01 introduction afla
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4/13/2012
1
Development Science I:
AGROFORSTRY
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN
Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation
Hiroshima University – Japan – Spring 2012
Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008);
Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2010. Analisis Lanskap Agroforestri.
IPB Press. Bogor. 199p
QUIZ
• What is Agroforesrty Landscape Analysis
(AFLA)?
DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE I – SCHEDULE
SPRING SEMESTER 2012
Visiting Professor: Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin
Day & Time: Friday, 08:45 – 10:15
NO DATE TOPIC SUBJECT
1 April 13, 2012 Introduction of Agroforestry Landscape Analysis
2 April 20, 2012 Characteristics of Agroforestry Landscape
3 May 11, 2012 Driver of Change in Agroforestry Landscape
4 May 18, 2012 Approach and Method for Agroforestry Landscape
Analysis
5 May 25, 2012 Traditional Agroforestry Practices for Carbon Stock:
“Pekarangan” Case Study
6 June 01, 2012 Agroforestry Development for Enhancing Creative
Economy: Local Wisdom and Eco-village Case Study
7 June 08, 2012 Agroforestry for Urban Biodiversity Conservation:
Case Study in Tropical Countries
8 June 15, 2012 Evaluation: a take home exam would be given to
student through www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id
REMARKS
• Powerpoint materials can be accessed by “Academic –
Download page” of Blog: www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id
• Weekly tasks would be uploaded through the Blog
www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id and each student writes the
answer through “comment box” directly.
• Materials of the 9th till the 16th might be delivered by
Professor from China.
• Contact Address:
• Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin
• Room 719 – 7th F IDEC Building – Hiroshima University
• Extension: 6911; Mobile: 080-4735-4859
• dedhsa@yahoo.com; www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id
The 1st Lecture
INTRODUCTIONTeachers,
Facilitators
of learning
Curriculum/ syllabus
Expe-
rience
Formal
know-
ledge
Institutional capacity for relevant education
Science Practice
Knowledge Action
fulfilling
jobs
4/13/2012
2
Coal Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)Nickel Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)
Source: HS Arifin (2003)
Deforestation ugly landscapes…
• A great problem of poverty and several disasters.
• Land use planning towards segregated or integrated management of landscape.
• Some landscapes of Indonesia should be evaluated.
• Agroforestry Landscape Analysis
• Could be a model to be used for maintenance the balanced ecosystem.
AFLA - INTRODUCTION
HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc
HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc
HS Arifin Doc
HS Arifin Doc
HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc HS Arifin Doc HS Arifin Doc
Seminar Nasional Agroforesrti dengan tema ” Agroforestry as the Future Sustainable Land Use”
Profile of Agroforestry Landscape in Cianjur-Cisokan
Watershed, West Java, Indonesia (Arifin, 2002)
TERMINOLOGY
• Landscape
• Agroforestry
• Landscape Agroforestry
• Agroforestry Landscape
• Watershed
• Integrated vs Segregated
• Related Sciences
• Scale and boundaries system
LANDSCAPE AGROFORESTRY
• Deals with basis concepts and principles that are central to understanding landscape agroforestry.
• Concepts central to defining and understanding of system and landscape.
• Relationships with concepts developed in related fields of study: farming system, agroforestry system, agroecosystem, watershed management, landscape architecture, landscape ecology
• The roles of scale and system boundaries.
in related
4/13/2012
3
Landscape Agroforestry
Analysis• Scale:
Microbe ≤ root ≤ tree ≤ patch ≤ plot ≤ farm ≤ landscape ≤ governance
• Interactions:
tree site & climate, tree tree, tree soil crop, tree market, treewater-flows/ C-stocks/ Biodiversity, tree forest classification & access rules
• Replicable patterns: knowledge/action links
Landscape Definition
• What is a landscape?
• the total character of a region (Alexander von
Humboldt)
• landscape dealt with in their totality as physical,
ecological and geographical entities, integrating all
natural and human (“caused”) pattern and processes
… (Naveh, 1987)
• landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of
a cluster of interacting ecosystem that is repeated in
similar form throughout (Forman & Gordon, 1986)
• landscape objects: natural-artificial; home gardens
scale - rural, sub-urban, urban, regional scale
• a particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land use and settlement pattern which delimits some coherence of natural and cultural processes and activities (Green, et.al., 1996)
• a piece of land which we perceive comprehensive around us, without looking closely at single components, and which look familiar to us (Haber, 1996).
Webster’s (1963); The Oxford English Dictionary (1933):
• a picture representing a view of natural inland scenery
(as of prairie, woodland, mountains, etc.).
• the landform of a region in the aggregate.
• a portion of land or expanse of natural scenery as seen
by the eye in a single view.
DEFINITION OF ECOLOGY
• ECOLOGY having been first proposed by the
German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869.
• Oikos (Greek) “house” or “place to live”.
• The study of the relation of organisms or groups of
organisms to their environment, or the science of
the interrelations between living organisms and their
environment.
• Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary: the totality or
pattern of relations between organisms and their
environment.
THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY
• A useful back ground to landscape ecology
• Ecology: the scientific study of the relationships between
organisms and their environment
Natural ecosystemBasic ecological balancing process
Courtesy slide from Ong BL
• Carl Troll (in the end of 1930’s, The German Bio-
geographer) introduced the term of Landscape
Ecology a new science which could
developed to combine spatial, horizontal
approach from geographer, vertical approach
from ecologist.
• Landscape Ecology a science which has
relationship with human.
4/13/2012
4
Four Basic Concepts in LE
Structure Function
Change
Landscape
Ecology
C U L T U R E
Courtesy from Nakagoshi N
AGROFORESTRY
• A combination of agriculture and forestry sciences in rural development in order to create the balancing of agriculture intensification and forest sustainability.
• Any intensive land management system that optimizes the environmental, social, and economic benefits arising from the biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately grown over space and/or time which crops and/or livestock.
• The system and land use technology where perennial trees (included bush, palm, bamboo, wood, etc.) and annual cash crops are cultivated in the same land with spatial and temporal arrangement.
• Five different agroforestry practices:
* forest farming,
* alley cropping,
* shelter-belts,
* riparian buffer, and
* agrosilvopastural/agrosilvofishery.
• Agroforestry is discussed through:
* ecology,
* agronomy,
* forestry,
* botany,
* geography,
* landscape, and
* economy.
• Modern:
Promoted from outside
• Simple:
Association of a small number of component:
Less than 5 tree species
A species of annual crop or semi-perennials crop
SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEM
• Trees with economic role: coconut, rubber, clove, teak.
• Trees with ecological role: Erythrina and G. leocephalla
• Cash-crops: rice, corn, vegetables, herbs, grasses
• Other economic plants: banana, coffee, cacao, etc.
• Tumpangsari (Multiple cropping) in
simple agrroforestry taungya –
Indonesia version.
• It was developed by PT Perhutani for
social forest.
• Simple Agroforestry in commercial
sector: coffee and erythrina as shadding
tree; coconut and cacao; rubber and
rattan; Ceiba petandra in the edge of
rice field; citrus and clove.
COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEM
• Traditional: Farmer developed
• Complex: Association of many species (tree,
treelet, shrub, bush, liana, herb, and grass);
Functions and structure close to natural forest
ecosystem
• Physically, performance and the dynamic is
similar with primary forest or secondary forest.
• The benefit of this system is good soil and water
resources protection and biodiversity
conservation.
4/13/2012
5
A natural forest ?…
Models of Agroforestry
• Modern:
Promoted from outside
• Simple:
Association of a small
number of component:
Less than 5 tree
species
A species of annual
crop or semi-
perennials crop
• Traditional:
Farmer developed
• Complex:- Association of many
species (tree, treelet,
liana and herb)
- Functions and
structure close to
natural forest
ecosystem
STEPS OF AGROFORESTRY
COMPLEX ESTABLISHMENT
• Slush and burn shifting cultivation –
dry land for cash crops (rainfed paddy
2-3 harvests, or palawija).
• Multiple-cropping cash crops and trees
(wood, fruits, leaves production)
AGROECOLOGY
AGROECOLOGY: the relation and interaction between crop and/or livestock in one side, with land or environment on the other sides.
LAND = ENVIRONMENT, all bio-physic factors and their condition which influence plant and animal growth on certain land in the certain period; therefore it’s included biotic factor (flora and fauna) and a-biotic (precipitation, sunlight, rock, topography, soil, ground water, etc.)
AGROECOSYSTEM
• AGROECOSYSTEM, a land utilization unit wich is included plant, livestock and land it’s self, convert sunlight energy, water, nutrition, labor and agriculture input to become economic products for human being (foods, feeds, fuel, and shelter)
• Crop agroecosystem (Cropping systems)
• Livestock agroecosystem (Livestock systems)
CROP LIVESTOCK
SOIL
INPUT
HARVEST
Cities
Landscape
Streams
Ground-
water
Management System
Interact-
ions
Flows
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF AGROECOSYSTEM & THE
RELATIONSHIPS WITH EXTERNAL SYSTEM
4/13/2012
6
AGROECOSYSTEM SCALE
* Crop Field: a piece of land for plantation 1 or more of
plant/crop.
* Agricultural Regions: large area in one agro-
ecosystem, its depend on plants and animal
association, utilization technology, labor intensity,
capital and market orientation.
* Agro-ecosystems: complex and comprehensive
elements of agriculture system.
Market
Credit
Extension
Transport
Processing
Farming System
Non-
agricultural
Systems
Farm Household
System
Crop Agroeco-
system (s)
Livestock Agroeco-
system (s)
Environment
System (Climate,
Landform, Soil,
Flora, Fauna
Crop System
(Crop Types,
Cropping Pattern/
Rotation)
Environment
System (Climate,
Landform, Soil,
Flora, fauna)
Animal
System
Crop Agroeco-System
Livestock Agro-ecosystem
AGRICULTURE HIERARCHY IN THE SYSTEM
FARMING SYSTEM
SYSTEM PROPERTIES
• Productivity
• Stability
• Sustainability (conserve soil, water
and food security)
• Equity (labour division between
genders)
SYSTEM BOUNDARY
• Administrative boundary: village and
commune
• Watershed / catchment and sub-catchments
• Production system: fallow-crop rotation,
mono-cropping, forest plantation
• Landscape units: up-slope, middle-slope
and down-slope, flat and sloping land
SYSTEM HIERARCHY
• Watershed/catchment
• Village
• Community
• Farm
• Field
• Crop
PaLA survey – research
process and scales
Time scale (Time lines)
Future (Years)
Plots
Landscape
Village
Past (years)
Spatial scale
(village
sketch,
transects)
What, When, Why,
How, by Whom
Catchment
4/13/2012
7
PATTERN ANALYSIS
• Space: soil properties, crop and tree
distribution
• Time: seasonality, time line (land use change
over years)
• Flow: Soil movement and deposition, water run-
off and underground water, extension
information, knowledge sharing
• Decision: decision making
LANDSCAPE ~ ECOSYSTEM~
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
• Carbon sequestration
• Biodiversity conservation
• Water resources management
• Landscape beautification
AGROFORESTRY
LANDSCAPE
We use science to understand the complex role of
trees in livelihoods and the environment, and…
…promote use of this knowledge to improve
decisions and practices impacting on the poor
Knowledge as
public good:
access & creation
Land classi-
fication &
tenure rules
Regional
infrastructureNational &
global
markets
Urban &
external job
opportunities
Local
know-how
Energy
dependenceInput &
output prices
Land
rent Labour &
wage rate
Land use options:
components
complementarity
portfolio effects
a. Access to
technology;
extension;
education
c. Overall
development
pathway
d. Taxes,
Price policy
b. Land reform
e. Roads, …
Transforming lives & landscapes
Transforming lives & landscapes
6
1
Livelihood im-
pacts of agro-
foresty
4Markets:
opportunities
& driver of
change
9
Institutions for linking
knowledge to agroforestry
action
5Tradeoffs &
avoided
degradation
3Tree mana-
gement in
agroforesty
Tree-based
ecological
rehabilitation
2
Tree germplasm
& domestication
7Climate change adap-
tation in/through AF
8Negotiation sup-
port, conflicts &
incentives
4/13/2012
8
intensive
agriculture
natural forest
integrated,
multifunctional
landscape: crops, trees,
meadows and forest
patches
Tree plan-
tations
Segregate Integrate functions
Current legal, institutional
& educational paradigm
Current reality
‘deforestation’
‘loss of forest
functions’
Integrate Segregate
Tree cover:
Deforestation,
Reforestation
Less
patchy:
Inte-
grate
More
patchy:
Segre-
gate
More trees
Less trees
Fields,fallow,
forest mosaic
Farm fo-
restry,
agrofo-
rests
100% forest
Fields,
Forests
& Parks
Open field agriculture
See You Next Week
Hadi Susilo ArifinMobile: +81-80-4735-4859
E-mail/YM/FB/Skype: dedhsa@yahoo.comBlog www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id
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