composition of matter and how it changes as living things, we require 20 elements › most of which...

Energy and BiochemistryUnit 4 cont.

Chemistry

Composition of matter and how it changes

As living things, we require 20 elements› Most of which are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,

and hydrogen

Biochemistry: study of chemical processes related to living things

A little chemistry

Atom: individual unit of an element that still has the element’s properties› Atoms of different elements are different

from one another› Protons (+), neutrons, electrons (-)

Bonds: attractions between atoms; due to sharing or donating of electrons› Covalent: shared electrons› Ionic: transfer of electrons

Covalent vs. Ionic

A little chemistry

Molecules: more than one atom Compounds: more than one type of

atom

Examples:› Na› O2

› H2O

Macromolecules

Macromolecules: large molecules made of repeating subunits (AKA polymers)

Made of monomers (smaller molecules, repeating subunits)

There are different monomers depending on which atoms are arranged and how they are arranged

Digestion

We consume the macromolecule, but it is later broken down into these smaller monomers to be used in our body.

Carbohydrates

Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio

Monomer: monosaccharides

Build a glucose molecule with the molymods!

Polymers

Disaccharides (2 mono’s)

Polysaccharides (3/more mono’s)

Carbohydrates

Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, starch

Functions: energy storage, structural support in plants

Foods: sugars, syrups, pasta, candy cane, candy corn, fruits, vegetables, bread

Bozeman - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zm_DyD6FJ0Sulfuric acid and sugar - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOedJgqTT9E

Lipids (fats)

Elements: C, H, O, sometimes P

Monomer: fatty acids, glycerol

Lipids cont. Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,

steroids (cholesterol, hormones)

Functions: energy storage (2x as much as carbs), insulation, shock absorber, cell membranes

Foods: oils, butter, cheese, meat

Fats

Unsaturated: has double bonds› Liquid at room temperature

Saturated: no double bonds, completely saturated with Hydrogen› Solid at room temperature

Which of these is healthier?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=HgH6C1itI08 – supersize me

Proteins

Elements: C, H, O and N Monomer: amino acids (20 types) Functions: energy, enzymes, cell

transport, muscular structure, receptors, antibodies

Foods: meat, fish, grains, nuts

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis: building a bigger molecule; water is removed

Organic Molecules

Contain chains or rings of carbon

Everything we’ve discussed› Carbs› Lipids› Proteins› Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Amino acids

Structure: central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain)

variable group unique chemical properties of the amino acid

Proteins

Amino acids are joined by a peptide bond

Protein Folding

The structure/folding of a protein determines its function.

Primary Protein Structure

Amino acid linear sequence› “Beads on a string”

Secondary Protein Structure

First stage of folding

› Alpha Helix

› Beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Protein Structure

More folding› Protein folds in on itself

Quaternary Protein Structure

2 or more units folded together

Protein folding

- Randomly put 15 pins on the tuber (primary -1)

- Arrange your protein chain into an alpha helix or beta sheet

(secondary -2)- Touch red pins with the blue pins

and white pins with the yellow pins (tertiary - 3)- tertiary structures bind with one

another (quaternary- 4)