“ ungulata ” (various supraordinal ranks) has included:
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“Ungulata” (various supraordinal ranks) has included:
Cetacea: whales
Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates
Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
Hyracoidea: hyraxes
Proboscidea: elephants
Sirenia: manatees & dugongs
Tubulidentata: aardvarks
Various fossil orders...
Whales & dolphins
ArtiodactylsArtiodactylsCarnivoransPangolins
PerissodactylsBats
Solenodons
Moles
Shrews
Hedgehogs
Primates
Treeshrews
ColugosLagomorphs
Rodents
Xenarthrans
Golden moles
Tenrecs
Elephant shrewsAardvarks
Dugongs & manatees
Hyraxes
Elephants
Mesaxonic
Paraxonic
tapir
rhino
horse
pig deer camel
pronghorn
“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane
Funcions:-enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates-secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery
Cranial appendages in ruminants
bovid
True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae).-unbranched and permanent-Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone-no parts are shed
Cranial appendages in ruminants
bovid
Single pair in all but one living bovid (four-horned antelope, Tetracerus)
Cranial appendages in ruminants
antilocaprid
Cranial appendages in ruminants
Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae)-Similar bony core to bovids-horny sheath shed annually
cervid
Cranial appendages in ruminants
True antlers only in Cervidae-entirely bony when fully developed-extension of frontal bone-shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones)-during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)
giraffe
Cranial appendages in ruminants
Giraffe “horns”-bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone-situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones-permanently covered with skin and hair-present from birth in both sexes
rhino
Cranial appendages in ruminants
Rhinoceros “horns”-non-bony-solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae-resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs-not attached to underlying nasal bones
Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)
1 genus, ca. 8 species
Family Tapiridae (tapirs)1 genus, 4 species
Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)4 genera, 5 species.
-MESAXONIC
glutenized, keratinized fibers
Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes
Family Suidae -pigsFamily Tayassuidae -peccariesFamily Hippopotamidae -hippos
Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca
Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina
Family Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea
Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea
Family Moschidae -musk deerFamily Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeerFamily Antilocapridae -pronghorn
Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope,
cows
PARAXONIC
Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore•pointy incisors & canines
•large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary
•cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont
Herbivore•flat incisors, us. no canines; diastema•small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr.
•cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont, etc.
Omnivore/carnivore•simple, monogastric stomach
Herbivore•complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation
Major DIGESTIVE trends in ungulate evolution:
Herbivore Carnivore Insectivoran
Rumination(foregutfermentation)
Hindgutfermentation
Cellose digested:
60%
40-45%
Major POSTCRANIAL trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore•simple, monogastric stomach
•plantigrade
Herbivore•complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation
•digitigrade, unguligrade, graviportal.
•increase SPEED!
BIOMECHANICS: Application of mechanical principles on living organisms.
Plantigrade Digitigrade Unguligrade
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