1 4 article hunter gatherer social existence
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2009 b h B h U I
Play as a Fondation o Hnte-
Gathee Social Existence
Peter Gray
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 477
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478 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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( A ). T g h h b w b
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480 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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Play Is Self-Chosen and Self-Directed
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Play Is Intrinsically Motivated
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 481
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482 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
Play Is Guided by Mental Rules
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Play Is Imaginative
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 483
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484 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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Social Play as a Mode o Govenancein Hnte-Gathee Bands
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Voluntary Participation, Autonomy, Equality, Sharing, and Consensual
Decision Making in a Group at PlayPc c x c , ghbh g g b-
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 485
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486 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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Voluntary Participation, Autonomy, Equality, Sharing, and Consensual
Decision Making as Characteristics of Hunter-Gatherer Bands
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 487
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488 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 489
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490 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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Uses of Humor in Hunter-Gatherer Governance
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 491
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492 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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Rules for Sharing in the Social Game of Life
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P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 493
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494 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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, h gw g h wh h
k ch . Ag h Hz, g w g
.29 A h h cc , b h c
whch h w h h .
I g h-gh b, h b cc
w. T w b g g ,
wh h b h g h, wh, , b h
h c. T h c gh q
wh c g c . Kk Ec
h hg g h Bk c wh -
h . F g h wh h
q c h h k h
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h h j g w.30 H h c hg c g b
h cc kg h g h h .
T (hg) h k cc h (q ), whch gg h h hg k.
I h w hg wh h-gh b, W
cc h h hg c cc.31 A cc h,
wh h k h h w k, c xc h
h h h w c g h g
k. N B-D c ch cc hg g g
h Nk h-gh, wh h , wh h hg g b
h , c ghb, h M Kb. T g h
c hg g g, b h c, k h Nk,
h h cc h xc b.32
S cc h hg h-gh b h
wh h , c, g h g, cg h
h h g b h b. K H, ccg h Ach,
w, I h h wh h g w b-
b b x h b.33 I h g h, ck
g bb, w b h k wh, wh h g h b, j h
hw .E k h hg h h . H-
gh w , h bjc h w, ch b c-
, h bc h b
c b c wh g b b b b wh
hgh k kg h. Y, h chh ch bjc,
h b g h. Sch bjc cc
c g gg, whch h. P cc-
gc c h g-gg , b hc h gg k c, w-, c-
cg c.34 I c, h-gh k k h
g gg , , c, h k.
T J/h, x, h g-gg ,
hxaro, whch cc cb h h h q
c g. Ech J/h h gh w g hx
, wh h b, h h
w.Ech g b h h hx h wh g. Gg bw w g
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 495
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496 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
bh c, b c k h gg kg k .
G cc , h q h h
g bc b q . Ech g g c fc- h, hg h w h h. Hx
b h J/h h ch h h h.35
J/h ch c hx b h gh, wh
h , hgh g g k. 36 B hg hx
b g , h J/h
c h c c h w b c-
. T wc, g h wh , wh h h
ch . S, wh gc b w wkg
h g h h c-
c b g. I h c bw b,
h c b x h w
h c b h. I c-
g bw b, whch g
h-gh bg. B h c g, whch
b h hx, h , cc
h . T cc xc h j h
c g , g h wh g, wg h g g.
A Playl Appoach to religion
A c c b h g h, wh, h h cc-
. Fh b h q c c. b
wh c k-b. I c g, h cc, h h g, h c h h g cx.
J is h c, Jhis h c g, h cch is bg wh
g . O g c J h h h h
w g. I c b g h g, h ,
whch h .37
I w hk c g h g, h h g b
c cx g h g h
g kg c. T g b bh fc h
h c ccc c. F h w,
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h hc g h b
hchc w h c wh w G, kg kg,
h c h q bc c . I h h-gh g fc
g w h w, b ,
wh h h h h h bg.
Bc h g , h-gh g -
w h g w b h g h whch g c
b hgh . F Jw, Ch, M, h c
b wh whch h b w h
c h . F h-gh, c, h c
cc. T h-gh h cc
bg, jg. T -w, -w, -g, -b.
Lk , h g, b, cc w,
h, g cb. T c cc wh
h . T c wh c b cb
whc. A h h j bc h h
k , bc h , h , , h
c h h, ch h wh, whch
h wh whch h c. A c chc h h-gh w wh hg c h ck.38
T ck c c, bbg, b
bg wh g wh h b- h h
h. T ck chc c j ;
b c h hgh h.
O h J/h h chcc h gh, ,
w h q h g g hc g.
T , c G N, h c h . F h c h h h ; h h h, w h h h, w
h h; h h k, , , , , w, ghg, , ,
h bg. Y, ch w c, G N
c w h c c w. I c, c-
wh h g cc g h wh gh hk hgh
h, h J/h gh g G N .39
I J/h g , G N, h c hg, b
c h bg h c c bg w b h.
F x, h w ck h g g jg
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 497
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498 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
c. T h h h c Ac
bch, h h h g ,
h . L h w h h b h z h bch, h j g.40 H . H k Ch
Bw wh k hkg h h Lc w h b w
wh h kck . E h c hgb c h
c hgh b g . H wh;
h , , b h c b h .
S , g h , c b
h h-gh g. Ag h Bk, x, h h
w Gb, h h g. Gb xc h
g h h-gh g h; h bg h
wh Bk c , ch ggg c kg
ch ckg c h Gb c. Y h Bk
Gb; h k k h. I -
h , Gb b b b , , c
wh g b. T Bk b h Gb k k, ch b
bgg wh w bk, h h h b
cczg h h k.41
T g cc h-gh c hc c-. T ch c hg, b
h c b b c
w wh b h w. I wh h h
w (h h) c whch h k
h / cc wh cc . Mh Gh
h h cc g ch wh
hcgc bc, b hgh cb g, gg,
cg, c wh hc xh. H w h: O hh hw wh ch c g hc. H
g c, bg hkg, k g gg.
H g q. . . . Shc c
ch c , q wh c bck.
T h h g, ggg g wh
, ch wh c- h h.42
Ag h-gh g, h wh b j h cg,
gg, g; h, c, h c-
b h hc xc. Ag h J/h, gh h h
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h h w b hc c.43 Wh
c h ch xc, h-gh
g, h ; h ch h ch h. T cc jkg, g, ghg,
gg, cg, w q hg.
Ahg h hc h g c
, bb bc h h c b g c-
wh g c. B h c c
h c, c hc cb . I c,
h-gh ch h c h h h b
h g h w ghb .44 T c
c g h k -, g,
-g c h h .
A b ch h c h h-gh, g-
, hgh cc , ch g gc .45
Shc hg xc, b ch hg c wk
h g h h chgc c. I g, h-
gh g c h wh bcg h
wh g , whch h x wh h c h
h c. A x, T cb hw h G/w (h-g ghg ghb h J/h) h c c
bg b wc k w wh h
cg.46 Lg h , h gh w c bg h
hgh w wk, b h b h h ch w. T
c, hw, jc h cg h w
h h b w. G, wg h Yw,
k h g h h k c h
h h h c . R h c b h cb wh h ,
bc wh .47 F c, ch c
whch c h w, h , bc
.
O h h c gh g b -
g W c, h-gh wh
b h b . Ahgh h-gh g h
b h w, h h g. Nghbg
b w,
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 499
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500 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
h cc h, b b k . T c c
b b h h cb
. H-gh bc wh h ch h g g b cc h
h h gw wh.48 b j h wh -
g cc h k g g g g
jg h g g. T b c
ckwg g h h g , wh w
c c, h j .
Cc h w b h-gh, b h -
h cc wh h c g
h w h. H x b T.Wh , w J/h, w k --c wh h g h
, h , --c: T wh h . W j
c h bc h bgh. B h , g
, w h q wh J/h g, whch h
( c) h cw h k gh
h w. H w h b b h
cc bw h w x.49
I h cc bk b h Mb, C b c hghh Mb g b cc wh h -
h b gc .50 T gc h
, ch h h h , b
gh. I c, wh h Mb c b h
c wh h h g c, h , h -
, h . O h c h
g h g , b
hwg g . T b k h, c cc h bg gh. T h
c, w b gh
b h c b . Accg b,
wh h b h c, h w h w, g
h h cg gh. B h w gh; h
kw c w h h w g g g b h
. Oh hg h kw c h
h-gh w h wh h ghbg
.51
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A Playl Appoach to Podctive Wok
O w wk h w g. I c , whch - c; c c h cch hg -
, whh h c . W h w bh
h g, bc c c h w g
. cb g, w w c g -
wk ch c . W ch g
c ( ); jb g ;
g (wk ) c b c . S w j wk
ch, wkc, h g w ck wh w
b h wk , whch w bc
w h bc bg . Wk h h
.
B cc, h-gh h h cc wk .52
T c c wh . T , c,
gg c c, whch c h .
T h, gh, b h, b , ck, h
, . B h g h b.
T h hg bc h w . Wk h .Hw h g h? Wh b h-gh wk h k
jb h h b? O h b hg c-
, I w gg h c cb h-gh
g w h c h gg
.
The Workload Is Moderate
O cbg c h k q h-gh wk hh wk xc. Accg q , h-
gh c b w h wk hg
ghg h w h ch h c, ch
cg kg g .53 A , h ch g-
g, h-gh g h h
wk bc- c cb, whch cb
h h wkwk h c Ac, h Ac
h --h wk h h
c ch.
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 501
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502 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
T h wkwk bc g wh w hk b hw
h-gh k h g. H-gh, b ,
c; h j h. T c h c- , h ccg . Wh h w , g h
wk w b cc. Hg w
h h g w
h h, w, kw,
b g . M, wh g-
g, h hg h c b c wh
h h. T g
cg g. P b wh c c
g k c h b, x.
O hg, Mh Sh, h chcz h-
gh c cc h g c.54 A
c, b Sh , whch w
. H-gh bc h h ch,
b bc h w . T c h w wh
wk, , , h h , whch h , c-
cg b h J/h, ch c gg
cg g, g c , wg c b g,g , g g, g, j g g.55 T
j h k c h w w xc h, x
wh.
The Work Is Varied and Challenging
P q chg , c gg g
h chg. T k wk -bg .
H-gh wk w chgg, .Hg, b h-gh, q gc, kwg,
hc k. Uk ch c , g, w,
h c c g b h c b w
c. H-gh h kwg h hb h w
h h b h h. T c ch
b ck w b h gh . L Lbbg
c h h ckg g b h k h g cc -
g.56 H h k h h , , g c,
whch h cb wh h cc kwg xc,
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hh b h z, x, hc c,
, g h h ckg. I cbg
h ckg b h J/h, A Wbgh w: Ehg c, c, c. T kk g b, h
c h h bk wg bh, h h, z, h,
h ck h, b h c
h , h c g , h , wh
k b.57
T hgwhch, g h c, gh b bw
w, bw , hw, ,
b c c. A g k , , h
h . N hg h bg h
h wh hg c h c h h-gh h h
h .58 M k wh w h b h b.
T ghg gb , whch b w,
kw q kwg k. O c gz
g b g, . Rh, w
-ch h b gh , xc,
c. H-gh w kw whch h c -
, b, , , , g h b , wh wh h, hw g h ( h c
b), hw xc h b c ( h c g,
, c b), , c, hw c h k
h b h h hw w b. T b
c hc k, h b cc, w h cc
b, , , c h
b kwg.59
Most Work Is Done in a Social Context
W c bg. W k b wh h k, c wh h
w kw w, w k wh cg . H-
gh c . N h c bc. M h
wk c, h whch
c g wh h .
M h w h wk; w g
g. Ccg h , Wbgh w h J/h b h
: I xc h ghg x w j .
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 503
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504 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
Wh h [J/h] g cg ch c cc, h
h hg h h cc g wh ch.60
A c gwh c , cg, jk-g ghw h w wk. I
c h b whch Bk ch k wk
g ch , Ec w: T b g
h h , h Bk k bh h wk h
c.61
Each Peson Chooses When, How,and Whethe to Wok
A cc g h chc. P
cc h . Wk wh
w b, -b-, h c cgg b h
k c h wk . H-gh h ,
wh c gh c c x, hc -
. T b g ch h hw bh, wk
h cx.62 Ech h h w b.O g h-gh c, hg ghg
. T h wh w h gh h
. T g c cc wh w g hw w ch h
k. A h b h c h ,
h gh , c , hg h
h. T b bckg . A
wh h gh w c h h b. B -
g h g, h-gh bg h bck h gg b wh h bggg h b b . A
bc h h g, b h b c xc h
hg ghg .
U, c, hg ghg cc -
, b g , g , h c .
O g , b b j gg g,
h c, j c x, g wh h h
k g. Sch h b g b
wh ch h gh x ,
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b, ch g- hkg h .63 I xcg g
hg ghg wh h h, w b bg c
.T c h g h wk -c k
h . I h h c c b
cch h k fc c b wh
, b h c -- b,
h h . T g h-gh
c, c, b cch h k h
b cch wh xzg ch xc chc,
whch h .
Play as the rote to Edcation
Ec h h c. P wh
h k, kwg, g g-
; ch g g , b , c. Bc w
c, w h h wh h bw w,
hw k , h gg g wh h g. Bc c, w h bc ( h c)
h c. T h-gh c-
. H-gh , hw, cc h ch
wh h ch c. T h ch w wh h
kw hgh h w, -c x . I ,
h-gh ch, h w , cc h k h w
. I h , h h b h
kwg, xc, h c h c.I c, wh w hk c w hk chg,
. W hk c h b h g,
hg h h g h g g. T
b educate, teach, train c h ch h
. Sch gg fc ch: h ch c (
ch ), h c ( gh ). Sch,
h wkc, hgh hch xc
w, whch h . I h c, h ch b,
h . I h ch, h c b,
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 505
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506 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
ch h . I h ch c, h
b. S h b h w c bjc ,
g, cc c b h b h ch,b b wh h. S q b w
ch, whch h h w q. S ch wh
hw wh . L w ch
b bg h c h k c. I c,
g h-gh, h c.
O w c c, ch c g,
gc h. W k g ch, j w
k g chck . W k g ch, j
w k g h. O kg hkg b -
g gg h w w ch, ch w w c
ck, h w c hw h gw bh. J
w h h k w w h , w ch h
k w hk w b c h cc. W h whh
h h ch w ch g. g q
h w hc .
H-gh, c, h gc, h h
gc h. I h w, h w .Yg gw h w, g b c, kg
h w c. Ech g g , c, -
, b w g h c wh . T g
h , b h h g hw
g c h . T g x c
w , wh k, , c, c x x
bh. I h k, h , wh wh hw w k
h k, , c, x. T h k, k h hg, h b h h g w w
w . A h h g ch h h-gh k
w ch c c. O h b whch ch h
c b h w .
Indulgence of Childrens Wishes
T w c b hg cb h-gh
ch c gc. T h g ch
c, cg h c . T b ch kw b wh
h wh h , h w b w bw
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ch.64 T b w h f h-gh ch c
wh q ch wh h h-
gh c.
Abg ch [ A] g x g,
c ck h .
Phc h ch h .65
* * *H-gh g h ch; x,
c b. A gh, ch
h . . . . Pk
wh h ch . T b, c, bh gg
wh h, hc b, h k ck
h .66
* * *T h h ch ch x [g
h Yq]. Dcg wh h h ,
wh h g, h Yq cb bh. T
g wh , b fc
cc. T ch w h c.67
* * *I g ch [g I h-gh h H
B ] w x h h h
hc cb wh c . T
ch ck hz bjc, g x h
g w. T ch kw wh g.68
* * *
J/h ch c, bb bc h h c b. N ch w hc h,
w w c. M h cgg w
h w chg cc, h h ,
w , w c.69
I c, w c ch gc b c
, c cg , g ch wh w
gw b , g . B, ccg h ch wh
h g h-gh, hg c b h h h.
H, x, wh T h b h
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 507
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508 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
h J/h: W h ch wh k
bc , b h bc h wh h h h
hw cc ch c b. F x, c, wh c bg c, h J/h
ch w . N c c h b,
g, kb, c ch.70
c T b h ck c bg c-
, I h h bh, g h-gh w,
c . T c, - -
g ch h h- --, whch cc
h-gh c, c h c h
w wh , h-gh w ,
bh c.71 T qc bh c-
b, b, h hgh h h b c ch ch
h g .
H-gh ch ch wh h
. T w- h c b-
h; h b h ch q ; h
b h ch , g g, kw b wh h h w
. M, j h c wh , ch cc h , b h b wh, h g
c h cc , cg h ,
h. A h b, ghbg b, w
h c ch ; ch
h h c h h h g c
h b h w .72 I W c,
c b g h k wh
c h ch. Ag h-gh, ch c b, w , bc h h
b w w . T ch cc h h-
gh ch - -c b ,
h c h-gh .
Lots of Time to Play
G h gc h h-gh xhb w ch,
h h ch h g. P,
b , wh ch w . T h q b
h, bc h b h hgh h ch wh h
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bc c , h b c b
c xc.
S g, h bh h h-gh ch, Jh Og I cc
b hg wh h h g
h-gh. W k h q ccg
chh h g h h . E hgh h
ch h cc ch , w h h
w h g hg b h c hg
g h. h-gh ch
q g h-gh c.73
T , gh wh h bh wk,
kb c . Ch h c
h w, g, . A
c ch ch c. A
xc ch ch c wk. T ,
b xc, h g w, h w cc, bg cbg
h c h b wh h .
H c q b hw ch
ch h : Bh g b h , (A B, ccg h Nh h Ac). Ch
w h ; xc ch wk
h w h , (K Ec, ccg h Bk).
B w h g 1517; g
h , bw w bbg, w ,
(Rb B, ccg h E). T b w wh h c
bh c. F x, hw J/h ch
h , Pc D cc: [J/h] ch bgh b bc k. G 14 b h
bg g ghg w- w-ccg. T
h c h h b b h g. B 16
b h bg hg. . . . Ch zg wk.74 I
wh x h-gh gc bc
Bw, Jh Bck Sh Jh h h w -
hg ghg h h w gc,
h ch h .75
H-gh c h g whch ch cb
h w bc. T J/h h x
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 509
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510 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
cb b ch, h Hz h h x.
Nch B J h cg h Hz ch g
gh h h c h h c ch hch w, ch ghg w w cg g
ch.76 T ch , hw, h h Hz ch
. T h ch g
g b w h gg h wh gg
h c , b h c wh h -
h-gh wk g. A c c b ch
gg, h h-gh g, h c , b
b j, b h g hg b.77
Incorporation of Adult Activities into Play
H-gh ch c. T b
c h cc ch ; h bg h;
h kg g h c; h
ckg; h g c ; h c k g
; h g, c, g, c; h g, c,
, . T cc -ghg ,
b g , b cc hg . T h c h. I h c h , h
h hg h bcg cc h
c, h h h x h c
h . T h c h b h h,
h bc g h c. A h gw , h g-
h hg. T h bw c
c h c h g.
O q b h h-gh ch c x c h w ck g
b ch . Dggg b, hg, kg c h,
ckg, cg , cbg , bg , bg h,
g k h , kg , cg h , bg ,
kg , g g ck , g (
g g h hb), kg c, c-
g, g, gg w b .
T cc c c ccc wh c
h k h w x b ch c. A h -
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h b h c h gg g -
hg. T w wh h Ag c whch
w w g h h g w b hc gg hg. I h bh
gc gg, Bck Jh h h b
g ck-hwg, whch hc
hg k, c wh h g whch h hh
g bc hgh hg.78
A, wh ch wh h w, h ch
h g h c h h c xc
cc cc h c.79 T cc ,
c. I xcg ch, wh, h h
w, c , g b k wh h h
h g. F c, cc-
c h ch c ch w.
Eq h g hw h gh, h-gh
ch hw c wh h c. I h ,
ch cc gg. b h cb hw Mb ch
(g ) hh h g h
h h h g . H hw b cb :
I hgh h ch w
h c, h h gh b. T k
h . I jg h
k h w h h ch, hg
h c, k . I h ch c
, hw, h w x h, h
g w w h gh b , h h ch hw h h c b,
h c, h h c whch h
h g h g hc. T h
b h w h g
.80
b g cb hw Mb h, g b hgh
, jg cc h bh. I h c h b -
b , h h, h
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 511
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512 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
w , c c, c h molimo mad, whch h
h g h, g hgh c
g . T c w b b gh h g h g h kg
h k c. A , j h c h ch b b-
g h ; h h ch. T c ,
k h h-gh c, x , g, cc
c. I b whch h g , wh bg
, c fc h bh.
The Age-Mixed, Noncompetitive Nature of Childrens Play
Bc h g wh g, h-gh ch
h g. F h , h h b
h . F hg ghg , h h
cc h . F ch, h g x
k w whch . F g ch , h
g cc ch c g. A h cb h
gwg kwg h g h g h. T
x w c ch bc h c
h c whch h gwg, hg g c h b.
T h-gh ch b wh h
h h g, b cc w g-
x g. Bc h-gh b bh w
c, h b g ch . E
h-gh ch w gg b g, h w
h w wh w h w g
. A c g gh c h z ch gg g . A Pc D
h : A [J/h] ch wh gh
cg c g. O g c
w, hgh g wh h h
h ch.
Rch g-x c gg h ch
q -g .81 I c g. I
g-x , ch ch h h b b h cc
bg h. Wh g g, z, gh, h
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g b h h. I ch ,
ch c h g ch g, whch w h g
hc w h h w g h b xc hg g.
I h 1950 1960, g h H R A F,
Jh Rb h cg c h c g
c c. T cc h h
c h h c g k w h-
gh c.82 I q b c
, w h h h h c-
h c h h , bh h h h
h . S h h g h-
gh ch c j bc g x, b
bc c c h c h
h-gh b. F c, gg Ag ch , P. B
G c h h c h h b w
h h w b h b h.
I h x c cc h g
h-gh g, L Mh h J/h
c h h g g,whch h xc c b c, -
c.83 F c, J/h ch g , bh
x, g hwg h z. T z c h
hg, b -ch g, wh wgh
h h h. T h h hgh b wh
ck, h cch wh h ck wh c fg w,
h h g. M h ch h g wh
ch k, c b c c, b g whc h h z h hgh cch h ccb, c-
cg Mh, h g J/h h w. P
h b, b h c c h c
h.
Ah J/h g wh h g, b w
g. T g gg, cg, cg, ccg
cc , wh kg g
c h b g bckw, h, h x
. T h g k h k
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 513
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514 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
h g wh g . T J/h c h g
c w b g h wh h h
g, b h . T g w c, c.b cb g--w g c b
h Mb g h h . M b k h
, w g k h h, h g h h .
Wh h b w, h w b h
j h w, g h bk-ch jg h h
w, hg cg h , cg wh
b h xgg h . T, wh h w g
w, h j h bk chg, g w,
h j h hg b c, g
ckg h. b c:
Ech cg h c h , c-
g gh, wh h c ghg
h h c g , h g h
h g h. Ahgh bh h
c , h h wh c h c. . . . T
c wh h, h wh c h. I h w h h c
gg h x wg , h
c .84
T h-gh bh w b
h . I h c hg , h k qg
gh, c, c, c, w, h h
b h. I h c w c, h w cc h h c. I cg h,
c g c c gc w g
, whch w wk h h gh h c.
Conclding Thoghts
T ch h-gh k c h h g,
cc, hgh c w g cc j .
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I c b b bg h , c b
c . N cc cb
h h c whch h-gh. T cb h c, b, h h-
gh ch c , b c c h
ch. H-gh wh h b c
h b h, , hchc, , c -
h c wh h c h q h
hg whch h . h hg,
h c cc cg h g
g h b c w hch . ,
h kg, g c h cc h h g
whch h .
I h c I h x h ch
h-gh hw (1) hw h f c c c-
kg c h-gh b b h c- g,
whch j c; (2) hw h
gh g c-kg c; (3) hw h
h-gh c, c h hg, k h
c ; (4) hw h-gh g c hzh , cc h c h q wh
h c; (5) hw h-gh g h bc- wk
h h ; (6) hw h-gh ch c
c cc c xz ch
z h bg b .
O w hk b h-gh h
c, b , h w g w cg c
c, whch w h c. O w cg h h method of dominance. T
c bh, c c bh, wh c-
c hch gg . Dc hch
g c h c c wh c h
ch h w cc ch w , g,
w gg.
T h w cg c c wh I w c h method
of social play. P h w w h c-
c. Sc g bh ( ) h
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 515
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516 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
c wg, b c cc.
M c k h ghg chg.
Sch c c g b h h c . Wh w g k chz gg
gh, h g b -hc, h gh
gh h bhg w . T cb
kg , h
g h h h w h c h h h. I
ch, h w k chg bg ch, k ch
g g. I , ch c bh ch w
h h h wh g w . F
h w h g. S, g , w h
g bw , h b w b
w h h h .85
M g h c h h-gh wh
c cc h cb h h c w -
c b xzg h h c . H-gh xc
q k g- hg, whch w b
j b h c cc. Sch hg w b -
b c. Dc c g, wh c h. T k hg whch h-gh -
q h g h h c
c. T, , h-gh wh c
cc g xz h c z h
c c.
I h c , q b h h b-
gc b h-gh , ,
ch c . I w h h hgw h h h h-
k c, h c c w h x b
h c h c. I
, cg , cc g h g
h c c. Yg cc,
, h k h hgh h. I
, bg c, hg cc
h c b c hb hg c-
. T h x wh, , c b
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g g w g j.86 A g c
h c hg b h c h
h x h h h cfxb h , wg b w cx
b c.
Notes
1. Ccg gc g, J D, Guns, Germs, and Steel: TeFates of Human Societies (1997), 93103.
2. F g h h c h , Mch C. Cb,Phg A H, Te Descent of Mind: Psychological Perspectiveson Hominid Evolution, . Mch C. Cb Sh E. G. L (1999), 4070.F c h g, M K, Te angled Wing: BiologicalConstraints on the Human Spirit, 2 . (2002), 2953.
3. Rb L. K, Te Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways(1995), 3023.
4. Ib.5. Ib.
6. F w c g - h-ghc, K, Te Foraging Spectrum; S K, C D g A-c Fg: C Ic, Cultural Diversity among wentieth-CenturyForagers, . S K (1996), 118; Rch B. L, Rfc P C-, Hunters and Gatherers, Volume 1: History, Evolution, and Social Change,. Ig, D Rch, J Wb (1988), 25268; Rch B. L Rch D, . Te Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers (1999); PRw-Cw, , Chg, h Achg H-Gh: Hw OgI h Og A Sc?, Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective,. Ch P-Bck, Rb H. L, P Rw-Cw (2001), 3972;
J Wb, Eg Sc,Man 17 (1982): 43151.7. K, Foraging Spectrum, 304. S M Vh Fcc
Ec, G G h S-G--R B: Ec S-c Iq h U Phc,Journal of Anthropological Archaeology24(2005): 11734.
8. Pc c gg h w: Jh Hzg, HomoLudens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (1955, bh 1938); Kh H.Rb, G G. F, B Vbg, P, Handbook of Child Psychol-ogy, Volume 4: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, . P H. M-, E M. Hhg, W D (1983), 693774; P K. Sh,
P: Fc H D, Origins of the Social Mind, .
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 517
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518 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
Bc J. E D F. Bjk (2005), 27191; L S. Vgk, T R P D, Mind in Society: Te Development of Higher PsychologicalProcesses, . Mch C . (1978), 92104.
9. T c bw c b T Hck, TN P: A Ow,American Journal of Play1 (2008): 15780.
10. I g h ch ch h Ab c c,Ac I c b g, Mh Ckzh fw.
11. G c h h x w gh h h 6.
12. Ig, O h Sc R h H-Gh B, TeCambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, . Rch B. L Rch H.D (1999), 399410; Wb, Eg Sc, 43151.
13. F c hw h g c h-gh b, Wb, Eg Sc, 43536.
14. Ig, O h Sc R h H-Gh B, 399410.15. Ib., 406.16. L, Rfc P C, 264.17. Ig, O h Sc R h H-Gh B, 408; P
W, Lg h H: C h S Q Fgg Sc-, Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, . P W W Schh (1996), 17192.
18. F g c c c kg h-gh
c, Gg Sbb, Pc Pc G/w B, Politics and His-tory in Band Societies, . E B. Lcck Rch B. L (1982), 2335. Oh, g c h-gh g c kg h h 6. S c h c K (1996).
19. C M. b, Te Forest People (1968, bh 1961), 114.20. Ezbh Mh T, Te Old Way: A Story of the First People (2006),
218.21. L, Rfc P C, 264.22. Rch B. L, Te Dobe Ju/hoansi, 3 . (2003).23. Ib., 52.
24. J A. R. A. M. H, A C Ach h Phg Lgh- Sg, Nonverbal Communication, . Rb A. H (1972), 20941.
25. W, Lg h H, 17192.26. T, Old Way, 101.27. F h g c h-gh bg ,
W, Lg h H, 17192.28. Rch A. G, Yiwara: Foragers of the Australian Desert(1969).29. W, Lg h H, 182.30. Kk Ec, P, Pw, Cfc g h Bk M,
Hunters and Gatherers, Volume 2: Property, Power, and Ideology, . Ig,D Rch, J Wb (1988), 11027.
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31. W, Lg h H, 17192.32. N B-D, T Gg E: Ah Pc h Ec-
c S Gh-H, Current Anthropology31 (1990): 18996.
33. K H, Ac C g Fgg b h Ach, h EH P C, Human Nature 13 (2002): 10528.
34. B H, Fg Phc Sc, Food andthe Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, . P W W Sch-h (1996), 12747.
35. P W, Hg, Hg, Hxaro Exchg: A Lg- Pc- !Kg (J/h) Lg-G Hg, Evolution and Human Behavior23(2002): 40736.
36. P W, Rk, Rcc, Sc Ifc !Kg S Ec-c, Politics and History in Band Societies, . E B. Lcck Rch B.L (1982), 6184.
37. A w b Hzg, Homo Ludens, 25.38. Mh Gh, F Sh: H-Gh Cb-
W Mhg S, Te Cambridge Encyclopedia of Huntersand Gatherers, . Rch B. L Rch H. D (1999), 42633.
39. T, Old Way, 25373.40. Ib.41. Kk Ec, Batek Negrito Religion: Te World-View and Rituals of a Hunting
and Gathering People of Peninsular Malaysia (1979), 16364.
42. Gh, F Sh, 42728.43. M J. R, T Rg M h E Rg, Review of
General Psychology10 (2006): 34664.44. F c Dk , D R S Pc g
h Bk Pg Sh C,African Study Monographs S. 25(1998): 4784.
45. F x : N B-D, B T Og A Sc: AC R, Current Anthropology33 (1992): 2547; T, OldWay, 24648.
46. Ezbh Mh T, Te Harmless People (1959), 152.
47. G, Yiwara, 128.48. Dc ch g fxb c g h-gh
Ec, Batek Negrito Religion; G, Yiwara; Gh, F Sh.
49. T, Harmless People, 245.50. b, Forest People.51. Ex Ec, Batek Negrito Religion, , D
R S Pc.52. Jh Gw, H-Gh h Mhg h Mk, Te Cam-
bridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, . Rch B. L Rch H. D(1999), 39198.
P lay and Hnte -Gathee s 519
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520 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
53. T c q cc g h J/h g A Abg, c b L, Dobe
Ju/hoansi, Mh Sh, Stone Age Economics (1972). L b-
, g h h-gh g, c wh h : P. B G Mc B. G, Fh Chc g hCg Ag, Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts, . BS. Hw (1992), 297320; Rw-Cw, Hunter-Gatherers, 3972; b,Forest People. Hw, hgh b x h wk h b b H gg h Ach, Ac C gFgg b h Ach, 114.
54. Sh, Stone Age Economics.55. Mj Shk, Nisa: Te Life and Words of a !Kung Woman (1981), 10.56. L Lbbg, Te Art of racking: Te Origin of Science (1990).57. A Wbgh, Te Bushmen (1979), 41.58. H K, K H, J Lc, A. Mg H, A T
H L H E: D, Igc, Lg, EvolutionaryAnthropology9 (2000): 15685.
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62. T xc, h J/h, b T, Old Way.63. F c h h g- hkg wk h
ck c , : Ec, P, Pw, Cfc g h Bk,118; K Hwk, Wh H-Gh Wk: A Ac V hPb Pbc G, Current Anthropology34 (1993): 34161.
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American Anthropologist61 (1959): 5163.65. G, Yiwara, 90. I h b , hw, h hc h h
b b, hgh , h-gh c, cg h Hz h Mb, c c b Nch B J, T L H-Gh Ch: Ec P Bh P RcSg, Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, . Mch E.P L A. Fbk (1993), 30826; b b, Forest People.
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G M, cc wh h h gg h E, 2008.73. T ch wh ( wh I
g) h c g h : Bc K, wh h G-b P, Nw G; P. B G Ag Ek-G, wh hAg; K Ec, wh h Bk; P I Rb B, wh h E; A B, wh h Nh h Ac; Nc Hw Pc D, wh h J/h; Jh Bck, wh h OkgD P Bw.
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h wkg c G ., P H-GhSc, 21353; L Mh, Te !Kung of Nyae Nyae (1976); Shk, Nisa; b, Forest People.
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77. S, x, Nbk K, P g Bk Ch C,
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79. F c h h ch c -cc h-gh c, K, P g Bk Ch C,34359.
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522 A M E r I C A N J O u r N A L O F P L A Y S p r i n g 2 0 0 9
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