0peration of colonial system in africa
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0PERATION OF
COLONIAL SYSTEMIN
AFRICA
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0PERATION OF COLONIAL SYSTEM IN AFRICA
Will be discussed under the following
subtitles:
REVIEW: AFRICAN REACTIONS TO IMPOSITIONOF COLONIAL RULE
TRANSFORMATIONS OF AFRICAN SOCIETIESDURING COLONIAL PERIOD
AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF
WESTERN MILITARY AND POLICE POWER, IDEAS AND
INSTITUTIONS
AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATION
LIFE UNDER COLONIALISM AND RESISTANCE
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AFRICAN REACTIONS TO IMPOSITION
OF COLONIAL RULELets Review:
African Rebellion and Pacification
Among the causes of conflicts: taxation,
land alienation,
compulsory cultivation of crops,
tyrannical behavior of colonial officials introduction of western education
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MAJI MAJI REVOLT IN COLONIAL TANGANYIKA -
1905 (Todays Tanzania)
Maji= Water (in Kiswahili language)
German decided to plant cotton in
Southern Tanganyika
Land was unsuitable and crops were poor
The work was badly organized and brutal
Night of 31st July 1905
Matumbi people started religious based rebellion
Resistance spread all over Southern, eastern and
central Tanganyikainvolving many tribes:
Ngoni, Bena, Ngindo, Zaramo, Hehe, Pogoro, and
Luguru
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Maji Maji Revolt (Continue) Water was first distributed by
Traditional Religious leader named
Kinjeketile
Every Maji Maji fighter drank the water
and some sprinkled on him/her.
Hiyo ni alama una maji
(This is a sign, you have the water)
Believed they will be protected from
bullets and commit them to brotherhood
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Maji Maji Revolt (Conclusion)
Germans won the Maji Maji war.
- estimated 75,000 people died
- leaders were executed
- houses burned
- many imprisoned or hanged
Importance of Maji Maji
i) attempt to find independence
ii) unite people without regards to tribes
iii) the spirit of protest was established
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The anti-colonial activities did achieve some success
(Boahen, p.75)
Examples
direct taxation and seizure of land was stopped in some areas.
Germans introduced reforms after Maji
Maji Rebellion.
Some fourCommunes were made in
Senegal
Initially after conquest the colonialadministration had strong Military character
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TRANSFORMATIONS OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES
DURING COLONIAL PERIOD
Colonial Administration was
shaped to the need of Colonists
Two Systems of Colonial administration are:
1) Direct rule (Practiced by
French) 2) Indirect rule (Practiced by
British)
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French colonial administration (direct rule system)
The French Colonial Practice was based
onAssimilation Policy.
Ideally:The total economic and political
integration of colonies to France with
their inhabitants.
Along with assimilation there was a
policy ofAssociation.
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Indirect rule Continues
Colonial Ministry in France Planned everything for the colonies
Colonized nation: headed by Governor
At the Bottom: Provincial, District,
Village
Duties: taxation, Labor requirement, law and order
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Typical example of French colony SENEGAL
LOCALLY BORN RESIDENTS OF FOUR TOWNS OF
SENEGAL ( DAKAR, SAINT LOIS, GOREE AND
RIFSQUE) HAD THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF FRENCH
CITIZENSHIP FROM 1871.
WERE ALSO REPRESENTED IN FRENCH
PARLIAMENT.
BLAISIE DIAGNE - IN 1914 , HE WAS THE 1ST
BLACK TO BE ELECTED A PARLIAMENTARIAN IN
FRANCE
THE REST OF SENEGAL WAS UNDER THE POLICY OF
ASSOCIATION.
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British Colonial Administration
(Indirect rule)
Indirect Rule
Indirect rule emphasized maximum use of traditional laws and governmentalmachinery, encouraging the people to continue in their indigenous patterns ofGovernment
But
Remain subject to the British crown
Established by Frederick Luggard in 1900, and
became standard method throughout British
Colonies.( Tried first in N. Nigeria (Hausalands).
Other classical examples are:
Ghana : Re-establishment of Asantehene
Uganda : Authority of Kabaka
Zanzibar: Authority of Sultan of Zanzibar
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AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF
WESTERN MILITARY AND POLICE POWER, IDEAS
AND INSTITUTIONS
1) Strategies varied from colony to colony and from one colonial
system to another
- Migration across International
Boundaries
- Some withdrew to inaccessible parts of the
colony and created refugee communities
-Educated Elites and workers in urban and
mining centers and others in rural areas.Tried tostudy and understand their
new rulers
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Educated Elites and workers in urban and mining centers and
other elites in rural areas (Continuing)
Made the best out of the Situation they are
in.
The Process was called ACCOMODATION
( by Historians)
Meaning:
Having resisted invaders in vain, Africansnaturally looked for ways of getting a
place inside new system
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Accomodation!!!! How?CHIEFS:
Found theycould their positions by
serving new rulers.
Other people found they could improve
their positions by being appointed Chiefs
MANY AFRICAN TRADERS:Found they could still make a living on small businesses.
MANY FARMERS:
Went into Cash crops
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PASSIVE REVOLTS BY ELITES
1) Use of media to vent anti-colonial
sentiments
Press10 newspaper were in Ghana
(1890-1919)Boahen,p.68.
2) Establishment of Societies
Associations and Political Parties E.g. ARPSAborigines Rights
Protection SocietyGhana
ANC - South Africa, 1912.
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3) Strikes and Boycotts by urban workers
E.g. - Railway workers in Kenya
- African Rickshaw pullers in Mombasa, Kenya
4) Use of cultural symbols, dance, and art
(after WWI) e.g. Beni (Mbeni) to ridicule
Colonial Office by songs and dances
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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATION
First Period of Nationalist Activists1919-1935
Africans were influenced by :
Pan Africanist:
W. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Sylvester
Williams and others
Pan African congresses in metropolitan capitals Paris 1919 New York 1927
Russian revolution and Communist
Movements
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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
DECOLONIZATION (Continues)
YET
African elitesObjective was to reform Colonial System and not overthrowing it.
Until 1935-old Strategy of Rebellion continued in some areas
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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATIONBetween the two World Wars
African Bourgeoisies emerged Emergence of new School of Educated elites who wanted Independence now
Majority came from Privilegedfamilies
Sons/daughters of Chiefs
e.g. Mandela, Nkrumah, Nyerere,
Other strong anti colonialist leaders:
Mnandi Azikiwe, Jomo Kenyatta,Seku Ture, Patrice Lumumba,
Kenneth Kaunda and Kamuzu Banda
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World Wars: Africans recruited to the Wars
(WW & Ethiopia factor in Indep. Struggle)
During the WW1 about 65000 Africans
were recruited through African Chiefs
Increased Awareness on self rule human
rights by African War Veterans ( Radio,
Propagandas)
Disappointed: Italy under Mussolini invaded
Ethiopia in 1935.
Gained confidence Ethiopians fought back and won the
War
About 500,000 went to fight Germans in Europe
frontiers for British and French.
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TOWARDS 1950s
1950 : Time of accelerated struggle for independence
Egypt (independent 1922), Liberia,
Ethiopia The rest of Africa were
still colonized
Influences:
India
Pan Africans (5th Pan African Congress)
World Stage: USA and Soviet Union
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Example : Ghana and Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah educated in the United States
1947 - full time politician. Imprisoned 1947 and 1951- inciting revolts against British
Formed in 1948 Convention People's Party, or CPP.
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Independence at Last
While in jail CPP won election.
Nkrumah was released.
In 1954 he became Prime Minister.
Independence of Ghana 1957.
Hosted Pan-African meetings
Dreamed of United States of Africa
AFRICA 1971
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AFRICA 1971
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Samora Machel
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Julius Nyerere: Struggle beyond Uhuru wa Bendera(flag
independence)
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Some Colonial impacts
New institutions- Bureacracy of civil
servants and Judiciary
Sense of nationalism/Pan-Africanism
New boundaries/states & conflicts
Establishment of Professional Army
Economic dependency
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Eurocentric Education System
emphasized the Superiority of
everything European
Social development and Cultural dependency
democratic models, Political dilemmas
andauthoritarianism
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