]%;=nSZ" RnY3"G/O!3 G$(y##R>3=
-
69
ZM(%ehR>3W:m]"#!W%=uP#;"R>MO!O-;=%=^-:%;8[3"$s3?-n8n%-!:3>]|7-8)%3
=
!"
}#ZnF>}#ZnF>R;P DB!%-!:3>%3"->>3rj
=
=}#ZnF>uP#=
%=;$8[3"$s3?-n8n%-$!]-!yb-I%3ZMG"V!-QM
-{Y 2 2" B# u> n- z -o%n
-!:;"8[3=%=u-&OG-!:3>-!:3>->>3-!G$"$w:8[3"$"V$=
=#$%&'(&)&
#$%&'(&)&
28 8%#b>]ZM(%e0R>3G$X08%#m ,W=8%#m
ZM(%e0R>3G$X0 ,W=%2--;:Z:ZM7B!$9p=
%=^-:%;uP#=
%=}#ZnF>uP#=
%=u-&OGuP#=
%=}#ZnF>uP#=
%=-3z-{ZM(y#8)R>MO!.."V8[3-"Q!%
=8$*|
-
70
%= )];j]hF2w()R>3O-:"2 2))#"V )%3"
Xh
= F3& [6 M G$ "&!# 9a, D XY -$$h [g !? -"CB -:# -&!?
1:$7b'B )0-FO ;&-n 1:$7Uy R 1 D)-C 3V$9vXY a#[6 `7
#9a,DWXY 2-"CBG$Bn2`"#RaU"R #Rh9pXY"&!
'Oj U^I0 9p XY C+ D ] 0 8a R$2 G$ 8$ 1;" G# Rh %| "C!# $
9pXYIY+3#pjGNG$a#A&>^1V-,$1RY$Rh1! S
[gC6`"=1$"1"!o%9aa;]NO#RY(=zCF{%g> 2;
#x$XYW3$-$^hUy#7!-"#
-
71
! ! ! !
"#"#"#"#
$%$%$%$%&&&&
''''((((#)#)#)#)
*!%+*!%+*!%+*!%+
!"#$#%&'()*+,-./01
23$455$#6./7#&8-59-&:6;$#
#$#%59?&(@ABC0DE$=F&G/$45H,IJ
!KL"MN>$#,O,$P0,(6$45'&@#Q@/RSTU#A
,-#$#%&'()*'V !'&5M@W=A6X'$=N,=Y
%6 0'Z#$#%[@\Y]^&(_C$ !'&^8`Ka#-4$b-N
!"#$%
Rsum :
la russite du processus dinnovation de l'entreprise est relie la mise la
disposition de tous les moyens et les ressources ncessaires. Parmi ces moyens les
plus importants figure les ressources humaines qui doivent tre formes et
qualifies afin de se tenir au courant des volutions. La formation continue des
ressources humaines est considre comme le moyen le plus important pour
fournir une catgorie de comptents capables de se mettre au courant de ces
volutions et l'adaptation aux conditions de concurrence dans l'environnement de
l'entreprise.
Mots-cls: Formation - Les ressources humaines - L'innovation - Les petites
et moyennes entreprises.
&'
, SI"$cFQ= @de !--86fg5T/1#$#-$#g
b,cFQeWhi9+jM8Y'k h%46 9'Q$'lbeWh)Ch
-
72
,dS / }%M3$}$45 >$# -'p#(T\+
"#$#%F$F
-
73
12345
{, !w&(pA6ba;$#p-CZ6S8/0
X9^wA&$#
!H#/_/OAoRb!$&"d6#3N
==v-Q0('r;$#/MwMC@BC9RH#}' @$O$P0(
w6-'M6w$##($23+$45B/om,'(G,-c/7@$?&(&
-
74
,M3 @#$#87\/i9N83h
/ ! --86$#o-8 +G-5$#6i&=m'?@A,B
f,6,'&
-
75
#l/F6?&('cW !"XlS'53,
,,{0GY+FP4]5(#$#%A&3H8/+",d6
+#A-+4S3+me6h+@A" +
/5&W2XY
-
76
+BC\h5T/+ !E@#Q ! Y-P,4#,$#0-M1>
+}#W0@C h./RM'Z@^#$#%dSc #3:9NU#Ad&'(K
$#$#&'(d5(#$#%,x#,3/h,d+$=/0(6/S5W
#$#%61wM(;$#N
?&()ChRb!$$#gC&&(C% h+@#$#QYPv@!
dJN
$FCo"G !$0>H49hGcKL6m\0-'M6?&(S'
-
77
===c>AUM\PRJ?&($/?&(OM'9Y#3/\y /?&(pA6
,3=@C/Z"B;`0('r\G$9+MA]O5=6C@59$
#8"-C$@CMB;`8OMG&$+GA&H\h/nC6h7#m/m
v(~\YpA$KAOMme6h$23+G-V&=$#$#%[~+'NL80,#$#&=$#$#%&GcK
AGc(#-M
bG(#$#%&'
-
78
lw,'&
-
79
,>$#0H#s+-%6 0'Z#$#%[~ !$' /MwM
!H#/#`G}#WG(#6#$#%&'(J?&(&$#,H#-$
##$F6,qG-9& G}d6RH#-$'9@#%C&v> Y-&$#.7#$#Z?&( #]F96
!P" #'rSk'$+9 !"#N,Ph?,&(F968$
{^VA61Z
-
80
89}k23Oc,AlJ,TS%,65"M6#( 1'-Y0#$#b!$ !"NNN
G-&9p-CM6"'& m'$#0NNN
S'$#b!$NNN
!$/0'Z>$#NNN
,,,,,,', S(
# #]
-
81
m\0MV$-fsu85/$m'$#,p,A6h
#$#b/#3'&9m'Q"wM&T6#9!6
S,\#,$#%&'()*'VS /$MNeuxe8x8=
t xy 8uu
-
82
# #]
m\0MV$-fsu=5/>,E
@#LN9$45$6+>$#&'(GxM6K=vO$P0({$
!H#/OAo'Vw
-
83
5$#&'Ew&$#&'(O56/>EcMm\0
!"$^+@#$#QJcIpA&+#,$#%&'8
!b456-&(,&'()*'VG}BC9GqBA6G-5$#6?&(Gc#S'
-
84
5
+'(+$4M+$45@+T#'L+NN
Sekiou et autre, Gestion des ressources humaines,ed De Beock universit, Cannada, 2001,p.336.
+_$+
-
85
n
-
86
!
!" #$%
&'()*+*,-&./012345 67$ 8&5 %9 7: ;
-
87
*^t7 XPz$7:e45
7: =P _D 67$ _V! FG G '
-
88
|*+2P.
-
89
#2PD7I++?11/10M22062011D4_Dq37
_%D7&'J67$111H+.67$X w Z4
"hD 7: FG *RU s5@ [0 @WB *4&.
i~VX $%
I0 I"+# P B !J7 V+ . "hD $% *RUFG &58 @s4G J7K!
A& a"G 4< ~0 %9 7: F?7 45 $% n3X"175 74 d [ 5
-
90
67$ D,0 43 8 s j kw"+ -&. 3> ,% +"+# Gp
$%x16y(=J& DP123 [4G 74 GW D"w5 %5H 3
8" $q 7: P U w5!# KR 7VW 7 %,
-
91
F? d D45 D43 PsG *W. F$ k4J! P D4 [ ? kD" Fv
-& ='3 es+ DwGx19y .
*^~VX7[D7T
a"G67$S;GRD"h;.PD77GT CF$_$P7[D7T
_$T aB _D$7 $>?7 -%98&5 HJG 7:$q
wogSJhD$,RVSJw
-
92
G I. @s4G Gp d D5 Fv T =$ =P _$ F$ A3FG1j7:G3w&O2Pfg0_D$4V5FGR +
d j A
-
93
3D 67$ +SG 67$3D7 T U 7:7[48"FGA+ *4
-
94
~ViX=7:DB
7:k!!^GoR-FG=7:p44 =7: H+3 ;
, FG 0 5 %U +S D7 j 67$_
-
95
_8W(FWF?~R?0>+3r"G H74 7: 7 _ " Gp @s G; Q
HGD`H25 GDJ%fg0D QDG7: {5
A(
1kJ!KSqD778"5W0Y 5!XW"4GD73,8"%G_;2G
4G%k74 . W3 D73 I"75201213(
2c F3 I$ $q 7: 7:! , D7_;2G _J 8"% I+
7;k4 4G%9 . W3 D73 I"75201179(
3D$ t7 D$ D9 =7: 7: D 4Gq G200113(
4D. 6V G ?U $% W 4Gq D9 G2002303(
5c F3 3"A%I$77(
6c3D$!7:7_;-UDB4G%A3"D4WV7lY_W"3
83(
7=7!GF3&>3#7D9t!^ 4G8,YKSq,!X2001
2011[4GG4G%!"k7497;DR4!"k748"%G_;2G[S5
o20111617(
8[ @W,7:f3G[Dz4G%!"k748"%G_;2GY7
2011(81(
9D$ t7 D$ D9 3"A%23(
10[ @W,3"A%81(
11=%+ D$ 4V5 _# 7:x9@W =7:y KSq j 7G
-
96
193"A%I$F3c9(
203"A%c3D$!83(
21[ @W,3"A%80(
22_107D7I+FG11/10M22062011D4_Dq37(
233"A%c3D$!83(
24_+109D7I+FG11/10M22062011D4_Dq37H+.67$
XA- G0 [. ~
-
97
!"
!"#$%&'()*+
,-+./01234%5-46789:;+9205-44?@ABA508C09 D5E+23%"F2008GH IJKL:MNJ3@O3+PQ,Q
-FR 0STU VW 5X =OYJ 5-4 &7;(P/Z V67 I>@[\]^_JOIkd2001iy` H5
-
98
~5[!"%5-4=7i@"+#@{kJTouvetTIS
-
99
1CA@-@G3@;*)@P`?k,Jkc3[I@A3+adK!.J0dOG7F5vOWSF05d5?k,J.AB3 4"+3
jJA`k%Ji 2C'ZZ-@75vmO3S@;""F3[=*?!43"?J
- JtkJ?@7S 'Z?-B7 5>?@37
-
100
OS36@ |@7H ?!4 K 8 -" O I[-Z 7S {k #-@> {k K @3[{k ,
-
101
`4 )5uS {J ?@p _ |@7H ?!4 lG! I ~5[ =R
-
102
yYC5- \! ?J;J # K>[ cd 5@
-
103
@7;A H,OG+iG0a{ky=OS3*P@/O &'(6)" _J)FP@/O3* !F i
_)"3*P@/O &'( 6 )*+ %&'( PQR B;A@7H -" O_` ;k 5@-
0a 3F5 u* AJ uS @ 7G] ,- 32 139 %5@=>4 J ? 3S5J48k ~5[ \W2![i0a ? )*+ %&'( \>@ l7o \W 7G] ,- 923 S > @"Q.3C)![ W 67 123Z -@[ ,5-h 7G]
,- 920 ?@7 lS! 5G>4 ,5-4 {k "O[ pH 5-4 S
-
104
4CW F @ @[ J ,5-h 5
-
105
KF- 3GS _@7 ?uS W 6A b2[ cd j@S / ,57+ @ ?@A 2000 @+W! I \>@ ?@A 1995 : /A {k ?6 "O[ F
5-4pH 3+ 2 =* 7+ IS 0a t
-
106
S@p J 2![ \W30iCH _23Z j@/731./ {k # ,-+921w1?@708w09 .GY 67
F@[%5-4 H _23Z j@/7 ad I # ?J u pS S
-
107
O[ ,-+ 926 T" ?@7 {k \e ?J lF[ 3 cd gA "O[57 %5-4 J 3S #5Y .o &] @ 3] -S,5-4J_23-@>67
B![ ?u*S 5>F/[ 5O> =@2\] z i
-
108
YJm!-@>H?F#`kJO@;"JH.! %&'({k7O lB[)@>H%J HJ H J'{k_@/lH!"
\>Ri l3
-
109
J4SBp b` iad jJ5 3G @ \] 0S =@ \] I[a J \] lHZ I
-
110
Br5 {7G 67 5@ 23!+ W
-
111
:Z %-E 1234 cd \ P/ 6A )@6@+ FS k@6@+j@k
-
112
?uS 5Gk S@7k 2! S 4 ;QJ F@A@ "O pNancy\G!S -U %p!k b` S
-
113
_23l]kJ%5-d5Aky=1990P66i8PK>+T"63i9SOk5>S3>|@7!>,%5-4G_kJ{k&7SA_tA2006P
31i10b'kOpPlS!K>+68i11 !B$O
-
114
21J
-
115
!"#$%&'#()#*!&+,
-
."/012340!5
6%#74
892:!#;-
!"#$!%&"'()
&*+&,-.+/01-2)-34+5.61+$"478,9
1- )- : ;" ? +/034@1435A)$ BC)D111E
'FG$ B+/0 1- 2 )- !: $ 8(0-$
-
116
researcher recommended creating the conditions for the material and moral assistance to refine
the elements of administrative creativity in school environment for gifted students programs3 Kay words: Educational Leaders, Gifted programs, Academic services
++/ UVde?$ +-& fXVg&'&VB+V1,$A&. O\g&60
S ;-& '&" G B =\ M!S&!_1 kl)'/ : BA6z
!_1 kl).${-D Bo2003B203205E _FDMarch and Simon E,0-S&=>?. !*(!_1B_F$DBurns and StalkerE
-
117
>?.69/h=d FQ$!_1-66V9h!>,0-+:=D,0-Eb.
`$Q6O&(.XV3_F&9$DHang and AikenE( +&M-O\-'$19Q:
2V!?(:2OK9_1-3
;) B!_1- 2 . FQ > U++ .,L$ BM *
_1-* $BS* $36&O,9>K FH$
$ 6&+5$ Bp&a&-!_1 D B Q 3EM* (
Individual InnovationiK,qG$B+:!z$!/8,L.l(HX~l )
r+\.)ij.-+o0U+h!*R$B-+o0.!&"N$!
11G~$=+-$DKreitner, 1992;580E -Mo?89i,'/=lT(&-
Y$
+ -8*F8Qti0$TIGl$Bb1-G{lA+& TA+&$BO&
!4X1,$BIGl+o0$BI+HF!/>.,9i,M3 Q
S*Group Innovation(SO/.X+:Oa$QX+Al 63l)
+9O& F$GS :$DSmith, 1999:165EJVisionr+\T!N\U9
G0-$ BS%) b&9 G0 ,(Q$ BA+/ 7 )(Q 0 1+\ S
1safety Participative3
BS 1V 61 S : 2 {- O& . t: H i09$ G 619$DB8)
193:19923E_1-* b&+($Organizational Innovation(Q!
$sQt:}$ 8Q:$61$(b+.,L$Bn$$
+: o!>,0- O\ A&9 $$ Bb+i,M9DCreative Problem Solving Ep$9&
19qFVtB">"$F$KGQ8,+X&+09$i,M!>,0-41a2+!6-+O&$
6\DB%*277:19953E
'1$q*\X&09$;M+[ U+M.,L$DWynett, 2002:39 El;+_1O,+=>?.
-$+z$B;"QUA+*9.+FV.XFH$ u:{UG38QG
BO0M$x1(,9$B$?N$-409;6(BX0!(6-!_1-
A t:{9h+Gl-(9$BI*D3Schermerhorn and Osborn, 2000:673E
+VN!/>&$BO&5&9$409$B-$)-(HlV*>
$&DB 20043E6& .| B N +&!?$O\ 8K\x/ /$
N/ KGH }1 .$ B9$M !V p& ;,1+G$ 19G }(Kreitner and
-
118
Kinicki,1995:578)+9N c O\- .9 N + 8Q x l Npreparation
B)ij$!$1$!{- \$O&2q$ I$A&2M 6+h -.9$3
U+G 6+(Concentration),0- T 3 8\N (Incubation)\ TXQ 2 M 1r+
!&-.rn2X1)=~1+++B& u$ 6 O& !&- . cBbn $Q !N i?Q$
(Verification)+&&$T6w$Q6&9$Q,M!OVQ.6,3B?Q+\F.$
p&i01995:430)(Kreitner and Kinicki,B(Robry, 1991:580)8Q$B N+2Z++Qt
>e N +2{9 Z+61 &0$%NA IH!>,08QBI>&O/.
!&-o;)Z+$3
N+ hO\-u.,LkQ$ Ng&"$DB$B 02005
423424E\Do EN$QDRecognitionE,MV1 +""Hc Q9:
o9 $Q V ,M .,9 \ X+ B- !V+\N$ +V1, !F, OG DIdea
FormulationE)-O&OG+\e>?$ O;)ckl)$3+6+A++
(Evaluation) 2:B-X\OG2 N:q\o9h21,#N8G:6
O&.|/$1)'FG$QB"N3,0-S&\2$Problem Solving)E.,L
Od\t:Na$Xi*$Q $0-Iv+F,DSolutionEr+\V$/6+( N8,
. $0- b ( Bb$ ;N 1 l) ;z \- +V1, !F,N =>?
(Innovation by Adoption).t 9 _1-8(l+M1 +F, \- +V1, -bg : Q
\;)$ NO\.?N\-(Development)\-Na$B$Q=&"N
0FNDUtilization and DiffusionE=&"Ar+\B N+2+61c\-kl)OK:
61n-1$ N,(0F$Q ND3wakeman , browder, ahlgrim and flowers, 2006E
N!+81).$!/iM9t()!o9OBi,M.+9!N\'*+
c( 9&Q! 6F8Q GBI"\_1-$ S$M21, +F*FN
4$ _1- 3-.&/ _1-* N8Q!"p&'1+ G"!/&
+DB+M1995sB67E61e$q+"Q_(2j$B;VN4_(
Bi+vkl)OK6Mh|+,q*Yd4i+v92j
-
119
+?!_1.,Lhq+"H)\Qq+"Hkl).$6\-,0-&+4D)U
B2002sB250251E61./mGQ&"4+09$B)l|o&B,(H+19O&$
o$Q+,0!"Q$B,(H(Nominal Group;M"Q$B(Delphi3
2 \d:$ $ KGQ XF( B& !*"{-$ !_1- 2 +\ $ 8G -$
a&-!&&*9r+\8)- 2 X+Q U9$ B+1 9h !*"{-
G i(9 t: 6&+5+& !$ 1, !&"N +1 +&$ +& !F,$ !/ (
% Bsoc XV$ A61-$)-$ B I1H 6,L h!/|$ B6-$
aQl;&1$%&$|0,Student Identification$BFmA+o9Program Design61$B
!++9"$}61-Curriculum and Instruction)!c8Q;v1
M A`V\ + o+o? XV V61$ ++&9 a( lG$ B Fm A+_19$ :Program
Administration and Management++_19$:q+"Q)q"1-$V1Fm&
O\-(G2+VsH)-:A*98Q;v1r+\B++$Bl+M1B
)-o+(G$A){IMGQGB+no$+VN$+*M1$A`V\$
)-F2OK8Q;v1$B
-
120
+*.NlG$BacFm9Program Evaluationb($8Q.,Lhi&-.7
0Fl+M1$^+I1QFmV^QnG,0;OdB;+_1IFN
C2GC0-FK"-:+&(b8:,h !"#A)Q.8$
=&M=o9NB'/:B*pM9B+"-!3;+$VQ$DOmbile, 2004E2"
C "$Qu:O,0{9hO&.|0,t:'()$GH
;C19hC+uO&.O&"#$d8Q"!6[Q$BFK-
- 3G&'K+,Hn-!N
=>C?^$V8Qt:"'a9/$B=&MA&$+,H"-;+_1
_1-2A&!+VO,0{+q+"Hb+938C
-
121
+n+'/D2007E C!C8Q.C!&-$!-8Q6F'1+
$B"V!-(9`M$6(9 !KGQ8Q.M
kwNa;)!-D%E!>,C0-*n;)(96/Q$3C_($6C1+6*$B+LGHd$B+3"'M0G2$
DDay, 2007E2=CFN.!N$L8H8&!ckl)OK8.l.-8
/KGQA6&u#B44A6&9=>?M-+O\-=>C?%o.*\$+*
i+v+3&"'a9$D2008EICVC- *8Qt:
C&-_F6V$.iGV'FG1+B(0-_F6V$."V3CG
0"'a9D2008E$8Qt:!/>&=72&- +192-
C+192-$8Q$BiGV!IV0/1-$d$i&$$+VN
C"CV!IV+"-Z+9$*$+*+&=72&-3$!CVQ
,C*($+G$G$$N"FAthanasoula, Reppa, Marki, Kalliopi and Psycharis,
2010EBCHY$4C-=o9N.9"- )_8Q'1+8F+2"
kN$QA+&9&9h!>,0-HY$ >$3'a9$d$d"D2009E8Qt:
;C) C!+G*++&H12FK-!$"#V
+o\:N!e$(V$
-
122
6Z"$",0
$F$-$Q-.+VA*9;,6-O?-\Q &
H !*- .9!+& _F 8$=d 92 ,N$!>,0- O\DB%*
1995 3E 2 ? . r\ \N r+\ 6S& $$ Oc .$ )- H UG- X
B"qV*9hN!+G*p&V$)-:48$&=>?. N$
-$)- 2N N'0/F!" V$
-
123
33 N+"#*|O)1-
+(vLoc%>?&*+&,-2+/0DB2mcB;&O){-B 1
;M+[*-E.
+9!m-2"kl A9 X&" !z
6" $Q !>+oM 6\:$ ,0- |&9 :$ !>,0 +"*d$D B8$V2002B
s22E) $BVa1./>FVI12)6[$,(HA+_19DB%*1999B
s173E %&$u:t:%`h$8&$8$-6h!"-$,(H
+($IMGKGQq+"Q$e$:!+2+&(KGQ8,9$M-!*"{-%)Qy:2
4?DB2003sB523E"kl)2 o$
$.=FN$Kd,(H$q+"H,0- *\$ B/>
-
124
N!"#+-($$BF$-$B%&21- B,0-$%0G$B,(Hl+M19
,(HA++9$B,(H+19$}F$B,(HO+$3
)- " kl)2 +V: %& OG
- :
-
125
/0 1- 2)-!:!F"N'FG$ B" 47 ` ;) " 1+'FG G B+
,-ij$M-D14E1+&OKF"D87.4EP"47.3=$S6_$D1E1+49
`iv-($"3
=$V1+(vL`iv-($"1+49 iv- *- , %
O){- , 58 59.8
,.Q 39 40.2
mc!1" !1".O/Q 51 52.6
KG(!1" 46 47.4
1 G 42 43.3
KFQ 55 56.7
;M+[*-
-
126
2$X9($*(=+,+&>&D5E>&$2$X9($*9+F
D1E2 $ `( $*9 +& >& $ BD5 E2 $ `( +F >&$D13E
+,+- V*d^" ZM $d! B" 1+ (!"A,n$
$nlG$n1+M
=$V2"QA,d!, ! ZM V 1 1]1.49 V+/ 2 1.502.49 +/ 3 2.503.49 " 4 3.50]4.49 iG 5 4.50KG( ViG
2 `$!$Hea
RH!$ea!NN.|0,+9N!IV O& l) +*9R$ B3K O& ., klV$D4.133 EY\ *($
D15.306 E T+!M X+409$;,..D78910E*\O& l) +*9R$ B
`$,0-3rKO&.,klV$D3.785EY\*($D14.017EX+409$;,..
T+ !MD38131823283439El) +*9 R$ BaH O&34 O&
., klV$D3.248 E Y\ *($D12.031 EX+ 409$ ;, . . T+ !M
D161718192021E%fkwN aO& l) +*9R$B3cO& klV$
-
127
.,D3.042 E Y\ *($D11.267 E . .X+ 409$ ;, T+ !M
D222324252627EF$-O&l)+*9R$B3
. 1G;&eo+-2OKl$B*M-O&MF;&O+nF!6[Q
-
128
5 .348** 5 5 .289** 5 .412** 5 .390** 6 .269** 6 6 6 .375** 6 .312**
+o\: 1 * N = 0.01) E
=$S.D5E+o\:N9^99F"N!.OG8Qn+,V4
1 X+: +1- = 0.01)EB ;? eo t: i0$ F"N!M ;? e*9N = l)$
F">3=$SGD6E)-:2 N"#ac9N!>&3
=$V69 !(D"# N 2 : )-Eh !" V +,=$N K rK 4 c
A/
M
O&
9N
A/
M
O&
9N
A/
M
O&
9N
A/
M
O&
9N
A/
M
O&
9N 1 .292** 1 .443** 1 .430** 1 .546** 1 .451** 2 .871** 2 .485** 2 .334** 2 .571** 2 .684** 3 .268** 3 .658** 3 .344** 3 .615** 3 .668** 4 .328** 4 .527** 4 .410** 4 .555** 4 .618** 5 .309** 5 .442** 5 .592** 5 .370** 5 6 .357* 6 6 .464** 6 6 7 .347** 7 7 7 7 8 .331** 8 8 8 8 9 .336** 9 9 9 9
N*1+o\: = 0.01) E
+F!K
+-b+9Rr+\MQWF$GO&*\=>?."Q!(!!NN.|0,R
F,B+>"1+.D97E
-
129
2GO+$B"X+\>a$+-!=8QQ4M9!O&49`M&N8Q
)$\$&$Q\$z+X9N7$X9(4++-D)-2 N!3E
=$SGD8E N"#HMWF$GO&3
=$V8HMQWF$GO&*c!N$)-:2 N"#! = MQWF$GO& 1 ,(Nl+M19 0.78
2 ,0-$%0G 0.64
3 ,(NO+ 0.71
4 ,(N+19$}F 0.59
5 ,(NA++9 0.68
)-:2 N"# 0.85
=$SD8E=$N&MWF$GO&(&Q*X+-8QD0.78EWF$GO&$B
K&MD0.64ErK&MWF$GO&$BD0.71E4&MWF$GO&$BD0.59EB
c&MWF$GO&$D0.68EBO,G+MWF$GO&$D0.85E=!O&l)$
8QQ4M9!O&49`M&N8Q2GO+$B"X+\>a$+-!=
)$\$&$Q\$z+X9N7$X9(4++-D:2 N"#)-3E
X+0+-R)_eon$D N"#B)-:2 N!
)- :2ED21 EOG.q$BN$ !N2oo-,.
+ OG +\>a 9 A,D2 N "#$ B)- :2 N!
)-:E*F!m/$BD85EPU)V+-8Q&l)$BX.M=+&
+- O&9 R )&$ B*qFV OGO09$ ;v9+-!( 8Q$ 6"+/ - *+
\+61 X9a2+-+!Mp&%l\Rr+\,Iq*D27 EK IU (
$D29ErKIU(]bnD33E
"+, "-6Z"H($"1;+(
) =$H={*&-1N!(9V R={* l). V A)_F 6V$. &* +& ,-2 +/0 1-
N!!N7. =7O, +&-!(fN$ +*d!"-*\
$=$S6_$BO,GD9E193
-
130
=$V9+&-!(fN$+*d!"-+199 N!!N39 = *d^"- +&-%fN A++V
1 aN 3.3381 0.66040 " 2 fkwNa% 3.3007 0.52959 " 3 `$!>,0-*\ 3.2990 0.74007 " 4 F$- 3.2955 0.51003 " 5 /> 3.2749 0.51541 "
O,GH 3.3016 0.47349 "
_F!6V$8Q1+&.'&5h!F+O+.91-
=$V &* +& ,- 2 +/0D9 EV ?.
=/2 "K-%-.}$c$B+1\$2,0-OdV$+9ij3
*\^"KUG-%fkwNa=7IVGD3.3007E+&%f$D0.52959E
-%)Nb+2)-m&0(92+1kl)m&9$+9=M
l$B/M-$.U+:2)-+H_F1O(Qb+$B,-2)-
!O+&M9=>?.Nbn.BO&*$!>,0-Od6VOG=lsd
- ,(H .%)H b &$B% b+t =a O&!? 4+5 &$ B\$
6_9\,-,(2G'/$I:$B%b+nV$26F8G6!/&-;$
6F3k*\^"`:$!>,0-*\=7IVKK9-2$D3.2990Ef$%
+&D0.74007E=>?O&"iv9$ BS ,(Nqw$ B,(NO9!. XKL B
2+Z*-)-!+/*\.m&9+1kl)$^?i(9$Bml+M19
q+" 9 A6a\$ BO& ^ 9*\N !- !9 !IV l m
mkl)!VI2+&/$A`9$"`$!>,0-3
-
131
*\^"F$-=7IV&9-2$D3.2955E+&%f$D0.51003E(9ti0#B
,(Qqw$ B,M%>?N O9!BO&"Q*$!>,0- Od , &ij
$B6l1O&!>,0$!$&;$B4/8$$O&q+"Q*$
2"VB|/&9civ9O&$BM-|/-4;&O&"i+v9
B8+-,&1 m klA4*2A6j$)- /.
IN {$ BO& +& & " V!- kl) OK (9 8r+\ 3*c 9- 2$
*\^" /> =7 IV i?N$D3.2749 Ef$ +&%D0.51541E(9 +1 kl) OK$ B
i,M
-
132
=$ViGV!IVD10E4+S;,*d^"-:B!ND3.7028E+&-%fN$
D.58895E+\j,&9$"VN !(9O[2+u+1kl)&9$
e\H($)l+M19sd$mkl)92)-m8
9$B+q+"N$&"4+1kl)bMD2008E *8Qt:!Qh$
d "4'M?$ BiG&- _F 6V$. &* +& ,-=
d$D2009E?"$BD2008E;z"$D2004E6&+5!Qh"#Vt:
"1+(O/. !+G*"3
=$S 6_$D10 E*\^" ,(H A++9=7 ) + "#!N7 KGQ8Q
kD3.8943E+&%f$D.73495E,(H+?!"#.=l)XKL4bM9h
B& G0 )$ m %)Q B!&- G0$ `V I1 ,(H +?$
)l+M19.,L,(OGA++9$B+Mc4($q1w$,(H+?1\$+&N$
& G0 4/ 3 *\ ^" ,(H l+M19 =7 ) "# !N O/ D3.5647E
+&%f$D1.02761E2O&b(G0e4OK9!"#.OKL
,(HO$BFm2O&b(G00F+1Uc$Bm+=\t:
l+M19&$B66(8+*!&&+*,(H$BFm2&G0
$Bm2& G0 ,Ml+M19.=${*-$BV1l+M18 ,(H
l+M1+V!c,Ml+M196h+-M,$B=$Vb($,(H
i09$ T ,(Hl+M1 $
0!F,i(9qFVt BO&b( G04/
++92)-m /t:+1 kl)4"$QQ$A++9}1 ($,(HA
IV ,(H l+M19 =7 8Q G B)- +/ =>?q"1 A+9$ A,\t: Na$ OQ$
l+M198$=/B+$:$++_19!&aV$t:U!N.+*F?q+9
M-,(H2iGV=l"-V'FGAj$)-+/$:=>?
"-kl)."1+(Qt::3
+FKq9-2,0-$%0G=7$B,(HO+=7$B,(H +19$}F:=7IV G
$ KK$ q+9 q*\ ;) iG "# V O9 +*\ !"$ &D(3.8082 BD3.6529EB
D3.59383EOK9)-mO/.N +!"#19,&9$
1q+"Q
-
133
,(H./mGQ,(N+19$}FQ=b&+(&O/.3/;$ti0l)$
%` .)- 4 8& A)$ ao? ,(N +19$}F +)-
-$ !+/3s\,(NO+=72$V"#1i09G
61 6 :!" iG h ,(Hp($ BV ,( ., U- ,(H 4S
V9D:@E2&,(Q.,(OGO+$B,(HO+2Z"Hx"Q,0- o\$ B)oU - $ B,0-
"!>,0-4O&$ml+M19.*\2jti09!"#;)$B,0
O/.++16,$B6$;3
} 3rK ={* &- 1 N + "#*| O)
+(vLoc%>? &* +& ,-2 +/0 1- DB 1
;M+[ *- B2 mc B;& O){- 3E+*d!"-*\R={* l) . V
&-!(fN$q*\A)_F 6V$. N "# V)- /! +
"!ivDR$B =72+m B2mcB;&O){- B 1
O,G N$ " !N7 &- . O+ b+9 3_$ =$S 6D11 E+*d !"-
+(vL!iv&9O,GN$"!N74+S+&-!(fN$3
=$V11O,GN$"!N74+S+&-!(fN$+*d!"-
! =
O){- mc 1 ;M+[*-
N
O,G , .Q
,
.O/5
!1"
5!1"
KG(
G KFQ
!
(0-$
I"J$UG-
-
134
%fN
+&- .723 .613 .661 .620 .638 .676 .6646 .656 .6800
4
}F
+19$
,(N
^"-
*d 3.793 3.830 3.654 3.978 3.690 3.898 3.688 3.958 3.808
%fN
+&- .719 .618 .716 .593 .668 .676 .7296 .579 .677
5 A++9
,(N
^"-
*d 3.948 3.814 3.892 3.896 3.898 3.890 3.888 3.901 3.894
%fN
+&- .793 .640 .714 .764 .734 .741 .7132 .769 .7345
=$S6_D11 E &9O,GN$ "!N!"- )[ /$(1)8Q!iv-
O,GN$"!N7&-.O+b+9Re$Mkl+o\N(&-$B
=$S$B!iv-&9D12E196_3
=$V12&9O,GN$"!N7&-.O+ N"#V
iv- = !&- 7 !V
d !&-^" +/F
N
+o\N
O){-
,(Nl+M19 47.135 1 47.135 .848 .360 ,0-$%0G 9.754 1 9.754 1.046 .309
,(NO+ 3.656 1 3.656 .280 .598 }F,(N+19$ 4.305 1 4.305 .431 .513
,(NA++9 4.552 1 4.552 .535 .467 O,GH .004 1 .004 .001 .981
mc
,(Nl+M19 224.374 1 224.374 4.036 .048 ,0-$%0G 54.525 1 54.525 5.849 .018
,(NO+ 135.302 1 135.302 10.349 .002 ,(N+19$}F 59.157 1 59.157 5.919 .017
,(NA++9 1.744 1 1.744 .205 .652 O,GH 48.279 1 48.279 7.435 .008
1
,(Nl+M19 146.574 1 146.574 2.637 .108 ,0-$%0G .521 1 .521 .056 .814
,(NO+ .610 1 .610 .047 .829 ,(N+19$}F 14.857 1 14.857 1.487 .226
,(NA++9 .000 1 .000 .000 .994 O,GH .093 1 .093 .014 .905
*-
;M+[
,(Nl+M19 135.477 1 135.477 2.437 .122 ,0-$%0G .063 1 .063 .007 .935
O+,(N .291 1 .291 .022 .882
-
135
,(N+19$}F 9.739 1 9.739 .974 .326 ,(NA++9 7.810 1 7.810 .918 .341 O,GH .000 1 .000 .000 .997
c
,(Nl+M19 4724.883 85 55.587
,0-$%0G 792.377 85 9.322
,(NO+ 1111.241 85 13.073
,(N+19$}F 849.469 85 9.994
,(NA++9 723.383 85 8.510
O,GH 551.946 85 6.493
,(Nl+M19 108052.000 97
,0-$%0G 32389.000 97
,(NO+ 48198.000 97
+19$}F,(N 36271.000 97
,(NA++9 24367.000 97
O,GH 34081.104 97
=$S21!6[QD12E+o\:N!e$(V$?._1pv)- +9
+&!$)-I$eM"Q)--3
1!6[Q G +o\: N! e$( V$ D0.01= EB,(H O+ =7 2 mc iv- U&9
8Qr+\B.l)2)-+9!+/h!mc+Qti0#BO,GH$
,9$/M-$+mb+9,9b+*19$^+.l9-!+&
=$S.\>r+\Bmkl)+/=72mcUb&$U,(HO+$A+_19$D12E8Q
!mc$oO+e$MD5KG(!1"3E/.U9+(mc(
y+ +(\$ X 1-
-
136
8Qt: 1 i09 G B!+&- Aj +N N$ +
-i*&9h!>,0-$|/-4A6&92&-4bMx$O&$F$-&)
O&3
+ "#*2 +o\: N!e$( V$
-
137
$ IMa B!V$ B" Bx QD2013 E!$ *
6+(&!&-$&-_F6V$.F1G13B1-19D3E9373 q? B QD2010E Q Be0 &V Bi*V " B;M+[ ++_1
=H:A*/B=H+GB^"$H3 B8+vS$B;n(BaFQD20123EB8HB)-+9=72!"+*$
i*-B83 BQ$vX)D2004E 3 B& FK "- :2iv : +&MO?
&VB01iji*V"3 *\ F BQD2000 3E / 2- ,N * {- O&
B&B&*139D1E1513 $ BXQ$ BQ BxD2013 3E! _F 6V$. N!"#$!
812ac=MH3B+*M1$
-
138
. B0D 32008 3E12&- +192 +,d- $&V BkG \$Q BA6*MFQ&- _F 6V$. &* +& ,-2%SBi
8HB3 A[GiM?BBO+?B 0D2005E01i*-B8Bx_1-_FB3 AKGQBoD20033E!M"M$9hG2N N$++_1(K/>&3 9{
18D4E9213 ; B80$ B; B1D2013 3E! 2 + N "# V
B+*M1$
-
139
DruckerBPB(1985). Innovation and enter partnershipB(1st ed)BLondon3 Guilford, j. p. (1986). Creative talents: Their nature, uses and development, New York:
bearly cimited.
KreitnerBR and KinickiBA (1995). Organizational behavior (2nd ed). Homewood: Irwin3 Ombille, L. (2004). Innovation in Ekwadoor Schools, Educational Journal, 3(2), pp 66-112. Ozmen, F and Muratoglu, V. (2010).The competency levels of school principals in
implementing knowledge management strategies the views of principals and teachers
according to gender variable. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2 (20): 5370
5376
RobeyBDB(1991). Designing Organization. (3rd ed) Homewood: Irwin3 Sanger, T., and Levin, W.(2005). Increasing Employees creativity by training their
managers. Industrial and commercial training, 33E2D:63-68.
SchermerhronBJ. HuntBJ. and OsbornBR (2000). Organizational behavior (5th ed). John wiley
SmithBM. (1999). Analyzing Organizational behavior (1st ed). London: Macmillan Press3 Toremen, F. (2003). Creative school and administration. Educational Sciences: Theory and
Practice, 3(1), 248-25.
WakemanBS. BBrowderBD. BFlowersBC.Band Ahlgrim-DelzellBL. (2006). Principals
we doing enough? Journal of Research on Leadership EducationB5(1) B 1-22. Wfry, R. (2006). The Relationship between Principals innovative style and teachers
perception of Principals Effectiveness, Dissertation Abstract International. 456 (07):31-
48.
WynettBC. (2002). Inspiring innovationBHarvard Business ReviewB80(8):60-78.
-
140
! ! ! !
"#$"#$"#$"#$%&'%&'%&'%&'()*+()*+()*+()*+,--./,--./,--./,--./
000011112345234523452345
,-6,-6,-6,-6
!"#$% !&' ( !"&) *+ ,-./012345.6.&!78+)9:!;;.6.?@
!#A8"& B .% 9!>3 CD E%% '!-" F" G8H= -!I% E% :JC'2KL=:!;;
-
141
F.d)345.1"!:J=!"!4F3e^%:6.PFf8g9h3%=
>&!3C;%W8;-!i+))j;F@!"!4F3klm!F91%n!-oF.f
!D,8E8.6. -! p !a2$ 38#O!2=D%q O36.4!;3 "'% 9,5 JF N
>!;3;'
-
152
,-EK7L
H!&';=CD8,
-
153
Q)!11996q"4(1h?.@ C*DEF'
"@:i%R&!(E!ThB-./1F?Cn,?%.JOC1!
;9/.9HP()4So,AQ4>1S1996q
%P'4o,6+ET/?A1996qhB-./?%.@?C "F@'Bn;?%C1T#0*%%H
?C.n?H.!!4`jL9@,?%.@?CFA-./ TpRn1,y]
X4$y],fDToiq./y%>y*]%./y%;.'DsnjT'1'1F!-
moqi%&R@?%/1%&ThBE&?.@!g)R4,?CFA-./ +4
Vh;:-/1S
)4;?o,?%1996q?%H./4?%1-./?Hr>%1t1py.]%.R@2
-
167
3*!"#2
*$%&3(
(1"%.(Anglier)4_*$V*Al_14,?%F4f#F@78%9E`#$
&%&c6YAQ-EC1k!)f0,T/;%.!S2001(
_148.I(Chaplin)D*^Q)*.E?Gh4?`%AQ\.4AQVA-./#$
X@I$9R@IQlj%),-F]Q/1992189(
* !"#$%&3(
(1),y%]1999(Rh.?%.H/9y]F(EVAl"j%
?C!!E4V.UND^4Rf%o,y%]199924q
4Ho,4146.1958q/E'[$y]#$1I\H1)4D@FH/f41
-./&N &'"#$o(Bloom, B. & Broder, L, 19588>4,6.%._
RF4t`94"#$(E-./A@:"+]R&& y
" o(Bloom, B. et al,1985 6> HX4U1 ?%H%F4 ?%>4 ?1 " #$ %E&
?%r1C4 Krathwohl,) D. R, 2002q
H%6.i%>9@VAX+h9#$R@I&!j%ET9Wjh-./?%1!!
"4 %& f0 E ? 9 @ 61 { w4 ?1!(ROBBES, Bruno, 2009b%T]4
%%&4y%14R%.
-
168
*XG./T'y]4y%$t1>42"HN.!OzX+h9"#$
%%&JKLMN-./#?%GS
5*!"#78
?%_Z1'OH)?.mW @'2%3"rNwOH9?C1kE!N9?/H[-./
obEOC1!FA136q
-./?1C&]!(Nf)'R?n*.xf)'*$O*H T/?.%E!
f49@%H% 1,?%/+]B?yENA`OH]!X4
?E\R8E|C'?TEA41HS
2%N.?%1/o50qfK4KA/49)4]!(NfKhl!.!?1E
VAQ,O%H|?4?rA{
4$?%1F{"4
u!)%+'("#$%%&'?%.H/G9
C&o73%q 9#$%*%&'?*%.H/"R@?%YA
-
169
O?`%g)&F'?o, 41h4?%1989q?k*E!&4 VA$?+-./o10q-*./RcVA$Vr+0?TEaW4?%f
)%H.'R>>FAVHE>?+/-./?+FA-./1hJo10q4f!FA
?+/VA$Vr+0?TE%VHE>D*EF'?.@*!B*.N4*8! e4,
*.N*JKH41YMN$.|)4%%&?%.&'>1p 4Ha[$C
/+@*&&c?*%Am?%*1F X&9@V%./4CDEF'4#$%%&?&.f Q
%%&?%.H/9/?CDEF'G9+ A !"RFX+hS
+@i%&-./HAaACDEF'GOC1'%T.9Q)"@%
i%&?%.H/9/?CDEF')4K3i%&?%.H/,*P'V'4
?;KI89419po,6+ET/?A1992q*
;*_+h*,;c?.@79?%H./+@V.>1';OC1!i%&
-
170
_8N,?.GF?C_+hoQ4>1A,1996q@C*DEF' -4(1h?.
i%"@:R&!(E!ThB-./1F?Cn,?%.JOC1!
Q)4;9/.9HPS
%P'4o,6+ET/?A1996q-F@'Bn;?%C1ThB-./?%.@?C #0*%%H
?C.n?H.!!4`jL9@,?%.@?CFA-./ TpRn1,y]
X4$y],fDToiqy*]%./y%;.'DsnjT'1'1F!-./y%>
moqR4,?CFA-./ +4i%&R@?%/1%&ThBE&?.@!g)
Vh;:-/1S?)4o,?%1996q-$&+@9 4B.N
42f%>X+h9.!#%%&'VAl*4?*%jT'1*'
R%.c4+@!RN9/@'/41n.!C%r4S%%&/E4"&%&
+@RNP4,?%>V'%3jT'1'46a.!9y.]2%N,f%4o Henson and Eller, 1999q9/+&Ao,H:%s2005q
(F4?%H'-./0%1y;)$!?w+] @'N,?%
%%&Rr4-./r#Uf!;.'d19@HN,?%>f%>?C-./f&
?&!?%.%
-
171
~!1??11&{*Th4,?%XN4'.!-4T!4%F!4br&RH'4
Ai%>?%/?%Bf>?%.&R%S
~&%T]E->jT'1'S
~%%&44v%CvE'y.]8H.!S
~uF+]40)%%&1S
~RH?/H41F.?TvG1%S
~_$#4n?]T'1!.?]AORG-./+]O`S
~?H!-./#$;:toS,H:%s2005q
-
172
1)4Wiggins,1998)q"&%&%%& ,0%H*{
?G${&95)jT'12%NXH/$+].'6n.H/XT@VC'S
?F?C1?)^{)4* &XH/?TEr?C1!,8H.!4+]9R
?XH/4o,6+/#C2001110Sq
4RT>-&%&%%& H"@:4.?%.H/#U4v#$@:99@HR,OC1!
?H%.?1'1>K-./.!/E4,V
4?oSanders and Horn,1995qc"&%&%%&rh9{
~V'>RC-./V'>41RC&4%%&1F'%%&S
~Q\6kQ\4v%CRW.?%.H/8EcS
~Rm%.D@Fd1/-./+]/E'{>D@F,R%.f%+@n
*.W,H/%%&'1 +].?G1F%'H,V'>(E#ypR@1*m
?&!?%.%
-
173
6&".F%%&4,1$#Q)4,@B4`-./+]/E9*;)*
"&%&%%&61' yr".{
~?%>{?%.Ff%>njT'1' S
~`4@{+@!RN?%./FE'!6k+]6%>S
~?%.H?H!{"1&!p9HRH4_+y]S
~({?%>f%jT'1' -./1&!(:9H @'S
~R@{f&!+@!R%R@4f91m$y]S
~1F?N'{2%N?C1?)^-./X4?H!4y1%o,6+*/#C2001
111,112Sq
h6kE'4%%&T"&%&.RH1' y9H*P' y*;)*,RH?%Tpy'46&!
%%&Th"&%&?]T'1!?%>C%NBQl,Xo Rust and Golombok, 1995p 102Sq
**!c8H.!/EOW4r+RH/+]RH/%/X+h9#$1&;)
'4,#$[kE%%&%`%'1(N9*4+*]1*&'c-.//E'
,1]6k*E'*>4541!)%F'?!X+h991hORG-./+]/E'H
#$)%%&?%?.%?YN+!S
1)4o,D8EN2001qH/-./H()R%G$& Q)*1$#$&'4-&%&NR
-./Hr>%. @ y.]c f41O,#$"^T4#$E4D)*%H.-./
i%>X+h9?1'_9b&4,R&4k!4?I4E&( Hambleton & Wedman,
1997),o.p,1996q,oHambleton & Slater, 1997q,o, 41h4?%1989q,H
F )%+rADEF'G 48!?%!,B.N42%N?.@*!
*JKH41YMN$.|)4%%&?%.&'>1p 4Ha[$CDEF'
&.f/+@.NCDEF'4#$%%&?),*;.'@#C&
-
174
I)4MN$8!"H%%&'JKL4~R%G$%%&JKL~*TUQ)4?*%1
RNV%?%TC$4G.?.UW%%&S
HIJ11
1~?%,i1]?%?&.N
%HRC9(1`?%1X4?oi%qf1&25~29,HA1~43S
2~?%, H: o1996 q JKL 6k Th # ".%c-/! DEF b%&c4F ./
r.~?1!.$~f1&431~546S
3~A,(4>1H:o1996q;:?C1!ThB~(14-EFi%&fCRr4~~.$
?1!~f1&19~39S
4~#C,H:6+/o2001qA
-
175
!"#$!%
!" #$ % &
'&()*+,) -.'&/01-23 '&4 )5#$678 9:;+!
,?@9 ' )* ;A! B $CD0 ) %E F
G-9H
abstract:
The mninge of civil society is lately used more in the political and thought rfrencs and It
has multi uses all of This uses focus realising many targets.
This study try research dimensions and caractristics of civil society also its relations and
mutual influencs with domestic and foreigne environnement.Mots ClsI civil society- collective organisation- political society- state.
JI
KLFK0A) *M N)$ !"OP;"AQR)! !S T *%
:&%-@UV:W?%FX;"A#YW&R)Z@-"1[$T8&
\F1-&]L !^$CFSC_U*`!^%N)$1UW7()* 2Na
bN *GT !@,T ) !"c-d-Z\F11LG! e-1-'G[f0
N[Tg@,TM"-Z1hNb-B
KL&'+i T - .
-
176
1 N :U U" K8 j!-$1 -@1 )5 ) TL 8 T U* b1 $-8
f:* 8 N! )* M&:
8 - !^ 8 *Z: KL K"! U [
-
177
2 :
"$1 "XL !p f $ - n "XL !p % O:b
-
178
.'& =J { $ 4 !^ j) U* !)N * e O: n wr"-(Macro) M& )1 B -J )* ()* w 2
$G $A/4 ; N:(Nn 4[$ 4: cF2...)4 pT (pT
4 ?:p 4}@ 8 4;$4+& &C7.
3 --8 :
N1 L b T 4W)$ 4 R@ !* 4 *GT EF... ]L
C7 4 `S K8 :2KEA:! .'& O: Wi$ ,
-
179
} -;:
N1 O: +
-
180
C@1 O: J 2Na ;$ ,&-F* :F R 2Na). `S b1 %1n" fb #CF
:2 2Na -1 )* } #r9
-
181
O: J c=G !P*
-
182
nDIW&8 ;$ #D J :
U*`!^$W&8>?@96UBj?-NK8U;"A & {)ZP!
["X8WO:K0A/M^w()*M;K8;N0T
Nm*1%bD1;$CFS]L\F1!qFWN1::"aW&8]L%b#D;$ )
G-#SN*MEFCD0U*`!^;N$F!
IH ;$ ): U"~ = :& ;* q)$1 >?@ :O J %n +:1 b
:
1 -;* ; J :
;* : g8 1T gC& g' N! W^ g$ wN) :!" *GT ?N, g8 *
cP* WS - ! 8 !AF.
;* : $1 G- -)F1 wN :!" *GT B @Nn >?@9 @ B=1
J , U W&8 >?@9 B ;1 J %1-, ()* CD0 [
M:
- G- M* M w U2.
- -A 3 uA:.
- K8 qN J @ %?P*8.
- n" *GT !@,T $ f@ #, $.
- $T K$) #-N ()* q:
2 -;* $1 ]L - : @N !p . ;$ w
-
183
-2 b: @ : , :* +,:
.'& wN.
-3 ) : `S ($1 "^ ]L ^L O: J K k
G ;N , W"R ;" 01 )!J )S , ' lF@! J n
-
184
'8 @n -AnT M$ " 2Na " " NS Kn3 " !PN !8 [G [*8
O: "^ C7 "^.
.'& #C P!8 hn U 8 -Z $ #! `S !=1 &* 1 Zn 2An~ !
(Z! S N , hRFf8 ;p = !, CD0 ()* "^
-
185
2H !@,T EFI?O: $F2 !@,T :w@, -Uj#-3CD014O:()*
()*y^K8T;) ZO:.*K"1:GKA )hp[) $!-8
w84
-
186
-0
1 C4$U2;FN4MRF@XI4 $#S-=2000
2 $c:4K)7K&I]h, ,-4 G-9 );$-
4 2NaqNp.-$U2#S-=OnB !"#:A,:
4K:F4 $2003H
3 #&N4$U2M2Na[R- ))N14W&U!$I
4A:!)T-XTK)U=1995H
4 =!=$14MbYhnn,$@
5 4gn D! $ bN I #n4 bP *GT N n&-
!4Z, $G4M2Na[R"X2001H
6 4K)7K&]U' N#:4 *GT O:H
7 * U SF 4 U2 .- qNp 4 2Na u 14 C: -
#S. $ 4 1992H
8 * U SF 4 $ gR 4M2Na C: b!!! 8!4r 2004H
9 W& $ !4U [R M2Na U2 4$ @:- cF, *FZ) A: !4
2000H
-
187
!"#
$%&'()*(+,-$(
%.+*/0
,1
!"#$%&'() *+,-.
/0+1 23 /3 456' + 7 8$ *+ !/ ,'9:3119 ;/? @.
AB*CDEFG9$H I#2:J8+0K/*!L;8
MJ43N9+#J456'EF) 501OD691EEPQA!2RSP
M CD ! /A#T):U0.05 ; $ 8V 2## 2A 8WH
2RSPQA!"-0XEF501J3 !4+G
43N9+Y/3456':B*CD;Z!3[7JV2##2A8,
F\J] 9+M^#"6IKC43N9+#J/3456'E8WH
C 43 N9+#J /3 456' EF 3 \J ] 9+M ^# "6 ,
IK_
/T62'`a !"#a
aa456'+ 7/3
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the predictive validity for both general secondary test and the
cumulative average of the university competence test at Jordanian university. The study sample
consisted of (3119 ) students, all of them were taking the (mid test) in three majors ( education,
engineering, and management). the results showed that the cumulative average was the most
explanation for students 'performance in the competence test with statistical significance level
(a=0.05) than general secondary average in the three majors, as well as the results showed that
there are differences in the predictive ability of the general secondary average( GSA) and
cumulative average( CA) of the university competence test in its new image( mid-level)
according to gender. The differences of the correlation between the GSA and the university
competence test were for female, as well as the differences of the correlation between the
university cumulative average and competence test were for female.Keyword: - predictive validity - cumulative average in the university- general secondary
certificate - university competence test
-
188
$239b9c2D*d6T8N-GVNe>f$2D*gH.b5&)
.Pe@hc21@8i2D*gH.>/j/!Xk/Glm YPEPJY#7
! B 9 0 1 0#iM XMR/- 3 @/ nG9 Co k/V b'&J8R- 4+0i
.+0$R-2fepc2Fb&>b:8q 2000_;
E#r$H s/*tO l/0+123NX90Ru48H1
v&! iN!962M#T$H T#w8>-0>iH.x@/4+y
/zL/0+1'/0+1{F *!9|/Y0})()>/? 2D G7$
D-!/'~2T/0+M84+y@/2*/*>$DJ8T
> //9*K B 2E0+1 x @/ /!J 9 t8C 501 456 >-+
8\X W 5 ,*()23 $ E0+1 5!JP $ \X /3 456' EF 5X)
$H/0+123O/0+1 E0/3@h0Ru:/.)x@/2D*0
82013;_
J3@/ iR!O$0JB 9`{/T
9+/T$/AR!!DN/b#rHn2/'23
2/' 23 G8N*+ H # +/XM b 82y/M
$R Y\\5!JPb/'~23\FD2G8JM
$23JEGF[*$H 5GMC7PO>MHx~ Gn()-KJ
()0@R *!9c*+()@RR/XJM@h+is20*+ M\JH7v
*+2'&$O':8uG2001;_
9 $= 3 @/ NX9 c 2F @.P $25XK G9 2FM P #
8L//![REFM/RP$2/ D$O'y692FgH.EP
[.1k/GlC@'FN6/S9$MJN9:8/2001;8C|J/vJ2FMl
4+0KY!>/?8/3R-@'~b#/6 b/#l:m/D82004_;
@//G9QJ$X[M*$k 9 456'2F8N!/6D9EP$'
x@/JR2D*EFMH.QA$8bQA\J2+Gb\/0+1
\#C7PJ2X@RAQA8QA2##J =#T0i
#W//0+123\J4/3W9sD)()!/XG
:R&82011;8 %& Z-! k7 () 0 H.k/GF 23 4S! 2## \J
O-9/D+/L5Pb/.v940yZ+"=/*+B97$b-P2D
-
189
2 NXb-P/D+/8$[.P/3456'EF'/0+1/zL`
XB b@/2/+Dm/F#92##82 D!J3CDq/i
0+1 / 23/8 b/D/R/}7!.+9EPx@/2D*8c
b9`//G2+RJ-/XM/#&2/D_
aB*CD`@2X26'CDH.A:CD
/';.bG~$>G9n9c/!R+01*+}gH.A8EF1
/3456'IV()q+' CD/0+123RG9Q2##@/DG9
. 8A 4& `/X!' *!L n 8/F# / n 81 +0K n 8s0
hG/ 92|8/D6!Jn8/XMn/98hG/ 9/+n8n
-
190
/**1 // 84D / n 8/DE!6# 8-F# nK 8 &EG
2/X!'9s*~n8bGTPAb'##/Fi++ 7M$/*_
aDk/i##C`CDH.RG9cQk/i0#wb'JY26'
x @/ 2D*/zL /0+1 ' 8E3 b i $ @ 2X 26' gH. l @
e##gH##2_
>EJ8x@/2D*0/L>J2+ 7=b i$EFMH/6!9@
yx@/2D*{F x@/4+
-
191
!"#
+ 7 !"#`b GD0DJ !+ 7M24+iC._
`/J 4+y EFM N7 J R/ b#r c /' .
3b GRAc/0+1@/_
3 ` bYT t .h* 0J R*+ 40 b' b s
/3TN*+04-=R*+0c42DtDG4_
/3456'EF43N9+#J`gG9HEFM.x@/2D*0/.JE
/'~/0+123$\} /zL/0+1'{F x@/4+y>
X n b $/ b#6 1 b#6 $ 2## % Y 8n J $
320122013_
$%
/~*+#G9`
a23 =G9$H/3456'EFM43N9+#Jb#6*+1n$
320132014_
aB*CD QA.#2AI`J8+0K/*!L8c.
EFMR/k =_
&'
62O|o Ri 2*+$,XP 8gH.$
2*+`
Ei+eni*+0:Morgan,1992;F G+ 72\Ji[(,-.b/#
/32iDJR/b#rc2:2/8/9/~n8
/XM n 5/6 8/DK n 8E!6; 8*+ !/ ,'9$:98 ; =
-
192
b/#F2M:65;v-82RSP\JX] 9+0XQA!
/'/@hMDE:0.3187;CD!
-
193
CXP00.:2005;.*+0,-()E9MZ+ !RgM*/G9
- x6M CnR*) ! R! b501J01,'98 @ !/*+
$:305;=s =2$8,'j/J/'J\GFJ/@hM#~
\ n 8 QA! 2RSP gM 2X+0 \D!3 \J "- 0X n9M Z+ !RE
8x6M QA! 2RSPWH i 0X0/A#T)x6ME9MZ+501J01@
MCD!
-
194
8 WH QA! 2RSP $+ 7M /P: 2+G/?/3456'EF
/!#*!L2/t*!./J*~2@#wIK^#"6,8
!/+H2MIM2M4+i\J/A#T0"-0XnQA!2RS
EF2X+J2##>/?/3g56'8/!#*!L"G~##w8
"6,^#_
ni:2012; !4+G$%&'(),-.*+J{T 2
J38$*+!/,'9:306;s=, =9X =$8
2RSP 6 n QA! / +23 G 8\J ] 9+M 2 EP
0,*+2O|MCD!
-
195
4/uJni:2014;(),-.o !32+G+ 77$8
/#l+ 78$*+!/,'9:142;8bATX =$< =
-
196
+#,#-.
1DQA`EFNJ !34+i
B*CD/3456'
n*)D JXK
-
197
0 L +M b/l n*) D JXK 8 O| Z!3 O| + ) {/T
:Dummy;/G+H5):1;8/GIK5):0;83:4;WQA\ _
X:4;+Mb/lQAL4+G0 !3
50MJ/3456'+ 7gT#wAbZ!3O|
-
198
IKC43N9+#J/3456'EF8WHMCD!/A#T)0"-0X
:U0.05;] 9+243N9+#J/3456'EF38,
IK C 43 N9+#J /3 456' EF 3 \J ] 9+M ^# "68
456' EFJ 2M ! 4+G EP H.43 N9+#J /3
# 2A >/? +H C R! IK C b-P 82M ! 4+G D!J WH
>/?+HCR!IKCb-P43N9+#J/3456'EFJ /3/
#2A8WCi+9cI#2A// ()
!4()-SKJ/47N D'*+7_
/0#
QA!
-
199
a/8C&J_:2012;_N{T 2$3J !"#8ODX*+
4+&!O89X8E0+1_
a@/.J)80G8/T_:1995;_ =b/#l# 40RuVP2*+
f2//XM>/J/Jf808:1;864a83_
a 8 uG_:2001;_ /G501 T 2/ 40 b/#F CD n !
0*Wj/2/'8*+08Q/:78;!D8:21;851a72_
ag#8 !8FJ8x5-8_:2005;_JRiijD GO !/G
38@i+8JIF :223;881a111_
aE/ 8 V_:2013;_ o /**1 T ! 4+G 8*+
ODX4+&!O89X_
a80 y-8 0. Y:_2005_;Z+ !R @h. 7 $ \ 01 b/#FJ !
M@98Jf8J@R/#lx6f:19;08:75_;
ax@/2D*0/.:2013;i+3456'EFJ/6_
a/uJ 4:2014;bATjOF!DD GO !2u8E/Jf
3@/40X8f:7_; - Comrey ,A & Shen ,G.(1997). Academic Performances by their cognitive Abilities and
personality characteristics Academic Medicine ,72. (9),PP:48-62.-Harlow, L. (2005).The essence of multivariate thinking; Basic themes and methods. Lawrence
Erlbaum: Associates. Mahwah: New Jersey
- House ,J& Susan ,K.(1998).student Attitudes & Academic Background as Predictors Of
Achievement in College English, International Journal Of Instructional Media,25(1),pp;29-43.
-Hudy, G. (2006). An analysis of motivational factors related to academic success and
persistence for university students. D.Ed. dissertation. Indian University of Pennsylvania. United
State
- Morgan ,B.(1992). The correlation between ACT Composite Scores and Grade point Averages
of first time college Freshmen at an urban state University in Illinois ERIC No :ED 361342.
- Morgan, D. (2005). An investigation of selected academic and nonacademic predictor variables
of academic performance of student-athletes at Louisiana State University. Dissertation.
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical University and Agricultural &
Mechanical - Scogin, J. (2007). Predicting first year academic success of the student-athlete population at the
University of Missouri. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Missouri - Columbi
top related