1. all living things are made up of cells. 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in...

7th Grade Supporting Standards STAAR Review

Cell Theory• 1. All living things are made up of cells. • 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • 3. Living cells come only from other living cells

Cell Theory: Robert Hooke• The first person to see a cell was Robert Hooke in

1665• He was looking at cork cells under the microscope

he saw cells for the first time. • The shape of the cells reminded him of the monk

monasteries and so he dubbed them "cells."

Hooke’s Journal Drawing of the cork cells

QuestionWhich of the following statements is NOT correct based on the cell theory?

A. A single water droplet from a hot spring can give rise to an amoeba. B. An amoeba cell can divide to form two new daughter cells.

C. An amoeba can be considered living because it is a unicellular organism.

D. An amoeba cell contains genetic material in its nucleus and responds to its environment.

All organisms are made up of cells!

• Organisms can be made up of only one cell or many• Unicellular= one celled organism,

ex. Bacteria, protists• Multicellular= several celled

organism, ex. Plants, animals, fungus

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic• Organisms are characterized by whether the

DNA(genetic material) in a nucleus or not:

•Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. The stuff just floats around all around cell.•Ex. Bacteria and other unicellular organisms

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains DNA, or genetic information, within chromosomes and other membrane bound organelles.

• Ex. Plant, animals, fungi (multicellular)

Plant vs Animal CellsSome differences between Plant cells and

Animal cells are: • Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost

layer to keep in water and give a more rigid structure

• Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for pigmentation and photosynthesis

• Plant cells have larger vacuoles (used for water storage)

• Some Animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell membrane which aids in movement.

Vacuoles in Plants Cells

Cell Organelles: Both Plant and Animal• Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into or out of the cell•The “Gatekeeper” of the cell

• Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell;  it contains water and nutrients for the cell • Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains chromosomes with the DNA•The “BRAIN” of the cell

Mitochondria

• Releases energy to the cell• The ‘POWERHOUSE” the cell

Looks like a jellybean; a jellybean is made of a lot of sugar; which makes kids have a lot of ENERGY!

QuestionA eukaryotic animal cell contains several different types of organelles. These include:

A. Cell wall, cell membrane, and nucleus B. Vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplast C. Cell wall, vacuoles, and nucleus D. Cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria

QuestionWhich organelle helps to produce energy for the cell?

A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Vacuole D. Ribosomes

Cells Make Up Tissues

• Tissues: A group of similar cells working together

• Tissues make up Organs

• Organs make up Body Systems

Cells Tissues Organs Body Systems

Body Systems

Integumentary System

• Skin, hair and nails• Main function is protection

• Helps regulate body temperature

• Receives stimuli such as pressure, heat, cold and pain

Muscular System

• The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles• The muscular system provides movement for the body

Skeletal System• Provides shape• Supports and

protects the body• Produces red blood

cells– an average of 2.6 million cells each second (bone marrow)

• Stores minerals – such as calcium and phosphorus

Circulatory System

• Heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)

• Transports blood (oxygen and nutrients) throughout the body

Respiratory System

• Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi

• Diaphram - muscle that helps w/breathing

• Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Nervous System• Central Nervous

System - brain and spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System - Nerve cells (neurons)

• Sends and receives messages (electrical impulses) to and from the brain.

Digestive System• Digestive Tract -

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

• Liver, pancreas, and gall bladder helps with digestion

• Receives and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes solid waste.

Endocrine System• Regulates body

functions through release of horomones

• Glands and hormones• Pituitary: Master gland• Thyroid: Metabolism• Parathyroids: Regulates

calcium in blood.• Adrenal: Produces

adrenaline• Pineal: Secretes

melatonin• Ovaries/Testes:

Reproduction• Pancreas: Produces

insulin to maintain blood glucose level.

Excretory System

• 2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

• Filters and cleans blood

• Produces, stores and eliminates urine.

QuestionHow do the heart and lungs work together to provide oxygen to cells?

A. The heart supplies oxygen to the blood. The lungs deliver the blood throughout the body. B. The heart and lungs both filter oxygen from carbon dioxide. The heart and lungs deliver oxygen throughout the body. C. The lungs supply oxygen to the blood. The heart delivers the blood throughout the body. D. The heart holds the blood. The lungs pump the blood throughout the body.

QuestionA student touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws her hand from it. The student experienced an adrenaline rush when she felt the heat from the stove. Chemicals rushed through her body, giving her a little scare. The body system that produces such chemicals that affect other parts of the body is the:

A. Endocrine system B. Integumentary system C. Circulatory system D. Skeletal system

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction• Asexual Reproduction: DNA is

COPIED from the parent resulting in uniform offspring (CLONE). These cells divide by binary fission, forming spores, by budding, or by vegetative propagation.•Examples: bacteria, protists,

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction•Sexual reproduction: DNA is combined from 2 parents producing offspring that are genetically different from the parent organisms.

• Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation which improves the chances that a species will adapt to his environment and survive.

Kingdoms

SIX KINGDOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHART

  Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungus Plant Animal

Cell Type prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic

Number of Cells

unicellular unicellular most unicellularmost

multicellularmulticellular multicellular

Level of Organization

cell cell most cell most tissue systems systems

Mode of Nutrition

auto/heterotroph

auto/heterotroph

auto/heterotrophheterotroph (absorption)

autotroph heterotroph

Reproduction asexual asexual sexual/asexualsexual/asexual

sexual/asexual

sexual/asexual

ExamplesEscherichia

coliStreptococcus

methanobacteria

algae, diatoms, amoebas,

lichen, yeast, mushrooms

treesflowersgrass

Reptiles

mammals