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© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
Biochemistry
Introduction of Macromolecules
© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.
Organic Substances
Organic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things.
The four groups of substances arecarbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids
Organic Substances
PolymersPolymers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomersmonomers.
Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis, the removal of water.
monomer + monomer polymer + H2O
Organic Substances
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water. This process is necessary in digestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cell.
polymer + H2O monomer + monomer
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
1). Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 (Pasta, Bread)
The main source of energy for living things.
Carbohydrates are STARCHES. Your body breaks down starches to make sugars that it can use for energy. This sugar is called glucose.
C6H12O6
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Carbohydrate
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104
• Carbon ringCarbon ring• CC66HH1212O O 66
• Fuel for Fuel for RespirationRespiration
MonosaccharidEs-A single sugar molecule
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Polysaccharides
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Polysaccharides
A storage molecule found in animals.
Animals store sugars in the form of glycogen in the liver for later use.
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Chemical TestsBenedict’s reagent is used to test for simple sugars (mono-saccharides) like glucose and fructose. When heated, Benedict’s reagent changes color from light blue to red/orangeif a simple sugar is present.
+ - +
Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch). If starch is present, a color change from amber to purple/black occurs.
Starch No starch
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Quick Energy
Delayed energyCell components
GlucoseFructose
CelluloseGlycogen
Starch
Benedict’s Reagent
Iodine
A central carbon atom Is bonded to:
•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules
comprised of chains of amino acids.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304
4). Proteins– contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms. Polymers of amino acids
a). Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids (building blocks of proteins)
b). Found in meat, eggs, chicken
Function of proteins:
a). Controls the rate of reactions
b.) regulate cell processes
c.) form bones and muscles
d.) fight diseases
e.) transports materials into or out of cells
Proteins
A central carbon atom Is bonded to:
•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)
Amino GroupCarboyxl Group
R Group
A central carbon atom Is bonded to:
•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)
Chemical TestsBiuret reagent is used to test for the presence of protein.When protein is present, biuret reagent changes from lightblue to purple.
- + -
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Amino acids
Nucleic Acid
Many typesBiuret’s Reagent
MeatsHormones
MuscleHairNails
EnzymesBlood Cells
catalysts transport
movement protectionimmune growth
Glycerol+
Fatty Acid tails
Lipids
• Made mostly of C and H, some
O.• Lipids are insoluble in
water(they do not dissolve). • Lipids include phospholipids,
and fats (AKA triglycerides).
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204
Lipids– fats, oils, and waxes
• Long-term energy storage
• Some are chemical messengers (ie. Steroids)
Ex.) oils on your skin keep you from soaking up water in the tub.
Glycerol+
Fatty Acid tails
Lipids
Glycerol Fatty Acid tails
What do these all have in common?A
B
C
DE
F
Saturated• Animal fats• Solid at room temp• Lacks double bond
in Carbon chain
Unsaturated• Plant fats• Remain liquid at
room temp.• Has a double bond
in Carbon chain
Lipids
LIPIDS
“PHOSPHO”LIPID
LIPIDSMajor Food Sources of Trans Fat for American
Adults
Tests for LipidsSudan III is a chemical test for the presence of lipids. If lipids are present,this indicator will turn orange-pink.
+
Brown paper may also be used to test for the presence of lipids. Lipidssoak into the paper, causing it to have a translucent appearance.
+ -
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
•Cholesterol•Phospholipids•Fats: Saturated Unsaturated
Stored energyInsulationCell Components
FatsOils Waxes
Sudan IIIBrown paper
Glycerol +Fatty acids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique
ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of
the cell’s activities.
The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES.nitrogen base
phosphate
sugar(Pentose- 5
Carbon)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or
deoxyribose (DNA).
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families:
• 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring.
• ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G)
• 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen
atoms.
• CYTOSINE (C)
• THYMINE (T) – DNA
• URACIL (U) - RNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
An individual nucleotide that
functions in energy transfer
(acts like a battery) in the cell.
adenine
ribose
triphosphate
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polynucleotides:DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid is made up of 2 polynucleotide
chains twisted around a central axis. The nitrogen
bases that make up DNA are A, G, C, and T.
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is a single stranded chain made up of the nitrogen bases A, G, C,
and U.
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Direct cell processesProtein SynthesisCellular energy
DNA RNAATP
None DNA RNAATP
Nucleotides
CARBOHYDRATES
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Who wants to be a biochemist? (Practice)
• Protein
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrate
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Lipids
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrates and Lipids
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Nucleic Acid
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Protein and Lipids
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrate
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Protein and Lipid
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Lipids, protein and carbohydrates
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrate, protein and lipids
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrate
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Protein and Lipids
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Protein
Who wants to be a biochemist?
• Carbohydrates and Lipid
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