1 characteristics of living beings -...

TH—New Learning Science—6

Characteristics of Living Beings1Objectives: Students should have the knowledge of: (i) Thebasicdifferencebetweenlivingandnon-livingbeingspickingup

theexamplesfromdailylife. (ii) Characteristicsoflivingorganismsmentionedasunder: (a) Cellularandmulticellularorganisation (b) Nutrition (c) Respiration (d) Growthanddevelopment (e) movement (f) Excertion (g) Reproduction (h) Responsetostimulus (i) spicesPre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofatoms,molecules and cells in their previous classes.Cell as a basic buildingblockofthehumanstructure.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalks,duster,chartsshowingpicturesof living and non-living objects,minimovable laboratory and smart-board orprojector.Method of Teaching: In thebeginningof the lesson, the followingsubtopicswillbediscussed/explainedintheclass. (i) Basicdifferencebetweenlivingandnon-livingthingstakingexamples

fromdailylife. (ii) Formation of organs of human bodywith the help of the following

chain: Atom Molecule Cell Tissues Organs

(iii) Unicellularandmulticellularorganisms. (iv) Cellmembrane,cytoplasmandnucleuswiththehelpofchart. (v) Nutrition,Respiration,GrowthandDevelopment. (vi) Movementofanimalsfromplacetoplaceinsearchoffood,shelterand

escapingfromenemies.Plantsalsomoveverticallytowardslightlikesunflower.

(vii) Excertionistheprocessofremovingthewastesproducedduringtheprocessofrespirationanddigestionoffood.

(viii)Reproductionistheprocessinwhichthelivingbeingsproducetheirownkind.

(ix) Lifespandiffersinall thecategoriesof livingbeings,e.g.,LifespanofBacteriaisonly15to20minuteswhereasitis120to150yearforaTortoise.

Experiments: The following experiments are to be performed in the classthroughdemonstration. (a) Tostudycellsofonion.

Price : `72.00

2 TH—New Learning Science—6

(b) Tostudyanimalcellsbytakingscrapeoftheinnersideofcheekwithtoothpick.

Activities: Thefollowingactivitiesaretobeperformedintheclassaswellasinhome. (a) Sunflowerplantturnsitsfacetowardstheeastatsunrise. (b) Thestemofaplantbendstowardsthelight. (c) GerminationofseedandgrowingintoaplantRecapitulation: Allthesub-topicstaughtintheclasswillberepeatedthroughsmartboardorprojectorandtheproblemofthestudentsifany,willbediscussedasmutualdiscussion.Home Assignment (a) From Textbook (i) Questionno.1to5. (ii) PartB,CandDallquestions (b) Extra Questions (i) Giveanexampleofunicellularorganism. (ii) Whataremulticellularorganisms?Givetwoexamples. (iii)Wheredoesnucleusexistinthecell? (iv) The leavesofMimosa (touch-me-not)plant foldwhenwe touch

them.Why? (v) Thestemofsomeplantsbendstowardsthelight.Why?

AnswersPage 7 1. Atoms 2. Cells are responsible for the structure and functioning of all living

beings,hencetheyarecalledthebuildingblockoflife. 3. Amoeba 4. Plantcellshavecellwell,plastidsandlargevacuolewhichisnotpresent

inananimalcell.Page 8 greenplants— photosynthesis growth— celldivision respiration — energy cells — livingthing Amoeba — unicellular Discuss: Becauseplantsshowmovementtowardslight.

Exercises A. 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. c B. 1. a 2. a C. 1. Animals-Plants 2. sound-light 3. animals-plants

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4. photosynthesis-respiration 5. animalcells-plantcells D. 1. Cell 2. photosynthesis 3. celldivision 4. responsetostimulus 5.reproduction 6.virus E. 1. Theprocessinwhichwastesareremovedfromthebodyofplants

andanimalsiscalledexcretion.Yesexcretiontakesplaceinplants. 2. Animalsmove fromplace toplace in searchof food, shelter and

forescapingfromenemies. 3. Thetwowastematerialsreleasedbyplantsarecarbondioxideand

watervapour. 4. Sunflowermovesitsfacetowardssunlight. 5. Intakeoffoodhelpsalivingbeingto (i)obtainenergy (ii)grow (iii)stayhealthy F. 1. Alllivingbeingsreacttochangesaroundthem.Achangeiscalled

stimulus and the reaction to the change is the response. Plantsrespondtostimulus.Thestemofaplantbendstowardsthe lighti.e., showsmovement towards light and roots grow towards theground.Theleavesofthe Touch–me-not’(Mimosa)plantfoldwhentheyaretouched.Theseareexamplesof`responsetostimulus’inplants.Animalsalsoreacttochangeinenvironmentthatiswhyweimmediatelywithdrawourhandassoonaswetouchahotpot.

2. Carbondioxide,water andminerals fromsoil are food forplant.Greenplantsmaketheirownfoodbytheprocessofphotosynthesisfromcarbondioxideandwaterinthepresenceofsunlight.

HOTS: 1. Animalwastescanbeusedasmanures.Incaseofplants,wasteisintheformofsomesubstanceslikegumthatoozeoutoftheirstemsareuseful.

2. Yesinawaypetrolactsasfoodasitisthefuelanwhichthecarrunsorderiveenergyfrom.

The Habitat of the Living2Objectives: The students should have the basic knowledge of: (i) Habitatsandtheirtypes (ii) Adaptations (iii) Abioticcomponents (iv) TerrestrialhabitatPre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsmusthavethepre-knowledgeofanimalsandplantsandtheirdependencytoeachother.Oneiscomplimenttoother.Teaching Aids: Writing board, marker or chalks, charts, mini movablelaboratory,smart-boardorprojector.Method of Teaching: Inthebeginningofthelesson,thefollowingsub-topicswillbeexplainedintheclass.

(i) Habitats and their types (a) Terrestrial habitats: Deserts,Grasslandsandforests,mountainous

regions. (b) Aquatic habitats:Saltwaterhabitats,freshwaterhabitats,submerged

plants. (c) Ecosystem:Componentsofecosystemareoftwotypes: (i) Abioticcomponents (ii) BioticcomponentsSomeplantsandanimalsareinterdependenttoeachother.Fewexamplesaregivenasunder:

• Beeshelpinpollinationandinternflowersfeedthenectar. • Plants depend on animals for carbon dioxide and during respiration

animaltakesinoxygen. • Animalsandplantsarelinkedtoeachotherbyfoodchain.Activities: Thefollowingactivitiesaretobeperformedbythestudents: (i) Takeaphotographoffiveanimalsandfiveplantsfromanearbypond

andstudytheadaptationsinthem. (ii) Preparealistofanimalsandplantsinterdependenttoeachotherand

settheminafoodchain.Recapitulation: Usingthesmartboard,allthesubtopicswillberevisedandtheproblemsifanywillbediscussedintheclass.Home Assignment (i) From Textbook: (a)AlltheobjectivetypesquestionpartA (b)True/FalsequestionsofpartB. (c) FillintheblanksofpartC. (d)VeryshortanswerquestionsofpartE(all questions) (ii) Extra Questions: (a)Definehabitat.Givesomeexamples. (b)Differentiatebetweenbioticandabioticcomponents. (c)Whatisadaptation?

AnswersPage 17 1. Waterlily,anchoredwaterhyacinth 2. Shark,whales 3. Fisheshavegillsforbreathingandfinsformovement 4. Hollowstemandlargecircularleaveswithwaxycovering 5. FrogandlizardPage 19 1. Water(abiotic),plants(biotic) 2. Bacteria,Fungi

3. Buffalo,horse 4. Lion,tiger

Exercises A. 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. c B. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a C. 1. Aquatic,terrestrial 2. spines,water 3. humus 4. Vulture 5. Camel 6. desert 7. biosphere D. 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. c 5. a E. 1. Foodchain 2. abiotic 3. scavengers 4.roots 5. scales 6. twoblowholesontopofthehead 7. thickhairontheirbodytokeepthemwarm 8. camouflage F. 1. Lionanddeer 2. Changes that take place in an organism over generations which

enableittolivesuccessfullyinitshabitat.Frogscanstaybothinsidethewater and on land. Theyhavewebbed feet for swimming inwater.Theyalsohavestrongbacklegsthathelpthemleapandcatchtheirpreyinwateroronland.

3. Camel can move around in a desert with ease due to its certainadaptations.Ithashumptostorefood.Thehoovesofcamelenableittowalkonthesandsmoothly.Itcandrinkalotofwateratonetime.

4. Pointedleavesdonotallowthesnowtosettleonthem. 5. Lotusisanaquaticplantfixedatthebottomofthepond.Toreach

thesurfaceofthewaterlotusstemsarethinandhollow. 6. Oxygenisdissolvedinwater. 7. The branch of biologywhich dealswith the study of plants and

animalsandtheirsurroundingsiscalledecology. G. 1. Thehabitatson landarecalled terrestrialand thoseonwaterare

calledaquatic.Terrestrialhabitats includedeserts,grasslandsandmountainous regions. Aquatic constitute the water bodies likeoceansandseaswhichhavesaltinthemandrivers,lakesandpondswhichhavefreshwaterinthem.

2. Animalsandplantsarelinkedtoeachotherbyafoodchain.Greenplantsarecalledproducersastheymaketheirownfood.Theyareeatenbyherbivores likedeer,goats, cowsandgiraffeswhicharealso calledprimary consumers. These herbivores are again eatenby carnivores like lion, tiger and eaglewhich are also known assecondaryconsumers.Inthisprocessofeatingandbeingeaten,achainoforganismsisformedwhichisknownasthe‘FoodChain’.

Grass Rabbit Snake Eagle (Producer) (Herbivore) (Carnivore) (Carnivore)HOTS: 1. Because frogseat insects likefiles,gnats, etc. In itsabsence there

would bemore insects and less vegetables for us.Also there areother animals that eat frogs. Hence no frogmeans less food foranimalslikeowls.Thewholefoodchainwouldbeaffected.

2. A chameleon can change its colour to communicate with otherchameleonsandCamouflagethemselvesagainstpredatorsintheirnaturalhabitat.

3. [Hint:Disappearanceoftail,walkingontwofeet,etc.] 4. [Hint: Savingtigerswillsavetheecosystemfromcollapsing]

Plants—Parts and Functons3Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Plantbodyconsistingofashootsystemandarootsystem. (ii) Classificationsofherbs,shrubsandtrees. (iii) Functionsofrootandstem. (iv) Leavesandtheirfunctions. (v) Partsofflower. (vi) Pollinationandfertilization.Pre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsmusthavethebasicknowledgeofallkindsofplants.Whilevisitinganursery,theyshouldcomeacrossthevarioustypeofplantslike;bushes,fruitbearing,flowering,grasses,herbsandshrubs.Teaching Aids: Writing board, marker or chalk, duster, mini movablelaboratory,smart-boardorprojectorandpointer.Method of Teaching: Thelessonbeingalengthyone,willbetaughtintwodays.Day-1: In the beginning of the lesson, the studentswill be taught about thefollowingsub-topics: (i) Classificationsofplants: (a) Herbs:Theyareusuallyshort,greenandtenderstems. (b) Shrubs:Theyhavehardandthinstemse.g.,ChinaroseandHenna. (c) Trees:Theyarehardandhavingthickstemlike‘neem’. (d) Creepers:Theyhaveweekstem.Sotheycannotstandvertically. (e) Climbers:Theyneedsupportforclimbing. (ii) Parts of plants:Theyhavebasicallytwoparts: (a) Root system:Therearetwotypesofrootsystems: (i) Taprootsystem (ii)Fibrousrootsystem Functions of Root:Rootshavefollowingfunctions: • Anchorage • Absorption • Transport • Storage

(b) Shoot system:Inthissystem,stemisthepartofplanthavingnodesandinternodes.

Functions of Stem: • Bearingleaves,flowersandfruits • Holdstheplantsupright • CarriesfoodandwatertoallpartsoftheplantDay-2: Incontinuationofthepreviousdaytopics,thefollowingtopicswillbediscussedintheclass. (a) The leaf:Generallygreenincolourhavingpetiole, lamina,apexand

midrib. Functions of Leaf:Takesincarbondioxidegasandgivesoutoxygen

gasduringphotosynthesis.Itproduceschlorophyll. (b) Theflower:Flowersare themostbeautifulandcolourfulpartof the

plants. Parts of Flower: • Sepals • Petals • Stamens • Carpel Functions of Flower: • Reproduction • Toattractinsectsthathelpinpollination • Toproduceseeds (c) Pollination and Fertilization:Itisthetransferofpollengrainsfrom

anthertothestigmaofaflower. Recapitulation: Allthetopicstaughtintheclasswillberevisedthroughtheoperationofprojectororsmartboardandthequarries,ifany,willbediscussedwiththestudents.Home Assignment (i) From Textbook (a)PartA,BandCallthequestions. (b)ShortanswertypequestionsinpartGandH (c)QuestionNo.1to4ofpartI. (ii) Extra Questions (a)Differentiatebetweenrootandstem. (b)Whatarethefunctionsofleaf? (c)Whatarethefunctionsofstem? (d)Drawasketchofflowerandlabelit.

Answerspage 27 1. i. Thestembearsleaves,flowers,andfruits. ii. Ithelpsintransportoffoodandminerals. 2. Stemtendrilsprovidesupport 3. Proprootsgivethatextrasupport 4. Potato,Onion 5. Beetroot,Turnip 6. Incactuswhereleavesaremodifiedasspines,stemperform

photosynthesis. 7. Potatoisastemandsweetpotatoisarootmodified. Exercises A. 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. a B. 1. b 2. b C. 1. reducestranspiration 2. female 3. radicle 4. bean 5. proproot 6. parallelvenation 7. root 8. fruit D. 1. leaf 2.sepals 3. stems 4. root 5. herbs E. 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d F. 1. root;stem;nodes;apex 2. pedicel;sepal;ovule;ovary G. 1. Apicalbud 2. Petiole 3. Pollination 4. Radical 5. Parallelvenation 6. Stomatashelpintranspiration H. 1. Theleafhelpsinpreparingfood,exchangeofgases,andgettingrid

ofextrawaterintheformofwatervapour.Thepresenceofgreenpigment,chlorophyllhelpsintheseprocesses.Ithelpsinperformingphotosynthesis.

2. Stomatahelpinexchangeofgasesinplantsrequiredforrespirationandphotosynthesis.Italsohelpsingettingridofextrawaterintheformofwatervapour.

3. Leavesgrowonstem,makingananglewiththestemiscalledaxil.Budsgrowintheaxil.Thetipofthestemhasabudknownasapicalbud,whichisresponsibleforthegrowthoftheplant.

4. Herbsareusuallyshortandhavegreenand tenderstems,whichmayormaynothavebranches likebeetandcarrot. Shrubshavehard but not very thick stem,which branches out near the base.Chinarose,hennaandroseareshrubs.Treesaretallandhavehardbrownstem,whichbranchesmuchabovetheground,forexample,mangoandneemtree.

5. a. Pollinationisthetransferofpollengrainsfromtheanthertothestigmaofaflower.Thiscanbedonebywind,water,birdsandinsects.

b. Transpiration isaprocessbywhich leavesgetridof theextrawaterintheformofwatervapourthroughthestomata.

c. Fertilizationisaprocessinwhichmaleandfemalereproductivecellsfusetogether.

d. Thearrangementofveinsinaleafiscalledvenation. e. The places on the stemwhere leaves are borne are known as

nodes and the portions of the stem between nodes are calledinternodes.

6. Inparallelvenation, theveinsrunparallel toeachother formthebase to the tip.Leavesofmaize, bananaandgrass showparallelvenation. In reticulate venation, veins in the leaf lamina dividerepeatedly forminganetwork.This typeofvenation is seen in aPeepalleaf.

I. 1. Pollination is the transferofpollengrains from the anther to thestigmaofaflower.Bythisprocesssexualreproductionispossibleinplants.Itisbroughtaboutbyagentslikewind,water,birdsandinsects.Afterpollinationfertilizationtakesplaceintheovary.Inthisprocessmaleandfemalereproductivecellsfusetogether.Thentheovarychangesintoafruitandtheovulechangesintoaseed.

2. Aim:Toshowthatthestemtransportswatertoallpartsoftheplant procedure:Takeaglasstumblerorabeaker.Fillwaterinit.tillabout

halfitslevel.Add1-2dropsofredinkorredfoodcolourandshakeslowlysothattheinkgetsevenlydiffusedinwater.

Cutabranchofaplantwithasoftstembearingsomeleaves,likeBalsam(gulmehandi)anddipitincolouredwater.Aftersometimeyouwillobservestreaksofredcolourintheleaves.Alsoifyoucutthestemverticallyyouwillseereddishlinesintheverticalsection.Thisindicatesthatwatercontainingredcolourhasbeentransportedbythestemupwards.(Fordiagram,refertofig3.11Chapter3)

3. Insidetheseedtheembryoispresentandthereisalotofstoredfoodmaterialinit.Theembryohastwoparts—radicleandplumule.Radiclegivesrisetotherootsystemofaplant,andplumulegivesrisetotheshootsystemofaplant.(Fordiagram,refertofig.3.2Chapter3)

4. Afloweristhereproductivepartinaplant.Itconsistsoffourkindsof structures attached to the tip of a short stalk. The four mainwhorlsstartingfromthebaseworkingupwardsareasfollows:

Sepalsaregreenleaflikeoutermoststructuresofflowertoprotectthebud.Petalsare largeandbrightlycolouredpartswhichmayhaveagoodfragrancetoattractinsectsforpollination.Stamensarethemalereproductivepartofaflower.Eachstamenconsistsofastalkcalledfilamentandabaglikestructureatthetopcalledanther.Antherhaspollen grains. Carpel is the female reproductive part of a flower.

Itconsistsofaswollenpartatthebaseknownasovary,alongstalklikestructureknownasstyleandasmallexpandedpartofthestylecalledstigma.Pollengrainsgettransferredherefromanther.Theygettransferredinfertilizedinovary.Fertilizationtakesplacethereandtheovaryturnsintofruit.(Fordiagram,refertofig.3.19Chapter3)

5. A taproot system derives directly from the radicle and enlargesand forms a prominent central root bearingmany branches andremaining underground. Sunflower, mustard, carrot, mangobeetrootaresomeexamplesoftaproots.

Fibrousrootsystemhasthreadlikerootsmoreorlessofthesamesize,andtheylooklikefine,branchinghairswhichhavegrowntocreate a densemat. This type of root system is common, amonggrassesandwildflowers.

Adventitiousrootsarerootsthatdevelopfromanypartoftheplantexcepttheradical.Theymaybeaerialorunderground.Theymaygrowfromnode(moneyplant,bamboo),stemcutting(rose), treebranch(banyan)orstembase(fibrousroots).

J. 1. Tendrilsincucumbercoilsaroundapoleorafencetogiveasupport. 2. Proprootsinabanyantreegivesupporttothetree. 3. Rootsofturniparefleshybecausetheystorefoodinthem. 4. Onionleavesstorefoodhencebecomesthickandfleshy.HOTS: 1. Carrotandradisharetaproothaveundergonemodificationstobe

swollentoperformthefunctionofstorageoffoodproducedbytheplantsduringphotosynthesis.

2. Inplantslikethecactus,asmentionedearlier,leavesareredusedtospines.Spinesdonotallowtranspirationtotakeplacesothattheplantcansurviveindesertconditions.

3. Shrubsareofappropriatelengthtobeusedashedges.Theyprovidethegreeneryaswellasprotection.

Movement in Animals4Objectives: The Students should have the knowledge of: (i) Needformovement (ii) Movementofanimalwithbackboneandwithoutbackbone (iii) Earthwormshavingsegmentedbody (iv) Cockroachhavingonlythreelegs (v) Frogandsnake’smovement

(vi) Theskeleton,girdlesandjoints (vii)CartilageandmusclesTeaching Aids: Writing board, marker or chalk, duster, smart-board orprojector,minimovablelaboratory,chartsandskeletonandpointer.Teaching Method: We will first start projector or smart board to explaineachandeverypartoftheanimalsbody.Theabovementionedtopicswillbediscussedintheclassinagoodmanner. (i) Movement in animals without back-bone: • AmoebamoveswiththehelpofPseudopodia • Parameciummoveswiththehelpofcilia • Earthworm,snailandcockroachmovewithoutbone (ii) Movement in animalswithbackbone • Frog,snakes,birdsmovewithbackbones (iii) Movement in human body: • Skeleton:Skull,ribcage,vertebralcolumn,upper limbandlower

limb. • Girdles:Shouldergirdleandhipgirdle. • Joints:Theplacewheretwobonesmeetiscalledajoint. (i) Movablejoint (ii) Hingejoint (iii) Ball-and-socketjoint (iv) Pivotjoint (v) Glidingjoint • Cartilage:Externalearsandnosearemadeofcartilage. • Muscles:Theyhelpinourmovementbypullingorcontracting.Recapitulation: Afterteachingthechapterwiththehelpofprojectororsmartboard,thestudentswillbeaskedsomequestionsfromthecontentstaughtintheclassandthequarriesifany,willbesolvedaccordingly.Home Assignment: (a) From Textbook (i) PartA,B,CandD—allquestions (ii)PartG,questionNo.2and3 (b) Extra Questions: (i) DrawasketchofHumanskeletonandlabelit. (ii) Nametheanimalwhichisdonotmovewiththeirbone. (iii)Whatarethefunctionsofskeleton?

AnswersPage 36 1. Pseudopodia 2. Tentacles 3. Chaetae 4. Muscularfoot 5. Legs 6. fins 7. legs 8. Skinscales

1. Snail 2. Thebonesarehollowwhichmakethemlightweight. 3. a. Hydra b. Paramecium c. Amoeba d. fish e. Snake f. birds g. snail h. birdPage 39 1. Bones,cartilages 2. pelvicgirdle 3. vertebrae 4. sternum

Exercises A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b B. 1. a 2. b 3. c C. 1. pectoralgirdle 2. humerus 3. hingejoint 4. ball-and-socketjoint 5. pelvicgirdle 6. femur 7. wrist 8. neck 9. externalear 10.heart 11.nobackbone D. 1. Vertebrates 2. 206 3. Tendons 4. Cartilage 5. Floatingribs 6. Pivotjoint 7. No 8. Three 9. Skull 10.Thisisthemusclewhichhascontracted. E. 1. Animalsmovefromoneplacetoanother i. insearchof foodand

shelter;ii.oescapefromenemiesandiii.tofindmatetoreproduce. 2. The movement from one place to another by animals is called

locomotion.Howevermovementmaynotinvolvechangeofplace. 3. AmoebamoveswiththehelpofPseudopodia(meaning`falsefeet’) 4. An earthworm has a segmented body. It has very fine hair like

structures on its underneath surface. These structures calledchaetae hook into the ground and enable the earthworm to pullitselfforward.

5. Fisheshave streamlinedbodywhichoffers least resistance to theflowofwatertopasttheirbodies.Thishelpsthefishtoswimeasilyinwater.

6. Floatingribshelpinbreathing.Itprotectstheheartandlungsfromanyinjury.

7. a. Girdlesconnectthebonesofthelimbstothemiddlepartofthebody

b. Ventralcolumngivessupporttothebody c. Muscleshelpinmovementofbodypartsbypullingorcontracting d. Jointsareresponsiblefordifferentkindsofmovementsofour

bodyparts e. Rib cage helps in breathing andprotects the heart and lungs

fromanyinjury. F. 1. The skeleton, which consists of bones and cartilages, forms the

frameworkofthebodystructure.Itisdividedinto:skull,ribcage,

backbone, girdles—pelvic andpectoral, bones of theupper limb,andbonesofthelowerlimb.Skullandribcage,protectsthebrain,heartandlungsfromexternalinjury.Backbonegivessupporttothebody. Bones andmuscles together bring aboutmovement of ourbodyparts.

2. Ribcage isasetofbones thatencloses theheartand lungsandispresent in the frontpartofyourbodybelowtheneck. It ismadeupof12pairsofsmallstripsofbonescalledribs.A longboneatthecentreofthechestiscalledsternum.Itholdstheribsinplacein the front.Ribsarealsoattached to thebackbone.The last twopairsofribsarenotattachedtosternumandarecalledfloatingribs.Movementsof theribcagehelp inbreathing.Ribcageprotects theheartandlungsfromanyinjury.

3. Therearedifferenttypesofjointsinourbody:immovable,movableandpartiallymovable.

Immovableorfixedjoint:Jointsintheskullareimmovable. Movable joint: Thistypeofjointprovidesafreemovementofthe

bodyparts.Theyareasfollows: Hinge joint: Thesejointsallowmovementinbackwardandforward

directions.Example:kneeandelbowjoints. Ball-and-socket joint: Theroundendofabonefitsintothecavityof

anotherboneinthistypeofjoint.Itallowsarotationalmovement.Example:hipjointandshoulderjoint

Pivot joint: Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis. Example:neckandforearms

Gliding joint: In this type of joint, bones slide past each other.Example:ankleandwrist

Partially movable joints: Theyallowbending.Example: jointsatpelvisandvertebrae

4. Muscleshelpus inourmovementbypullingorcontracting.Twosetsofmusclesareattachedtomanyofourbones.Whenonemusclecontracts,itspairrelaxesandallowsthebodyparttomove.Musclesare attached to the bones by band like tissues called tendons.Agoodexampleofapairofmusclesworkingtogetherisofbicepsandtricepsmuscleinthearm.Whenthearmbends,thebicepsmusclescontractand the triceps relax.Andopposite is thecasewhen thearmisstraightened.

HOTS: 1. Goodproteinintake,lessfatandexerciseshelpwrestlersdevelopstrongmuscles.

2. Ourbonesneedcalciumtobestrong.Alackofcalciumininfancycanleadtorickets,aconditionswherethebonessoftenandbreak.

3. Withagemuscleslosestrength.Thisleadstofatigueandweakness.

Ina jointbonesarecushionedbycartilagesand there is synovialfluid that lubricates it.With age, jointmovement becomes stifferbecausetheamountofsynovialfluidinsidethejointsdecreases.Thecartilagesbecomethinnerandtheligamentsalsotendtoshorten.

4. Neck jointallows theneck tomove forward,backwardand fromsidetoside.Whereasshoulderjointallowsrotationalmovement.

Food and its Sources5Objectives: The Students should have the knowledge of: • Needoffoodwhichprovidestheenergy. • Sourcesoffood • Foodobtainedfromplants • Foodobtainedfromanimals • Processingoffood • TypesofteethPre-requisite Knowledge: Studentsmusthavethebasicknowledgeoffooditems like rice, dal, vegetables, fruits, fishes andmeat.Where does this foodcomefrom?Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,chart,minimovablelaboratory,projectororsmart-boardandpointer.Method of Teaching: Thefollowingtopicswillbetaughtintheclasswithhelpofprojectororsmart-board. (i) Needoffood. (ii) Foodprovidesusenergyandhelpsisrepairingandgrowthofthebody. (iii) Goodfoodprotectsusfromdiseasesandhelpsinkeepingourbodyfit

andhealthy.Sources of food: (i) Greenplantsproducetheirfoodbytheprocessofphotosynthesis. (ii) Plantsprovideusfoodintheformof: (a) Roots:Carrot,radish,beetroot,sweetpotatoandturnip,etc. (b) Stems: Sugarcane,gingerandonion. (c) Fruits:GuavaandorangearerichinvitaminC,whichareessential

forstrengtheningthebody. (d) Leaves:Lettuce,spinachandmintarerichsourceofmineralslike

ironandcalcium. (e) Flowers:Cauliflowerandbroccoliarerichinvitamins. (iii) Food from animals: (a)Milk (b)Egg (c)Meatandseafood (d)Oil(e)Honey

(iv) Food habits of animals: (a)Herbivores (b)Carnivores (c)Omnivores (d)Scavengers (e)ParasitesRecapitulation: All theabovementioned topicswillagainberevised to thestudentsinbrief.Anyproblemcomesoutwillbediscussedintheclass.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) PartA,B,C,D,EandF—allquestions. (B) Extra Questions (i) Classify the animals on the basis of their feeding basis. Give

examplesalso. (ii) Whattypeoffood,wegetfromtheanimals? (iii)Whichfoodkeepsourleverhealthy? (iv)Whatisphotosynthesis? (v) Writefewlinesaboutteagarden.Activity: Prepareachartshowingthesourcesoffoodcategory-wise.

AnswersPage 48 1. root, stem, leaves, leaves, flower 2. Codliveroil-fish;honey-bees;prawn-seafood;milk-cow;hen-eggsPage 51 roundworm-parasite;horse-herbivore;man-omnivore,snake-carnivore;

wheat-producer

Exercises A. 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d B. 1. b 2. b C. 1. Meat-animals 2. potato-plants 3. peas-plants 4. milk-animals 5. eggs-animals D. (SelfActivity) E. 1. Glucose 2. Poultrybirds 3. Seed 4. Thekernelsofcocoabeans 5. Fish F. 1. Togiveenergy,growth,protectiontothebodyandhelpinrepairing

thewornouttissuesofthebody. 2. Omnivoresarethoseanimalswhichfeedonbothplantsandanimals.

Carnivoresarethoseanimalsthatfeedonthefleshofotheranimals. 3. Beesgathernectarfromflowers.Theythenmakehoneyfromthis

nectarintheirhives.Thesehivesarebrokentoobtainhoney. 4. Parasitesarethoseanimalsthatliveonorinsidethebodyofother

living organisms and obtain food from them. Example: lice andleeches

5. Seedsofthemustard,groundnut,almond,sunflower,sesameplant,etc.giveusoil.

6. Mustard:Weeatitsleavesandseeds. Banana: Weeatflowers,Fruitsandinnerstem. G. 1. Animals cannotmake their own food; so they depend on plants

orotheranimalsfortheir food.Hencetheyarecalledconsumers.Herbivoreseatplantmatter,carnivoreseatfleshofotheranimals,omnivoreseatplantsandanimalsandparasitesobtainfoodfromthelivingorganisms.

2. Carnivoressay,forexample,lionandtiger,havesharpandpointedfront teeth adapted for grasping and tearing flesh. In herbivoresteetharenotpointedbutwideandbluntsuitableforbiting,crushingandgrinding.

3. Carnivoresfeedonfleshofotheranimalsbykillingthem.Theyalsodependonplantsindirectlyfortheyeatplanteatinganimals.Theyarealsoknownassecondaryconsumers.

Parasitesliveonorinsidethebodyofotheranimalsandobtainfoodfromthem.Theydonotkillthehostbutharmthem.

HOTS: 1. Breakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday.Asoneattemptstoskipbreakfast,onemaysufferfromheadache,shakiness,weaknessandlackofconcentration.This isduetothefact thataftera longnight sleep, our blood sugar levels drop. Breakfast provides onewiththenutrientsandenergyfortheactivitiesduringtheday.

2. Tryyourself. 3. Asickpersonmightnothaveappetitesoheorsheneedsto take

lightfood.Thesystemofasickpersonisweakandthereislossofnutrition.Hencedeliveringasmuchnutritionaspossibleinsmallportionsisimportant.

4. Tomatoesandbrinjalare fruitsas theydevelopfromflowersandhaveseedinsidethem.

Crossword PuzzleACROSS 4. Onion 5. Boiler 6. Lice 7. Carbondioxide 8. GlucoseDOWN 1. Poultry 2. Honey 3. Photosynthesis

Components of Food6Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Thetypesoffoodandtheirclassification (ii) Thefunctionsoffood (iii) Thefoodsrichincarbohydratesandvitamins (iv) Thefoodsrichinproteinsandfats (v) Thebalancediet (vi) Themalnutrition (vii)RicketsandOsteomalacia (viii)Anaemia (ix) TheobesityPre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsmusthavethebasicknowledgeoffoodstudiesintheirpreviousclasses.Teaching Aids: Writing board,marker or chalk, duster, chart,minimovablelaboratory,projectororsmart-boardandpointer.Method of Teaching: Inthebeginningofthelesson,wewillproceedasunder. (i) Classificationoffood

Energy-givingfoodCarbohydrates

Minerals

Proteins

Vitamins

Body-buildingfood

Bodyprotectivefood

(ii) Roughage and water Roughage is generally obtained from fresh fruits, vegetables,whole

grains,legumes,nutsandgrains.Roughageismostlyindigestible. We can not live without water even a day. So we should take at

least 6-8 glasses ofwater everyday.Water is important in digestion,transportation,excretionandregulatingbodytemperature.

(iii) Balance Diet: Itprovidesallthenutrientsrequiredforahealthybody. (iv) Malnutrition: Due tomalnutrition, some diseases like Kwashiorkor

andMarasmusmayeffectthebody. (v) Rickets:DuetothedeficiencyofVitaminD. (vi) Osteoporosis: Kindofdiseasewhicheffectsthebones.Recapitulation: Thewhole chapterwill be revised briefly byputtingup thequestionstothestudents.If theyfaceanyproblem,thatwillbesolvedintheclassbyhavingamutualdiscussionwithpears.

Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) PartG—QuestionNo.1and2. (B) Extra Questions: (i) Definebalancedietandprepareachart. (ii)Namethediseaseswhicheffectthebodyduetomalnutritionand

lossofwater.

AnswersPage 58 1. Dal-protein; paneer-fat and protein; potato chips–carbohydrate and

fat;biscuits-carbohydrate;milk–vitamin,protein,fat;fishcurry-proteinandvitamin;custard-protein

2. vitamins-healthybody;roughage-fibrousfood;fish-protein; glucose-instantsourceofenergy;starch-carbohydrate

Exercises A. 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. c B. 1. a 2. c 3. c C. 1. vitamin 2. health 3. carbohydrates 4. VitaminC 5. anaemia D. a. false b. true c. true d.false e. false E. 1. No 2. Kwashiorkor 3. Protein 4. Peanuts 5. Calciumandphosphorus;milk,greenvegetables,meat,fishandeggs F. 1. Thisaidsinthedigestionandhealthyfunctionofthebowelsystem. 2. Proteins are important building blocks of all cells in the body.

Younger children need more protein than adults because theirbodiesarestillgrowing.

3. CarrotisrichinVitaminAwhichisgoodforeyesight. 4. Theyhavesufficientseafoodintheirdietwhichisrichiniodine.Hence

diseaseslikegoitercausedduetoiodinedeficiencyisdonotoccurhere. 5. Roughageprovidesbulktothefoodweeatandsmoothmovement

ofbowel. 6. SheissufferingfromscurvycausedbyVitaminCdeficiency.Citrus

fruitslikelemon,orangeandamlacancureherofthisdisease. 7. Sabina is suffering fromanaemia. Skinbecomespale, thepatient

suffersfromweaknessandlossofappetite. 8. The baby is suffering from marasmus. It is caused due to the

deficiencyofproteins,fatsandcarbohydrates.Thebabyshouldbegivenproteinrichdietlikeegg,dal,milk,fishandmeat.

G. 1. RefertoExperimentalwork2. 2. Thebalanceddietofapersonvarieswithage,sexandthekindof

physicalworkthepersondoes.Achildinhisgrowingyearsneedsmoreofproteinsandcarbohydrates togrowwellandbuildhisorherbodyandgetenergyforvariouslifeprocesses.Asportsmanwhodoesalotofphysicalworkneedsmorecarbohydratestogetenergy.

3. Nutrientsareclassifiedintofivecategoriesbasedonthefunctionstheyserve.Theyare—Carbohydrates—energygivingfoods;Proteins—body building foods; Vitamins—for keeping our body healthy;Minerals—help inbuildingupdifferentpartsof thebodyand incarryingoutvariouslifeprocesses.

4. Water is a good solvent and it helps in transportation of varioussubstancesandcarryingthedigestedfoodtoallpartsofthebody.Itisessentialfortheproperfunctioningofthekidneysandbowels.Ithelpsineliminatingwasteslikesweatandurine.Itkeepsourbodycool.

5. Paperismadefromtreesandhascellulosewhichisstarch.HOTS: 1. Rawpotatostarchprovestobelessdigestible.Thecookedonetastes

sweeter. 2. Breadismadeofstarch.Amylaseenzymesinoursaliva,secreted

byoursalivaryglandsbreakdownthestarchfromthebreadintosimplesugars,likeglucose.Thismakesittastesweet.

3. [Hint:Ithasroughage] I. LifeSkills Balanceddietforaten-yearoldboy 10-12servingsbread/chapattiorrice(30percentcarbohydrates) 10–12servingsvegetablesandfruits(30percentvitamins) 4-5servingsoffishormeator legumeslikerajma,gram,etc. (12per

centprotein) Twoglassesofmilk 2-3servingsofsugarandfats Balanceddietforaten-yearoldboy 5–8servingsfromthebread,cereals,rice,pasta,noodlesgroup 5servingsfromthevegetables,legumesgroup 2servingsoffruit Acupofmilkor2servingsyoghurt,cheesegroup 1servingfromtheleanmeat,fish,poultry,eggs,nutsandlegumesgroup

Separation of Substances7Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Puresubstanceslikeelementsandcompounds (ii) Mixtureorimpuresubstances (iii) Needofseparationofthesubstances (iv) Methodsofseparation (v) SolutionsPre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofchemicalsandtheirpropertiesasstudiedintheirpreviousclasses.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalks,duster,minimovablelaboratory,projectororsmart-boardandpointer.Method of Teaching:Inthebeginningofthelesson,thestudentswillbeaskedsomequestionsbasedonsubstancesandtheirpropertiesthattheyhaveseenintheirdailyliveslikesaltandsugar.

Thenthefollowingsub-topicswillbediscussedonboard/smart-board. (a)

Substances

Puresubstances

Elements HeterogeneousComponents Homogeneous

Impuresubstancesormixture

(b) Methods of separation of substances: (i) Winnowing: Heavier or lighter particles can be separated by

windorbyblowingair. (ii) Hand-picking: Separated using sieve, e.g.,maida, flour, suji or

besan, etc. (iii) Magnetic separation:Ironpinscanbeseparatedfromthemixture

usingmagneticseparationprocess. (iv) Sublimation: Changing of solids directly into vapour is called

sublimations,e.g.,camphor. (v) Crystallization:Whena super saturatedsolution is cooledand

allowedtostand,crystalsofthesoluteareseparating. (vi) Decantation: In thismethod, the insoluble particles are settled

downandseparated. (vii) Filtration:Separatedbypassingthesolutionsthroughfilterpaper.

(viii)Evaporation:Theprocessofseparatingthesolutefromitssolventbyheatingiscalledevaporation.

(ix) Distillation:Theactionofpurifyingaliquidbyaprocessofheatingandcooling.

(x)Centrifugation: This process is used to separate components ofdifferentdensitiesinasolution.

Recapitulation: The topics taught in the classwill be asked by doing someexperiments in the class and the problems of the students will be removedimmediately.Home Assignment (a) From Textbook (i) PartA,B,C,Dallquestionaretobedone. (ii)PartGquestionNo.1and2.Extra Questions (a) Definesaturatedandunsaturatedsolutionswithexamples. (b) Whatarehomogeneousandheterogeneoussolutions?

AnswersPage 71 1. Handpicking,sieving 2. lighter,heavier 3. magneticseparation 4. non-magneticPage 76 strainer: rice andwater;filter paper: chalk powder andwater, chili

powderandwater

Exercises A. 1. c 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. c B. 1. Filtration 2. Heterogeneous 3. solution 4. salt 5. residue C. 1. alcoholandwater;milkandwater 2. oilandwater,glycerinandwater 3. sugarinwater,saltinwater 4. sandandwater,chalkpowderandwater 5. oxygeninwater,coffee 6. sandandwater,sandandironfillings D. 1. Homogeneousmixture 2. Sedimentation 3. Liquid-gashomogeneousmixture 4. Loadinginwhichalum(aluminiumsulphate)isusedinthemixture. 5. Distillation E. 1. Anelementisapuresubstancemadeupofonlyonekindofatoms.

Whentwoatomsofdifferentelementscombineinafixedratio,theyformacompound.

2. Apuresubstanceisasubstancewhichismadeupofonlyonekindofparticles.Amixtureismadeoftwoormoresubstances.

3. Toseparatetwousefulcomponents;toobtaindesirablesubstance;toremoveimpuritiesfromasubstance.

4. Alum (aluminium sulphate). Itmakes the suspendedparticles ofthemixtureheavy,asaresulttheparticlessettledownfaster.

5. a. An impurity is the substance that needs to be removed in amixture.

b. Solidswhichdissolveinaliquidarecalledsolutes. c. Theliquidinwhichthesolutedissolvesiscalledasolvent. d. Asoliddissolvesinaliquidtoformasolution. e. A solution which is not capable of dissolving the solute any

furtheratagiventemperatureiscalledasaturatedsolution. F. 1. Amixture of oil, glycerin andwater is immiscible. They can be

separated by using a separating funnel.A separating funnel is abarrelshapedglasstubewithathinstematthebaseandastopcockatthebottomtoregulatetheflowofliquids.Theimmiscibleliquidmixtureofoil,glycerinandwater ispoured into the funnel fromthe top and allowed to stand for some time. The liquids formseparate layers.The lighter liquid i.e., oil, forms theupper layer,thentheheavierliquidwaterformsthesecondlayer.Theheaviestone,glycerinformsthethird layer.The liquidat the lowest level,i.e.,glycerin,iscollectedfirstbycarefullyopeningthestopcock.thestopcockisclosedquickly.Thethreeliquids,thus,areseparatedonebyonethisway.

2. Firstofallweusemagneticseparationmethodtoremoveironnailsfromthemixture.Thenthesaltandsandcanbemixedinwater.Thesaltgetsdissolved inwaterbutsanddoesnot.Thenwefilter themixturetoremovesandfromsaltandwatersolution.Byevaporationwecanrecoversaltfromthesolution.

3. Loading enhances the process of sedimentation. In this processalum is dissolved in the mixture. Alum makes the suspendedparticlesofthemixtureheavy,asaresulttheparticlessettledownfaster.Thentheclear liquidcanbedecanted.Distillation isbetterthan sedimentation and decantation as it gives pure liquid afterseparation

4. Intheprocessofdistillation,aroundbottomflaskisusedinwhich.themixture(forexample,sugarsolution)isheated.Thelongstemoftheflaskisenclosedinacondenserinwhichcoldwaterisallowedtoflow.Theopenendofthestemisplacedinanemptybeakerorflask.Onheating,water(inthesolution)boilsandthewatervapourpassesthroughthecondenser,coolsdownduetolowtemperature.Thewatervapourcondensesandflowsaswaterdropletswhicharecollectedinabeaker.

H. A.Filterpapercone;B.Funnel;C.Residue;D.Beaker;E.FiltrateHOTS: 1. No.Aliquidhasbiginter-molecularspacebetweenitstwomolecules.

Thesugarwhendissolvedintheliquidoccupiesthatspace.Hencenoextraspaceistakenbythesugarmolecules.Sothevolumeofthesolutiondoesnotincreaseandhencethelevelremainsthesame.

2. Handpickingtoseparatepebblesfromrice;winnowingtoseparatehuskfromrice;Washingwithwaterwillseparatemudfromrice.

3. Suchmedicinesaresuspensions.Whenleftforawhileundisturbedthesedimentssettleatthebottom.Theyneedtobeshakentogetauniformmixture.

4. Apuresubstanceisasubstancewhichismadeupofonlyonekindofparticles.Amixtureismadeoftwoormoresubstances.Milkisnotapuresubstance.Itisamixturebecauseitismadeupofmorethanonesubstance.

5. [Hint:Theintermolecularspaceinhotwaterismorethancoldweter] M. Crossword Puzzle ACROSS 4. Element 5. Strainer 6. Solution 7. Sieve 8.Magnet DOWN 1. Alum 2. Centrifugation 3. Camphor

Sorting Materials into Groups8Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Classificationofmaterialsandtheircriteria. (ii) Groupingonthebasisoftheirproperties. (iii) Solid,liquidandgases. (iv) Magnetism (v) Conductivityofheatandelectricity (vi) SomeactivitiesrelatedtothechapterPre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofmaterialsandtheirpropertiesastheyhavestudiedintheirpreviousclasses.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,minimovablelaboratory,projector/smart-boardandpointer.Method of Teaching: Initially,thestudentswillbeaskedsomequestionsbasedonthesubstancesintheformofsolid,liquidandgasesandthenwewillproceedasunder. (i) Classificationanditsneed:Tostudyaboutthematerials,theyshould

beclassifiedas: (a)Solids (b)Liquids (c)Gases

(ii) Properties of the materials:Allthematerialsaregroupedaccordingtotheirsize,colour,solubility,etc.

(iii) Theimportantpropertiesofmaterialsarementionedasunder: (a)Shapeandsize (b) Liquid,gasorsolid (c) Textureandhardness (d)Densityandsolubility (e)Transparency (f) Conductivityofheatandelectricity (g)Magneticproperty (h) LustreRecapitulation: Allthesub-topicstaughtintheclass,willbeexplainedagainin brief and the problems raised by the students will be solved by mutualdiscussion.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) PartA,B,C,Dallthequestions. (ii) PartEquestionsNo.1and2 (B) Extra Questions (i) Classifythegivenmaterialsassolid,liquidandgas.Camphor,oil,

steam,air,wood,copper,milk,plastic,rubber. (ii) Namethemetalwhichisnothard. (iii)Nametheelementwhosedensityismorethanwoodandplastic.

AnswersPage 83 Fibre; Canvas; Ruber; Wood; Cloth; Leather; PolyesterPage 85 1. a. Solidsb. utility c. gases; 2. glass; silk; jute; drycoconut; mango; pineapple; soil;Page 86 1. (D)—salt,besan (DN)—ricepowder,husk,sand,pepper,sawdust,

mustardoil,glycerine 2. oil,plasticbottle 3.Leaf,cotton Exercises A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4.d 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. a B. 1. transparent 2. density 3. atoms 4. solids 5. insulator 6. opaque 7. magneticsubstances 8. translucent C. 1. ironandnickel;plasticandrubber 2. soluble 3. gas 4. graphite 5. density D. 1. Arranging and classifying things in groups helps us to identify

themeasily, locatethemwithoutdelayandstudytheirpropertiesconveniently.

2. a. Theprocessof sortingout thingsonsomebasisandgroupingthemiscalledclassification.

b. Those materials which allow light to pass through them areknownastransparent.

c. Thequalityofasurface—smoothorroughisitstexture. d.Thepropertyduetowhichmaterialsarelightandheavyiscalled

density. 3. Aconductor isanysubstanceormaterial thatallows thepassage

of electricity through it. The most common conductor is copperand aluminium.Thematerial that does not allow the passage ofelectricity through it iscalledan insulator.Plasticandrubberaretwoexamplesofinsulators.

4. Examplesofroughsurfaces: thebarkofaneemtree,sandpaper;Examplesofsmoothsurfaces:cottonandleafofatree

5. a. Iron:magneticsubstance b. Plastic:insulator c. Copper:goodconductorofheatandelectricity d. Glass:transparent. 6. Materialscanbeclassifiedassmoothandroughonthebasisoftheir

texture.Andwecanidentifythembytouching. 7. Alloftheseorebadconductorsofelectriciy. E. 1. Solidshaveafixedshape.Theyalsohaveafixedsize.Objectslike

chair, table,blackboard,rockandbowlaresolids.Liquidsdonothaveafixedshape,buttaketheshapeofthecontainerinwhichtheyarekept.However,theyhaveafixedsizeorvolume.Milk,water,cocacolaareexamplesof liquids.Thosesubstanceswhichdonothaveafixedshapeorsizeandoccupyallthespaceavailabletothemaregases.Asyouhaveseensmokeexhaustfromvehiclesspreadingeverywherebecauseitisamixtureofgases.

2. Those materials which allow light to pass through them areknown as transparent. Glass and clear water are transparentmaterials. Those materials which do not allow the light topassthroughthemarecalledopaque.Milkandblackpaintareopaque.Thematerialswhichallow light topass through themonlypartiallyareknownastranslucent.Waxpaperandtracingpaperistranslucent.

3. Arranging and classifying things in groups help us to identifythemeasily;locatethemwithoutdelayandstudytheirpropertiesconveniently. At home you have various places where differentthings are kept or are arranged indifferentmanners. Some suchplacesarethekitchen,thewardrobesandthestudytable.Itwouldbeverydifficultforustofindthingsifwedonotclassifythemonsome basis and arrange them.On the basis of fixed or changingshapeandsize,wecangroupobjectsintothreecategories—solids,liquidsandgases.Thishelpsinstudyingtheirproperties.

HOTS: 1. Copper isaconductorofelectricity.Anelectricalwire ismadeof

coppersothatitcanconductelectricity.Butifanelectricalwireismadeofplasticitwillnotservethepurposeofconductingelectricityasplasticisabadconductorofelectricity.

2. Plasticcontaineritisbadcouductorofheat.Willnotgetheatedupandwillbeeasilyheld.

3. Bakeliteisbadcouduetorsofelectricity. H. Crossword Puzzle ACROSS 3. Classification 4. Liquid 5. Transparent 6. Iron 7. Density DOWN 1. Matter 2. Insulator

Cloth Materials9Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Clothanditsvariety (ii) Syntheticfibres (iii) Plantfibres (iv) ManufacturingofclothesPre-requisite Knowledge: The students should know about the clothes.Wewear clothes of different varieties to cover our body andprotect fromharshweather.Welookgoodincleanclothes.Studentsshouldhavetheknowledgeofhowclothesarewoven?Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,minimovablelaboratory,charts,projector/smart-board,pointer.Method of Teaching: Inthebeginningofthelesson,thefollowingsubtopicsaretobediscussedintheclass. (i) Yarn,cotton,jute,wool,silkandsyntheticfibres. (ii) Plantfibres:Cottonisobtainedfromcottonplant.Theygrowinblack

soiloralluvialsoilandwarmclimate. (iii) Spinning,weaving,knittingandbraiding (iv) Jute cultivation is concentrated in Sundarban delta. Countries like

India,Bangladesh,China,Pakistan,NepalandBhutanare rich in itscultivation.

(v) Hempplants produce hempfibreswhich are used tomake carpets,ropes,nets,etc.

(vi) Flaxisyetanotherplantfibreobtainedfromthestalkofflaxplant.Flaxfibresarewoventomakeafabriccalledlinen.

Recapitulation: Theabovesub-topicswillbediscussedintheclassinbriefand

theproblemsofthestudentswillberesolvedimmediately.Home Assignment: (A) From Textbook: (i) PartA,B,Candallquestionsaretobeanswered. (ii)PartGquestionsNo.1,2,3.(iii) PartI,questionsNo.1and2. (B) Extra Questions: (i) Whichfruitisusedtomakethesilkcottonfibre? (ii)DefineGinning,weavingandknitting.(iii) Whatissheering?

AnswersPage 95 1. yarns 2. cocoon 3. sericulture 4. sheep 5. nylonandpolyesterPage 98 1. cottonbolls 2. coconut 3. spinning 4. ginning 5. retting 6. alluvial,warmandhumid 7.durable,inexpensive Exercises A. 1. a 2. d 3. b B.1. a 2. b 3. a C. 1. jute 2. sericulture 3. retting 4. linen D. 1. shearing 2. jute 3. animalorigin 4.combing 5. kapok E. 1. Fibre 2. Spinningwheelorcharkha 3. Nylon 4. Weavingandknitting 5. Loamysoil F. 1. Flaxisaplantfibreobtainedfromthestalkofflaxplant.Flaxfibres

arewoventomakeafabriccalledlinen.Flaxisalsousedformakingropesandgoodqualitypaper.

2. (a)Themethodofmakingyarnfromfibresiscalledspinning. (b)Themethodofremovingsoftwhitefibresandseedsfoundinside

Cottonbollsfibreiscalledcombing. (c)Soakingofjutestemsinwaterinordertoremoveanynonfibrous

matterandthusgetfibresseparatediscalledretting. 3. Juteisroughandtoughandmeantforgunnybags,matsandropes.

Cottonislightandporousandbestforsummer’sclothing. 4. Weprefertowearsyntheticclothesinrainyseasonbecausethese

fibreshavesomeadvantagesovernaturalfibres.Theyarestrong,waterrepelling,elasticandlightweight.

5. We prefer towear cotton clothes during summer because cottonclothesarelightandporous.

6. Early people covered their bodies by big leaves orwoven twigs,animalskinandbarksoftreeinalengthofclothtiedaroundtheirbody.

7. Soakingofstems inwater iscalledretting.Thesoakedstemsare

rinsedandwrungtoremoveanynon-fibrousmatterandthendried. 8. Synthetic is made of artificial material like nylon which is long

lasting. G. 1. Juteisaspeciesofwoodyherbscultivatedinalluvialsoilorclayey

soilintherivervalleysandcoastalareasthatreceiveannualfloods.Warmandhumidclimateisbestsuitedforitscultivationandgetsreadywithin4-5months.Afterharvestingwhichisdonebyhand,therootsandfoliageareremovedandthestemsaretiedinbundlesandsoakedinwaterforaboutafortnight.Thissoakingofstemsinwateriscalledretting.Thesoakedstemsarerinsedandwrungtoremoveanynonfibrousmatterandthendried.Thefibresthusgetseparated.Thesefibresareusedinmakingtwine,burlapandroughqualitypaper,sacs,mats,ropes,etc.

2. Coirisobtainedfromthehuskofcoconut.Thefibresofcoirrecoveredfromcoconutarespuntomakeyarnorbraidedtomakeropes,etc.Coirhasadisadvantageoverjuteasitisroughandpiercing.Juteismuchsofter.

3. Syntheticfibresarefibreslikenylonandpolyesterwhichareobtainedfromanartificialmaterial.Thematerialisfirstheatedandmelted.Itisthenputthroughadevicecalledspinneret.Thisdevicecontainsfineholes.Longthreadsthatemergefromtheholesareallowedtocoolandsolidify.Thisishowsyntheticfibresareobtained.

Withthepassageoftimeandadvancementinscienceandtechnology,naturalfibresweresubstitutedbysyntheticfibresormaterials.Thesefibres have some advantages over natural fibres. They are strong,waterabsorbing/repelling,elasticandlightweight.Howevercottonisporousandhencepreferredoversyntheticstuffinsummers.

4. Jute is known for thedesirable properties such as high strength,fibrelength,tenacity,etc.Juteisalsoshinyandcourseplantfiber.Thesefibresareused inmaking twine,burlapandroughqualitypaper,sacs,mats,ropes,etc.

Cottonissoftandcomfortable.Itwrinkleseasily.Itabsorbswaterquickly.Ithasgoodcolourretentionandisgoodtoprinton.Cottonisnotverystronganddurable.

5. Cottonismostlygrowninblacksoil.Blacksoilwasformedduetovolcanicactivitiesmillionsofyearsago.Thissoilcanretainwaterforalongtimewhichmakesitbestsuitedforcotton.CottonisgrowninthestatesofMaharashtraandKarnatakaasthisregionhastheblacksoil.

H. 1. Cotton 2. Wool 3. Jute 4. SilkHOTS: 1. [Hint: Consider the temperature and weather conditions of these

places] 2. [Hint:Byburningathread]

Changes Around Us10Objectives: The main aim is to make the students aware of the following changes that happen around us. (i) Slowandfastchanges (ii) Naturalandman-madechanges (iii) Chemicalandphysicalchanges (iv) Desirableandundesirablechanges (v) Reversibleandnon-reversiblechanges (vi) AbsorptionorevolutionofenergyduringthechangePre-requisite Knowledge: The studentsmust know the basic knowledge ofthechemicalsubstancesandtheireffects.Changesarehappeningdailyaroundthem,theyshouldbecarefulabouttheaftereffectsofthechemicals.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,minimovablelaboratory,charts,chemicals,projectororsmartboardandpointer.Method of Teaching: Thelessonwillbecarriedonbydemonstration;recordofthefollowingchangeswillbenoteddown. (i) Causes of Change: (a) Byapplyingpressureonthechemicalsubstances (b) Byheating (ii) Type of Changes: (a) Slowandfastchanges (b) Naturalandartificialchanges (c) Desirableandundesirablechanges (d) Reversibleandirreversiblechanges (e) Physicalandchemicalchanges (f) AbsorptionorevolutionofenergyduringachangeRecapitulation: The sub-topics taught in the class will be revised throughdemonstration and theproblems raisedby the studentswill immediately beresolved.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) SetAQuestionNo.1,2,3,4,5,6,and7allparts. (ii) PartCQuestionNo.1to6 (iii)PartGQuestionNo.1and3 (B) Extra Questions (i) Differentiatebetweenphysicalandchemicalchangesandclassify

thefollowingchanges: (a) Fermentation (b) Lightinganelectricalbulb

(c) Formationofcurd (d) Magnetisationofanironbar (e) Rusting (f) Melting

AnswersPage 104—(S)1,3;(F)2,4,5Page 105—1. (N)a.,b.,d.,f.;(M)c.,e. 2. Youcangetbacksugerbycrystallisation Exercises A. 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. d 6. a 7. b B. 1. chemicalchange 2. undesirable 3. slowchange 4. reversible 5. irreversible 6. chemicalchange C. Chemical:2,3,6,7,8,13 Physical:1,4,5,9,10,11,12,14,15 D. (R)1,4,5;(IR)2,3,6 E. 1. Releaseofenergy 2. Reactants 3. Hydrogen 4. Slowchenge F. 1. Someusefulchangesare:changeofdayandnight;blowingofwinds;

growing of trees in forests; change of season etc. Some harmfulchanges are flooding of rivers; the phenomena of earthquakes,cyclonesandvolcaniceruptions.

2. The changes that benefit us are calleddesirable changes and thechangesthosecausedharmtousarecalledundesirablechanges.

3. In a physical change composition of the substance (molecules)remainsthesame.Nonewsubstanceisformed.Hencethechangeisonlytemporary.Characteristicpropertiesofthesubstancedonotchange.Verylittleornoenergychangemayoccur.

Inachemicalchangenewmoleculesarealwaysformed.Thechangeispermanent.Thecharacteristicpropertiesofthesubstancechangecompletely.Energychangesusuallyoccur.

4. Physical and chemical changes can take place simultaneously.Burningofacandleisonesuchexample.Solidwaxmeltsonheating.This isaphysicalchange.Waxburnstoformcarbondioxideandwatervapour.Thisisachemicalchange.

G. 1. Change is the law of nature. Everything changes around us.Morninggiveswaytodaytheneveningfallsanditgetscooleranddark.Wworkduring thedayandwhen itgetsdarkweretire tobed.Seasonschangeandalongwithitourlifestyle.Lifewouldhavebeenmonotonouswithout change indayandnightor changeofseasons. Changes are happening in our body aswell. You growinsizeand intelligence.Eggsofabutterflyhatch; theygrowintolarvae,caterpillar,pupaeandfinallyintoabeautifulandcolourful

butterfly.A seedgerminates and thebabyplant comesout.Thenthisplantgraduallygrowsintoabigtree.

2. Awethandkerchiefthathasbeendriedunderafancanbemadewet again. Itmeans this change canbe reversed. But, if youdyewhitehandkerchiefinredcolourorburnit,youwillnotbeabletobringitbacktoitsoriginalform,hencethechangeisirreversible.Changes that can be reversed are called reversible changes.ChangesthatcannotbereversedorundonearecalledIrreversiblechange.Changeslikedryingofclothes,meltingoficeandfreezingofwater,areexamplesofreversiblechanges,whereaschangeslikemakingcustardfrommilk,settingmilkintocurd,areexamplesofirreversiblechanges.

3. Thechangesthatbenefitusarecalleddesirablechanges.Andthosethatcauseharmarecalledundesirablechanges.Burningofwoodinthefireplaceisadesirablechange.Howeverahouseonfireisanundesirablechange.

4. Thethreechangesthatcanbebroughtaboutbyheatingarecooking,burningandmelting.Whilecooking,heatenergyissuppliedtotherawvegetables.Vegetablesundergoadistinctchangeintheircolour,shapeandform.Thestateofasubstancechangesonheating.Whenwaterisheated,itchangestowatervapour.Moleculesofwatergaintheheatenergysuppliedandspreadallover,thus,waterassumesthestateofgas.Similarly,icechangestowateronheating.

HOTS: 1. Chemicalchange.Milkdosenotretainitsproperty.Itisairreversiblechange.

2. Ina chemical change the substances react to formnewproducts.Thechangeispermanent,henceirreversible.Forexample,cookingof food isachemicalchange.Whenrice,pulsesorvegetablesarecooked,theirtastechangesbecausenewsubstancesareformed.Wecannotobtainricegrainsfromcookedriceorrawvegetablesfromvegetablecurry.

Measurement and Motion11Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Quantitiesandtheirunits (ii) Tomeasurethelengthofacurveline (iii) Unitsofmass,lengthandtime (iv) Themotion (v) Typesofmotion (vi) Standardunits

Pre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofestimation,measurementoflength,mass,timeandmotion.Teaching Aids: Writing board, marker, chalks, duster, mini laboratory(movable),projectororsmartboard,scale,bobandpointer.Method of Teaching: Thefollowingtopicswillbediscussedintheclass: (i) Instrumentstomeasurethelength,massandtime,e.g.,scale,physical

balanceandclock. (ii) Standard Units (a)Standardunitoflength—metre(m) (b)Standardunitofmass—kilogram(kg) (c) StandardunitofTime—Second(s) (d)Standardunitoftemperature—Kelvin(K) (iii) Types of Motion: (a)Translatorymotion (b)Oscillatorymotion (c)Circularmotion (d)PeriodicmotionRecapitulation: Allthesub-topicstaughtintheclasswillberevisedthroughprojectororsmart-boardandtheproblemthatthestudentsifany,willbeshortedout.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) ForFormativeAssessment:PartA,QuestionNo1to9 (ii) ForSummativeAssessment:PartD,QuestionNo1to6 (iii)PartG,QuestionNo.1to3 (B) Extra Questions (i) WhatisSIunit?Giveexample. (ii) ConvertthefollowinginSIunits: (a) 0.005km (b)12.3cm (c) 75cm (d) 65m (e)6.5km (f) 3.5kg

AnswersPage 117 1. a,b,c(True) 2. (a)0.065g(b) 9.6m (c) 0.0056km (d) 15km4mPage 118 1. cm 2. km 3. kg 4. mm 5. mg 6. mPage 120 1. circular,translatory2. Movingfan 3. oscillatory 4. rectilinear,curvilinear

Exercises A. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. d. B. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a C. 1. Circular 2. Rectilinear 3. PeriodicandCircular 4. Oscillatory 5. Vibration; 6. Vibration 7. Random 8. PeriodicandCircular 9. Random 10.Periodic D. 1. 6500m 2. .2m 3. 0.0375m 4. 24m 5. 50cm 6. 0.125m E. 1. No 2. Derivedquantity 3. 2500000kg 4. Mass 5. Odometer F. 1. Refertopage116Table11.1 2. Rotationofeartharoundthesunandoscillationofapendulum 3. Inoldendayspeoplehadnowatchtotellthemthetime.Theyused

toobservethesunandkeepatrackoftime. 4. Whenanobjectchangesitspositionordirectionwithrespecttoits

surroundingswithtime,theobjectissaidtobeinmotion. 5. Itshouldbe10cm. 6. A unitwhich always has the samemeasure is called a standard

unit.ScientistsfromallovertheworldtodayhaveadoptedasetofstandardunitsofmeasurementknownasInternationalsystemofunits.SIunitsabbreviatedSIfromtheFrenchSystemeInternationald’Units.

7. Inoscillatorymotionbodymovesasawholebutinvibratorymotionthebodydoesnotmoveasawhole.

G. 1. Everyoneofustravelslongandshortdistances.Beforewestartourjourney,wefindoutthedistancewearetotravelandthenmeasurethetimeitwouldtakeustoreachtheplace.Accordingly,westartand avail a means of transport. Thus we see, to move a certaindistanceweneedtomeasurethedistanceandthetimerequiredtotravel.

2. The various types of motion are rectilinear motion, curvilinearmotion, circularmotion, periodicmotion, oscillatorymotion andrandommotion.Refertothechaptertoknowabouteach.

3. Tomove toaparticularplaceweneed toknow thedistance it islocatedatandthetimetakentocoverit.Thusweneedtolearnhowtomeasureaparticulardistance.Weuseawatchtotellusthetimeorwecangetlateforschool;vegetablevendorsneedtoweighthevegetablestheywouldsellorhowtheyknowtheexactamount?Heusesabalanceoraweighingscaletomeasuretheweight.Whenwe

havefever,weneedtomeasureourbodytemperatureandweuseathermometerforthesame.

4. [Hint:BywarpingathreadalongthecoinandMeasuringit] 5. [Hint:Circulatoryandlinear] H. 1. Circular 2. Curvilinear 3. OscillatoryandPeriodical 4. RandomHOTS: 1. 1/6of36=6kg. 2. Earth’s gravitation pulls it towards itself increasing its speed or

givingitacceleration.Thisisknownasaccelerationduetogravity.Itis+9.8m/s2.

3. Whiletravellinginacarorabus,peepoutandseeoutside.Youwillfeeltheoutsideworld—thetrees,buildings,peopleandeverythingmovingbackwards.Inthesamewaywhenweseethesun’spositionchangingintheskyitisofcoursetheEarththatismoving,notthesun.

Light12Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) EnergythatwegetfromtheSun. (ii) Luminousandnon-luminousobjects (iii) Characteristicsoflight (iv) Eclipses (v) Reflectionoflight (vi) Camera (vii) RainbowPre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsmustknowaboutthelightandshadow,sevencoloursofrainbow,planemirrorandimageformationinit.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,minimovablelaboratory,charts,projectororsmartboard,pointer,planemirrorwithstand.Method of Teaching: The chapterwill be explained through smartboardorprojectorinthefollowingmanner: (i) Luminousandnon-luminousbodieswillbeshownintheprojectorand

thestudentswillbeaskedtogivemoreexamples. (ii) Characteristics of Light: (a)Lighttravelsinstraightline (b)Speedoflightinvaccumis3×108m/s (c) Lightformsshadows (d)Formationofumbraandpenumbra (e)Lunareclipse (f) Solareclipse (g)Reflectionoflightinplanemirror (h)Pin-holecameraandrainbow

Recapitulation: All the topics will be explained in the class after teachingthroughprojectorofsmart-boardandthequeriesmadebythestudentswillberesolvedintheclass.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) PartAquestionNo.1to9allparts (ii) PartEallquestions (iii) Hotsquestion1and2 (B) Extra Questions (i) Writethenamesofthesevencoloursofrainbow. (ii) Whatisthedifferencebetweenimageandshadow? (iii)Howaretheeclipsesformed?

AnswersPage 115 1. Light 2. Reflected 3 Opaque 4. SunPage 130 1. newmoonday 2. smaller,reduces 3. earth,moon 4. fullmoonday

Exercises A. 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. c B. 1. umbra 2. rectilinearpropagation 3. newmoonday 4. vacuum 5. dispersion C. 1. Samesize 2. Pinhole camera formed a image as a result of the rectilinear

propagationoflight. 3. Whenthesun,theearthandthemoonareinastraightlineandthe

earthinbetween,theshadowoftheearthfallsonthemoonandthisisknownasalunareclipse.

4. Thesunlighttakes8.25minutestoreachtheearth’ssurface. D. 1. Theobjectswhichemitlightarecalledluminousobjects.Thevarious

luminous objects are the sun, electric bulb, tube light, burningcandle,lamp,etc.

2. When thepathof light isobstructedorblockedbyanobject, theregionbehindtheobjectremainsdarkasnolightreachestheregion..Thisdarkregionthatassumestheshapeoftheobjectonwhichlightfallsistheshadowoftheobject.

3. The shape, size and nature of a shadowdepend on the angle atwhichlightfallsonanobject.Ourshadowissmallerduringthedayasthesunisperpendiculartous.Inthemorningandeveningitfallsonuswithaslant.

4. When light rays fall on an object they are bounced back. Thisbouncingbackoflightraysiscalledreflectionoflight.

5. Whenaballisplacedbetweenatorchlight,whichisapoint-sourceof light, and a screen, a completely dark shadow, having sharpedges,isformedonthescreen.Theshadowhasthesameshapeasthatoftheobject.SeeFig.12.9.

6. Substanceswhichdonotallowanylighttopassthroughthemareopaque.Wecanseetheseobjectsonlywhenlightfromaluminousobjectfallsonthem.

7. Yesanypolishedshoessurfacecanourimagelikepolishedfloor,etc. E. 1. When an opaque object is placed in front of an extended source

largerthantheobject,thenashadowisformedhavingumbraandpenumbra.Umbragraduallyreducesinsizeasthescreenismovedawayfromtheobjectuntilitfinallydisappearscompletely.Thisisthereasonwhyshadowsofbirdsandaeroplanesflyingintheskyarenot formedon theground.Theumbra region is too small toreach thegroundandpenumbra is too largeandfaint tobeseen(seeFig.12.11).

2. (a)As the earth revolves around the sun, it sometimes happensthatthesun,themoonandtheearthareinastraightline,withthemooninbetween.Thentheshadowofthemoonfallsonaportionoftheearthandthisisknownasasolareclipse.SeeFig.12.14.

(b)Apinholecameraisanopaquerectangularboxwithatinyhole—pinhole—inthecentreofoneofitsfaces.Thefaceoppositetothepinholeactsasthescreen.Ifaphotographicplateisfixedonthescreen,theimageofanobjectkeptinfrontofthepinholecanberecordedpermanently.SeeFig.12.18

(c)As themoonmoves around the earth, it sometimes comes ina straight line with the sun and the earth, with the earth inbetween.Then the shadowof theearth fallson themoonandthisisknownasalunareclipse.SeeFig.12.14.

3. Theshape,sizeandnatureofashadowdependsonthefollowing: (a)Angleatwhichlightfallsonanobject (b)Sizeoftheobjectandthesource (c)Distancebetweentheobjectandthelightsource (d)Distancebetweenthescreenandtheobject Refertopage128fordetails F. 1. Camera 2. Luminousobject 3. Transparentobject 4. PenumbraHOTS: 1. Lunar eclipse occurswhen the sun, earth, andmoon are aligned

withtheearthinthemiddlesothattheearthblocksthesun’sraysfromstrikingthemoon.Hence,alunareclipsecanonlyoccurthenight of a fullmoon. Themoon orbits the earth every 29.5 days

butstilllunareclipsedoesnotoccuronceamonth.Thisisbecausethemoon’s orbit around earth is actually tipped about 5degreestoearth’sorbitaroundthesun.Thusthemoonspendsmostofthetimeeitheraboveorbelowtheplaneofearth’sorbit.Andtheearth’sshadowslieexactlyinthesameplane.DuringFullMoon,themoonusually passes above or below earth’s shadows andmisses thementirely.Sonoeclipsetakesplace.Buttwotothreetimeseachyear,theMoonpassesthroughsomeportionoftheearth’spenumbralorumbralshadowsandoneoftheabovethreetypesofeclipsesoccurs.

2. When we put any object in between the light source it forms ashadowof thatobject, thecloser theobject is to thesourceof thelight,themorelightitblocksout,soitsshadowisbigger.Butiftheobjectisfurtheraway,itdoesnotblockoutmuchlight,andsotheshadowissmaller.

3. [Hint:Itreflectssunlight] 4. [Hint:Toavoidfanaticofshadows] 5. Someamountoflightisreflectedbackbythewindowpaen.

Electricity13Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Lightning (ii) Whatiselectricity? (iii) Atom—electrons,protonsandneutrons (iv) Electriccharge—positiveandnegative (v) Conductorsandinsulators (vi) ElectriccircuitinourhomePre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofelectriccurrentandthedirectioninwhichitflows;howelectricityreachesourhouse.Teaching Aids: Writing board, marker or chalks, duster, mini movablelaboratory,projector,electricwire,battery,andelectricbulbMethod of Teaching: Thefollowingtopicwillbetaughtintheclass: (i) Whatiselectricity? (ii) Electric charge—There are two types of charges, positive (+) and

negative (–). (iii) Conductorsandinsulatorsandtheirexamples. (iv) Fromwherewegetelectricityforourhomes? (v) Whatisbattery?Combinationofcellsformsabattery. (vi) Workingofelectrictorch.

(vii)Whatarethepropertiesoftungstenwireinanelectricbulb?Recapitulation: Torevisewholechapter,somedemonstrationtoshowtheflowofchange,lightningofbulbandelectriccircuitswillbeexplainedbriefly.Home Assignment (A) From textbook (i) PartA,B,C,Dallquestionsaretobeanswered. (ii) PartEallquestions. (iii) Hotsquestions1and2. (B) Extra Questions (i) Classifythegivenobjectsasconductorsandinsulators. (a) copper (b) wood (c) Iron (d) plastic (e) rubber (f) cloth (g)glass (h) silver. (ii) Completeanelectric circuit ifyouaregivesanelectricwire,dry

cell,keyandelectricbulb. (iii)Whydoeselectriccurrentflowfrompositivetonegativeterminal?

AnswersPage 139 1. atoms 2. nucleus 3. electrons 4. electricity 5. conductorsPage 142 1. cell 2.refrigerator 3.copper 4.plastic

Exercises A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a B. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a C. 1. Complete 2. two 3. tungsten 4. chemical D. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c E. 1. Theatomisneutral 2. No 3. Theyrepel 4. Copper 5. Plastic 6. Electrons F. 1. Adrycellstoreschemicals,whichreactandproduceelectricity.This

runstheelectricaldevices. 2. Electric current is the movement or flow of electrically charged

particlesorelectricchargesorelectrons. 3. Toavoidelectricshocks 4. Electricityisgeneratedinvariouspowerstations—byburningcoal,

fromnaturalgas,fromwaterbybuildingdamsinrivers,fromwindpower,fromsolarenergy.

5. (a)Conductors allow electrons to flow through them. Electronsmovefromoneatomtothenext,andthisishowelectricityflows.

(b)Electric current enters through one terminal and comes outthroughtheotherterminal,thuscompletingthecircuit.

(c)Tungsten is the most temperature resistant material known.Whenthisfilamentbecomesveryhot,itemitslight.

G. 1. Refertopg141andFig13.10foranswer. 2. Refertopg142andFig13.14foranswer. 3. Refertopg140andFig13.8foranswer. 4. [Hint:Fusedbuld,faultybatteryandbrokenwire] H. c.HOTS: 1. Plasticcannotconductelectricitysowecannotmakeaconducting

wirefromplastic.Coppercannotworkasinsulator. 2. Openswitchmeansthecircuitisopen. 3. Thechemicalreactionisreversedwhilecharging.

Magnetism14Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Theuniquepropertyofastonewhichattractstheironsticktowards

itself. (ii) Magnetism (iii) Magneticandnon-magneticsubstances (iv) Typeofmagnets (v) Propertiesofmagnets (vi) Magneticneedle (vii) Earth’smagneticfield (viii)Temporaryandpermanentmagnets (ix) Demagnetization (x) ElectromagnetsPre-requisite Knowledge: The students shouldhave thebasicknowledgeofmagnets,magneticsubstances,theirpolesandmagneticneedlewhichtheyhavestudiedintheirpreviousclasses.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,minimovablelaboratory,smart-board/projector,pointer,barmagnetsandcompass.Method of Teaching: Thefollowingtopicswillbetaughtintheclass: (i) Magnetic and Non-magnetic substances (ii) Type of magnets (a)Naturalmagnets (b) Artificialmagnets (iii) Properties of magnets (a)Theyattachmagneticsubstanceslikeiron (b)Theyhavetwopoles—NorthpoleandSouthpole (c) Polesexistinpair (d)Unlikepolesattractandlikepolesrepel. (iv) Magnetic lines of force (v) Temporary and permanent magnets (vi) Electromagnet (vii) Uses of magnetsRecapitulation: Allthetopicstaughtintheclasswillberepeatedusingsmart

board/projector involving the students. If any one of the students does notunderstandwellthenheorshewillbetaughtagainintheclass.Home Assignment: (A) From texTbook (i) PartA,B,CandDallquestionsaretobeanswered. (ii)HotquestionsNo.1,2,3 (B) Extra Questions (i) In which direction a bar magnet will point out if it is freshly

suspendedparalleltotheearth? (ii) Howwouldyoumakeanartificialmagnet? (iii)Writethepropertiesofamagnet. (iv)Whataretheusesofamagnet?

AnswersPage 147—1. Barmagnet; Cylindricalmagnet; Discmagnet Horseshoemagnet; Magneticneedle 2. N–M; N–M; N–M; M; N–M; MPage 149— 1.magneticsubstances 2.magnet 3.north-south 4.poles 5.pairs 6.repelPage 152—1.Magneticfield 2.minerals 3.north-south 4.magnet 5.electromagnet 6.northpole Exercises A. 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10.c 11.a 12.c B. 1. cannot2. south 3. less 4. temporary 5. steel 6. Temporary 7. decreases C. 1. Theyeitherrepeleachotherorattract. 2. steel 3. Itwilldemagnetize 4. Lodestone D. 1. i. Amagnetattractsamagneticsubstance. ii. Afreelysuspendedmagnetshowsnorth-southdirection. iii. Eachmagnethastwopoles,northandsouth. iv. Likepolesrepelandunlikepolesattracteachother. 2. Refertopg152foranswer. 3. Amagnetcanbedemagnetized: i. ifhammeredordropped; ii. if

heated,iii.ifnotstoredproperly. 4. Temporary magnets are formed when electric current is passed

throughmagneticmaterials.Theyarecalledelectromagnets. E. 1. Refertopg151foranswer. 2. Refertopg148foranswer. 3. Refertopg151foranswer. 4. Magnets are used to lift heavy loads and to separate magnetic

materials from othermaterials. They are used in telephones, TVsets,etc.

F. A.HOTS: 1. No. 2. No.Wecanmakeourownmagnetby (i) rubbingamagnetover

a magnetic material or (ii) by passing electric current around amagneticmaterial.

3. Itsneedlewillshowdeflection. 4. [Hint:Repulsionisthesuretestofmagnets]

Rain, Thunder and Lightning15Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Necessityandimportanceofrain (ii) Changeofstateofwater (iii) Evaporationandcondensation (iv) Watercycle (v) Howcloudsareformed? (vi) Whatislightning? (vii) Whatisthundering?Pre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsshouldbeawareofwaterharvesting,importanceofwater,formationofcloudsandhowthunderingoccursinrainyseason.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalks,dustercharts,minimovablelaboratory,smart-boardorprojectorandpointer.Method of Teaching: Inthebeginningofthelesson,thefollowingtopicswillbetaughtaftergivingtheprimaryknowledge. (i) Importance of rain (ii) State of water (a)Iceassolidstate (b)Steamasgaseousstate (c) Evaporationandcondensationandmelting (d) Water cycling—Circulationofwaterinnature (e) Lightning—Reasonoflightning (f) Thundering—Whentheboltsuddenlyheatstheairaroundit,the

airinstantlyexpandssendingoutavibrationorwaveandweheartheexplosionsoundcalledthunder.Thetemperaturereachesfrom30,000to50,000degreesF.

Recapitulation: Theabove topics taught in theclasswillberevisedwith thehelpofprojector.Incaseofanyproblem,whichthestudentsnormallyface,willbesolvedimmediately.

Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) PartA,B,CandD,allquestionsaretobeanswered. (ii) PartF,questionNo.1and2. (B) Extra Questions (i) Whyisthewaternecessaryinlife? (ii) Whatiswatercycling? (iii)Differentiatebetweenevaporationandcondensation? (iv)Whatisthundering? (v) Whatiswaterharvesting?

AnswersPage 159— 1.a.evaporation b. condensation c. boilingpoint d.Watercycle 2. i.rain, ii.fog Exercises A. 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10.c 11.c 12. b B. 1. a 2. a C. 1. Condensationandevaporation D. 1. dew 2. yes 3. hailstorm E. 1. Seaandoceanwaterissalty. 2. The rain water which falls on the land surface passes through

differentlayersoftheearthandgetsstoredunderthegroundandthiswateriscalledgroundwater.

3. Refertopg159,Table15.2foranswer. 4. In freezing liquid state gets convevted into solid while in

condensationgaseousstategetsconveirtedintoliquid. 5. Waterinlakes,ponds,riversandsoilgetsheatedupbythesunand

turnstowatervapour.Vapours,beinglighterreachhighupinthesky. There they cool down and form clouds.Condensation takesplace,andwatercomesdownonearthintheformofrainfillingupthewaterbodiesthusbringingbackthelostwaterfromthewaterbodies.ThiscirculationofwaterinnatureiscalledWatercycle.

F. 1. Refertopg161,foranswer. 2. Groundwaterisalsooftenwithdrawnbyboringpipes,pumpsand

wellsforagricultural,domesticandindustrialuse.Thusthiswatergetsusedupandthewatertablegoesdown.Groundwaterisrechargednaturallybyrainandsnowmeltwhenwatermovesdownwardfromsurfacetoundertheground.Ifthereislackofrain,groundwaterisnot recharged and hence, the level of groundwater depletes. Thiscausesscarcityofpotablewaterandmakesourlifeuncomfortable.

G. c;becausewindinblowingveryfast.HOTS: 1. [Hint:Earthenpotshelpinevaporationofwater] 2. Ifthewatercycleisdisturbedtherewillbeeitherexceesofrainfall

orscarcityofrainfall.Excessofrainmayleadtovariousproblemslike(i)riseinthelevelofwaterinrivers,lakesandoceansspreadingovercoastalareasandsubmergingtheplains;(ii)agriculturalfields,towns, cities and villagesmay also get submerged inwater; (iv)damagetocrops,lossofproperty,lossofhumanlifeandanimals.

Ontheotherhandifitdoesnotrainforayearortwo:(i)thesoilbecomesabsolutelydryandthisaffectstheplantlife;(ii)thereislossinvegetationandanimallifeisalsoaffected;(iii)thereisscarcityoffood; (iv)aterbodies likeponds, lakes,seasonalrivers,wellsandriversdryoutandharmstheaqaticlife;(v)thelevelofgroundwaterdepletes which causes scarcity of potable water making our lifeuncomfortable.

3. Lightningisasparkorstreakofelectricalchargeseenduringheavyshowers.Lightningboltsareextremelyhot,withtemperature30,000to50,000degreesF.Whentheboltsuddenlyheatstheairaroundit,theairinstantlyexpands.Thissendsoutavibrationorwaveandweheartheexplosionofsound.Thisisthunder.

4. Lightningoccursintheskyduetoelectricityproducedbecauseofthetransferofelectricchargesbetweenclouds.Electricalcharges—positive and negative—build up on the surface of objects beingrubbed.Whenbroughtneareachother, twothingswithdifferentchargesattractorpulleachotherandthosehavingthesamechargerepelorpushawayfromeachother.Electronsmovefromoneatomtothenext,andthisishowelectricityflows.Aconductorallowstheelectriccurrenttoflowthroughit.Theycarrythecurrentfromthesourceandlightabulb,andmakeourmachinerywork.

5. Evaporationisfasterwhenairblowsandtemperatureishighandboththethingsaremadeuseofinahairdryer.

6. [Hint:Theaircomingfromyourbodygetscondensedwhencomesincontactwiththecoldwindowpane.]

Natural Resources16Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Resourcesofwater (ii) Whatistheimportanceofair (iii) Componentsofair

(iv) Wateranditsimportance (v) Weallaredependentonwater (vi) SavingofenergyPre-requisite Knowledge: The students must have the basic knowledge ofimportanceofwaterandlife is impossiblewithoutwater.Howtherainwaterharvestingisdone.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,markerorchalk,duster,charts,minimovablelaboratory,projector/smart-boardandthepointer.Method of Teaching: Initiallythefundamentalconceptofthechapterwillbeexplainedandthenthefollowingtopicswillbediscussedintheclass. (i) Renewable and non-renewable resources: Sun,windandwateraretherenewablesourceswhereasmineralsand

fossilfuelsarethenon-renewablesourcesofenergy. (ii) Whyshouldwesaveenergy—energyshouldbeconserved. (iii) Rainwaterharvestingisdonebycollectingrainwaterandconservingit

conserved. (iv) Whathappenswhenitrainsheavilyandwhathappenswhenitdoes

notrainforalongtime. (v) Sources of water—Lakeandponds,riversandgroundwater. (vi) Components of air:Aircontainsabout78%nitrogen,21%oxygenand

0.03%carbondioxideandothergases.Recapitulation: Thewhole chapterwill be revised involving the students inbrief and if any student faces any problem, thatwill immediately be solvedduringthediscussion.Home Assignment (A) From Textbook (i) Mentiontwousesofwater. (ii) Differentiatebetweenrenewableandnon-renewablesourcesand

giveexample. (iii) Givethepercentageofthecomponentsofair. (iv) Mentionanyfourthingsthatwegetfromsea-water. (v) Wearedependentonwater.Why? (vi) Definetranspirationofwater. (vii)Rainwateractsasnaturalsprinklerforirrigation.Explainit. (B) Extra Questions (i) Whataretheusesofwater? (ii) Whatdoyoumeanbyharvestingthewater?Activity: Prepareachartfor18hoursinaday,howmanylitresofwateryouhaveused?

AnswersPage 169—1. 78percent,21percent,0.03percent 2. supports 3. extinguishes 4. oxygencycle 5. carbondioxidePage 171— 1. i.Fordrinking ii.forhouseholdactivitieslikewashingcleaning,bathing,etc. iii.forgerminationofseeds.iv.bygreenplantstomanufacturefood. v.aquaticplantsandanimalsliveinwater. 2. Rivers,lakes,oceans,seasandsprings. 3. Wells,spring, 4. Lakes,ponds,riversandsprings 5. Oceans,seas 6. Seawatergivesussalt,seagivesusawidevarietyofseafood;we

getmagnesium– ametal andbromine–anonmetal from sea,wealsousetidesatseatoproduceelectricity.

Exercises A. 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. b B. 1. atmosphere 2. nonrenewable 3. salty 4. electricity 5. drought C. 1. Nitrogen 2. Carbondioxide 3. Rainwater 4. Imperviousrock 5. Transpiration 6.Rainwaterharvesting D. 1. Air contains about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.03% carbon

dioxideandtracesofothergases. 2. Quitealotofwaterisneededtosustaincrops.Cropsneedwaterto

carryoutphotosynthesis;totransportfoodandothermaterialsintheplantbodyandtodrawmineralsfromthesoil.Rootsoftheplantstakewaterfromthesoilwhichhelpstheplanttoliveandgrow.

3. Refertogogreeninpage173and174foranswer. 4. Takesomesoilandputitinaglassofwater.Youwillsoonobserve

bubblesofaircomingup. 5. Theinterparticlespaceinsoilgetsfilledwithwaterduringrains. 6. Carbondioxideisusedbyplantstomakefoodandithelpsmaintaing

theatmospherictemperature 7. Theybreaththedissolvedoxygeninwater. E. 1. Refertopage166and167foranswer. 2. Thethickblanketofairthatsurroundstheearthiscalledtheatmosphere.

Between16and20kilometresfromthesurfaceofearththereisalayerofgascalledozone.Thislayerdoesnotallowultravioletraystoentertheearth’ssurfacefromthesun.Ultravioletraysareharmfultousastheycancauseskincancer,eyeproblemandotherskindiseases.

3. Refertopage173and174foranswer.HOTS: Refertogothislinkforanswer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer

Waste Management17Objectives: The students should have the knowledge of: (i) Howtosolvetheburningproblemrelatedtothemanagementofwaste

materials? (ii) Sourcesofwastes (iii) Wastesandtheirtypes (iv) HazardscreatedbypolybagsPre-requisite Knowledge: Thestudentsshouldhavetheknowledgeofdifferentkindsofwastematerials.Polybagsarebecomingagreatprobleminthesocietyandtheyshouldknowhowitcouldbesolved.Teaching Aids: Writingboard,marker,chalk,dusterminimovablelaboratory,charts,smart-board/projectorandpointer.Teaching Method: In the beginning of the lesson a little knowledge of thecontents studied inprevious classeswill begiven.Then the following topicswillbediscussedindetails. (i) Sources of wastes: Household, agriculture, industries, hospitals,

laboratoriesandbiomass. (ii) Types of wastes: (a)Biodegradable (b)Non-biodegradable (iii) ThestudentswillbegivenstrictdirectionsthatsayNOtopolybags.

Plasticscanberecycledbutwehavelimitedsourcestoendit. •Theychockthepitsanddrains •Whenanimalstakein,theydie.Recapitulation: Theabovetaughtsub-topicswillberevisedintheclassinbriefandtheproblemsofthestudentsifany,willbesolved.Home Assignments: (A) From textbook (i) Whatisvermicomposting? (ii) Whatisrecycling? (iii) Whataretheproblemsthatariseduetoaccumulationofwastesin

oursurroundings? (iv) Howarethepolybagsharmfultous? (B) Extra Questions: (i) Howarebiodegradablewastesdecomposed? (ii) Howcanyoubestmanagethewastes?

AnswersPage 178 1. householdactivities,industrialactivities 2. peelsandwrappers 3. rottenleaves,deadplants 4. toxicfumesandchemicals 5. givesfoulsmell,spreadsdiseasesPage 179 1. vegetablepeel,paper,naturalfibre,deadplantsandanimals,rottenleaves 2. plastic,syntheticfibre,metalsandmetalfoils,ceramics,polythenesheet

orbags

Exercises A. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d B. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. c C. Household waste; community dustbin; sorting and segregating;

landfills recycling remoulding D. 1. Decomposition 2. Nonbiodegradable 3. Landfill 4. Gizzard 5. Reduce 6. Intestine E. 1. Itpollutestheenvironment. 2. Unused,uselessandunwantedthingsthatcontinuouslygetpiled

upintheenvironmentarecalledwastes. 3. Peelingvegetables,usingpackagedmaterial,sweepingandcleaning,

usingpolybagsandotherdisposablematerials. 4. The method of converting biodegradable waste into a useful

product is called composting.Compost is a valuable soil formedby decomposition of organic plant matter. It is good for crops.Compostingisagoodmethodofhandlingwaste.

5. Theprocessofcompostingcanbeenhancedbyvermicomposting.Italsoaddsmorenutrientstothesoil.

6. Earthwormsploughthesoilbytunnelingthroughit.Thisprovidesthesoilwithpassagewaysthroughwhichairandwatercancirculateand plant roots can penetrate it. Earthworm droppings—calledcastings when deposited atop the ground—are rich in nitrogen,calcium,magnesium,andphosphorus,andtheseareallimportantnutrientsforhealthy,prosperingecosystems.

F. 1. Unused,uselessandunwantedthingscontinuouslygetpiledupintheenvironment—industbins,onroads, inparksinwaterbodiesandvariousotherplaces—spoilingtheenvironment.Accumulationofwasteinplacesgivesitabadlook;whenthewastematerialrots,it

givesafoulsmellmakingtheenvironmentunfitforliving;garbagegatheredforalongtimeinvitemosquitoesandflieswhichspreaddiseases;disposalofwastewaterinwaterbodiescancausesevereproblemstowaterbodiesandaquatic life.Hencetheyneedtobedisposedofsafely.

2. Wastes like vegetable peels can be used tomake compost. Referto group activity 3, page 180, for how tomake compost.Wasteslikeoldnewspapers,magazinesandoldnotebookscanbesoldtokabariwalasforrecycling.Reusingalsoreduceswastages.Aplasticor ametal bottle can be used to store various food items. Toothbrushescanbeusedtoclean.Brokenbucketscanbeusedtogrowsmallplants.Emptybottlesandboxescanbeconvertedintovariousitemsofdecorationandusefulitems.

HOTS: 1. Deadbodieswouldkeeppilingupontheearthandeatupthespace.Theycanbeburntoavoidpilingup.

2. Poorly managed landfills pollute the local environment andcontaminatethesail.

Ifwedon’thavelandfillsthenwecan 1. burnthewaste 2. digapitandburrythewasteunderground 3. Dumpthewasteunderneaththesealed.

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