1 ecology. lesson objectives bio 2.1 and bio 2.2 bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2...

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1

EcologyEcology

Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2

Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2

• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their environments

• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy

• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms

• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships

• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems

• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact

• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices

• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their environments

• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy

• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms

• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships

• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems

• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact

• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices 2

3

What is Ecology???What is Ecology???•study of how living things interact with each other and the environment

•Science of relationships

•study of how living things interact with each other and the environment

•Science of relationships

4

Organisms, Habitat & Niche

Organisms, Habitat & Niche

• Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment

• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives

• Niche is the role an organism plays in the environment

• Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment

• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives

• Niche is the role an organism plays in the environment

5

HabitatHabitatOne habitat might contain

hundreds or even thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species

of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other

species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms.

One habitat might contain hundreds or even

thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species

of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other

species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms.

6

NicheNicheYou might think that

competition for resources would make it impossible for so many

species to live in the same habitat. However,

each species has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own

niche. An organism’s niche is its role in its environment – how it

obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its

young, and avoids danger.

You might think that competition for

resources would make it impossible for so many

species to live in the same habitat. However,

each species has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own

niche. An organism’s niche is its role in its environment – how it

obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its

young, and avoids danger.

7

Biotic Factors:Biotic Factors:

• All the LIVING aspects of an environment.

• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

• All the LIVING aspects of an environment.

• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

8

Abiotic Factors: Abiotic

Factors: • the NONLIVING parts of an

organism’s environment.• Examples: air currents,

temperature, moisture, light, and soil

• the NONLIVING parts of an organism’s environment.

• Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture,

light, and soil

9

Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic

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Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

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What are the Simplest Levels?

What are the Simplest Levels?

•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•Organ Organ

SystemSystem•OrganismOrganism

•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•Organ Organ

SystemSystem•OrganismOrganism

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized

the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..

• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..

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Section 3-1

Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization

“Organism”

Organism

Population

Community

Biosphere

Ecosystem

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11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization•Organism: Organism:

An An individualindividual living thing that living thing that is is mademade of of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops

•Organism: Organism: An An individualindividual living thing that living thing that is is mademade of of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops

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22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization• Population:Population:

A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the the same speciessame species, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same timesame time

• Produce fertile Produce fertile offspringoffspring

• Compete with each Compete with each other for other for resources (food, resources (food, mates, shelter, mates, shelter, etc.)etc.)

• Population:Population:A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the the same speciessame species, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same timesame time

• Produce fertile Produce fertile offspringoffspring

• Compete with each Compete with each other for other for resources (food, resources (food, mates, shelter, mates, shelter, etc.)etc.)

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33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Biological Biological

Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.

•Biological Biological Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.

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44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization•Ecosystem:Ecosystem:

Populations of Populations of ALL ALL bioticbiotic and and abioticabiotic things things that that interact with interact with each other in a each other in a given areagiven area. .

• Terrestrial=LanTerrestrial=Landd

• Aquatic=WaterAquatic=Water

•Ecosystem:Ecosystem: Populations of Populations of ALL ALL bioticbiotic and and abioticabiotic things things that that interact with interact with each other in a each other in a given areagiven area. .

• Terrestrial=LanTerrestrial=Landd

• Aquatic=WaterAquatic=Water

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55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization

•Biome:Biome:group of group of Ecosystems Ecosystems that have the that have the same climatesame climate

•Biome:Biome:group of group of Ecosystems Ecosystems that have the that have the same climatesame climate

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66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization

•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of EarthEarth that that supports supports LIFELIFE!!!!

•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of EarthEarth that that supports supports LIFELIFE!!!!

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What level of What level of organization?organization?What level of What level of organization?organization?

OrganismOrganism

25

What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

PopulationPopulation

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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

CommunityCommunity

Ecology RecapEcology Recap

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4

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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

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Energy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy Flow

• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem originally in an ecosystem originally comes from the suncomes from the sun

• Energy flows through Ecosystems Energy flows through Ecosystems from from producerproducer to to consumersconsumers

• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem originally in an ecosystem originally comes from the suncomes from the sun

• Energy flows through Ecosystems Energy flows through Ecosystems from from producerproducer to to consumersconsumers

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PRODUCER Organisms that Organisms that

can make can make glucose during glucose during photosynthesis photosynthesis

aka: AUTOTROPHS

PRODUCER Organisms that Organisms that

can make can make glucose during glucose during photosynthesis photosynthesis

aka: AUTOTROPHS

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PhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophProducers CAPTURE Energy from Producers CAPTURE Energy from

the sun by:the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere

•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere

Producers CAPTURE Energy from Producers CAPTURE Energy from the sun by:the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere

•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere

AlgaeAlgae

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The energy that is NOT The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can used by PRODUCERS can

bebe PASSED PASSED on to on to organisms that cannot organisms that cannot make their own energy make their own energy

known as the known as the CONSUMERCONSUMERAKA: HeterotrophAKA: Heterotroph

The energy that is NOT The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can used by PRODUCERS can

bebe PASSED PASSED on to on to organisms that cannot organisms that cannot make their own energy make their own energy

known as the known as the CONSUMERCONSUMERAKA: HeterotrophAKA: Heterotroph

PRODUCER CONSUMER

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CONSUMERSCONSUMERS that that EATEAT PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to get to get ENERGY ENERGY are called:are called:

CONSUMERSCONSUMERS that that EATEAT PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to get to get ENERGY ENERGY are called:are called:

•Primary Consumers (aka: 1st Order Consumers)EX: Herbivores (plant-eaters)

•Primary Consumers (aka: 1st Order Consumers)EX: Herbivores (plant-eaters)

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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumersHeterotrophs eat Heterotrophs eat

other other organisms to organisms to

obtain energy. obtain energy. 1) 1) HerbivoresHerbivores

– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY PlantsPlants

2) 2) CarnivoresCarnivores– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY

Other Other AnimalsAnimals

Heterotrophs eat Heterotrophs eat other other

organisms to organisms to obtain energy. obtain energy.

1) 1) HerbivoresHerbivores– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY

PlantsPlants2) 2) CarnivoresCarnivores

– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY Other Other AnimalsAnimals

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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumers3) 3) OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)

– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals4) 4) Detritivores Detritivores

(Scavengers)(Scavengers)– Feed On Dead PlantFeed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains & Animal Remains

(EX: buzzards)(EX: buzzards)5) 5) DecomposersDecomposers

– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria

3) 3) OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals

4) 4) Detritivores Detritivores (Scavengers)(Scavengers)– Feed On Dead PlantFeed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains & Animal Remains

(EX: buzzards)(EX: buzzards)5) 5) DecomposersDecomposers

– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria

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A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS another another CONSUMERCONSUMER for for

ENERGYENERGY are called: are called:

A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS another another CONSUMERCONSUMER for for

ENERGYENERGY are called: are called:

• Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers (aka: 2(aka: 2ndnd Order Order Consumer)Consumer)

May be a:May be a:

-carnivore-carnivore

--omnivoreomnivore

-predator-predator

-scavenger-scavenger

• Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers (aka: 2(aka: 2ndnd Order Order Consumer)Consumer)

May be a:May be a:

-carnivore-carnivore

--omnivoreomnivore

-predator-predator

-scavenger-scavenger

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A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS a a CONSUMERCONSUMER that that ALREADYALREADY

ate a ate a CONSUMER CONSUMER for for ENERGYENERGY are called:are called:

A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS a a CONSUMERCONSUMER that that ALREADYALREADY

ate a ate a CONSUMER CONSUMER for for ENERGYENERGY are called:are called:• Tertiary ConsumerTertiary Consumer

(aka: 3(aka: 3rdrd Order Consumer) Order Consumer)May be a: May be a:

-carnivore-carnivore

-omnivore-omnivore

-predator-predator

-scavenger-scavenger

• Tertiary ConsumerTertiary Consumer

(aka: 3(aka: 3rdrd Order Consumer) Order Consumer)May be a: May be a:

-carnivore-carnivore

-omnivore-omnivore

-predator-predator

-scavenger-scavenger

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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships

ENERGYENERGY flows through flows through an ecosystem in an ecosystem in ONEONE DIRECTIONDIRECTION from from PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to to various levels of various levels of CONSUMERSCONSUMERS

ENERGYENERGY flows through flows through an ecosystem in an ecosystem in ONEONE DIRECTIONDIRECTION from from PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to to various levels of various levels of CONSUMERSCONSUMERS

39

Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships• Food ChainFood Chain

– SIMPLESIMPLE path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY (organisms are less ENERGY (organisms are less likely to survive)likely to survive)

• Food WebFood Web– COMPLEXCOMPLEX path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY that is made up of ENERGY that is made up of many food chains (organism many food chains (organism more likely to survive)more likely to survive)

• Food ChainFood Chain– SIMPLESIMPLE path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY (organisms are less ENERGY (organisms are less likely to survive)likely to survive)

• Food WebFood Web– COMPLEXCOMPLEX path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY that is made up of ENERGY that is made up of many food chains (organism many food chains (organism more likely to survive)more likely to survive)

40

ProducerProducer (trapped (trapped sunlight & sunlight & stored stored food)food)

11stst order order ConsumeConsumerr

22ndnd Order Order ConsumConsumerer

33rdrd Order Order consumconsumerer

44thth Order Order ConsumConsumerer

41

Name the Producer & Consumers in this Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain:food chain:

Name the Producer & Consumers in this Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain:food chain:

Main source of Main source of ENERGYENERGY

ProducerProducerPrimary Primary ConsumConsumerer

Secondary Secondary ConsumerConsumer

Tertiary Tertiary ConsumConsumerer

42

Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in Consumers & Decomposers in

this food chain:this food chain:

Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in Consumers & Decomposers in

this food chain:this food chain:

ProduceProducerr

RAT:1RAT:1stst order order ConsumeConsumerr

CAT:2CAT:2ndnd Order Order ConsumConsumerer

Mushroom:Mushroom:

DecomposerDecomposer

43

Food WebFood WebFood WebFood Web

Producers

Primary consumers - Herbivores

Secondary & Tertiary consumers – Carnivores & Omnivores

44

Identify the Producers, Consumers, Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:& Decomposers:

Identify the Producers, Consumers, Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:& Decomposers:

Count the Count the Food Food

Chains!Chains!

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Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsEach Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a

Trophic LevelTrophic Level• ProducersProducers

Always the Always the FIRSTFIRST Trophic Level Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System

• HerbivoresHerbivoresSECONDSECOND Trophic Level Trophic Level

• Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores– Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsMake Up The Remaining Trophic Levels

Each level depends on the one below Each level depends on the one below it for energy.it for energy.

Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic LevelTrophic Level

• ProducersProducersAlways the Always the FIRSTFIRST Trophic Level Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System

• HerbivoresHerbivoresSECONDSECOND Trophic Level Trophic Level

• Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores– Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsMake Up The Remaining Trophic Levels

Each level depends on the one below Each level depends on the one below it for energy.it for energy.

46

Food Chains Show Available Food Chains Show Available EnergyEnergy

Food Chains Show Available Food Chains Show Available EnergyEnergy

47

Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsGraphic Representations Of The Graphic Representations Of The

Relative Amounts of Energy or Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic LevelMatter At Each Trophic Level

May be:May be:

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Graphic Representations Of The Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic LevelMatter At Each Trophic Level

May be:May be:

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

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Energy Pyramids ShowEnergy Pyramids Show Energy Pyramids ShowEnergy Pyramids Show • Amount of available Amount of available

energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers

• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain

• It takes a It takes a largelarge number number of of producersproducers to support to support a a smallsmall number of number of primary consumersprimary consumers

• It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to support a small to support a small number of secondary number of secondary consumersconsumers

• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers

• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain

• It takes a It takes a largelarge number number of of producersproducers to support to support a a smallsmall number of number of primary consumersprimary consumers

• It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to support a small to support a small number of secondary number of secondary consumersconsumers

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Energy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

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51

Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

52

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level.

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Ecology“Symbiotic

Relationships”

Ecology“Symbiotic

Relationships”

54

SymbiosisSymbiosisNot all relationships among organisms

involve food. Many organisms live

together and share resources in other ways. Any close

relationship between species is called symbiosis.

Not all relationships among organisms

involve food. Many organisms live

together and share resources in other ways. Any close

relationship between species is called symbiosis.

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CompetitionCompetition

Competition – A symbiotic relationship in which both

species are harmed.

Competition – A symbiotic relationship in which both

species are harmed.

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CompetitionEX: Flowering Plants

CompetitionEX: Flowering Plants

The two

flowering

plants are

competing

for the

same space

BOTH

of them are

HARMED

The two

flowering

plants are

competing

for the

same space

BOTH

of them are

HARMED

57

Competition EX: Kudzu

Competition EX: Kudzu

Uses the same

space and

resources at the

same time!!

It “out competes”

other native plants

so they don’t have

a place to grow.

Uses the same

space and

resources at the

same time!!

It “out competes”

other native plants

so they don’t have

a place to grow.

58

MutualismMutualism

Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both

species benefit.

Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both

species benefit.

59

MutualismEX: Cowbirds and Large Animals

MutualismEX: Cowbirds and Large Animals

The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from having the parasites removed from

them. The birds can also warn them of danger.

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MutualismEX: Bees and Pollen

MutualismEX: Bees and Pollen

Bees receive nectar from the flowers in

order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect

pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate

it by dusting the pollen on the flowers

stamen.

Bees receive nectar from the flowers in

order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect

pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate

it by dusting the pollen on the flowers

stamen.

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Mutualism EX: Cleaner Shrimp

Mutualism EX: Cleaner Shrimp

These shrimp set uplarge cleaning stationson the reef where fishwill come to haveparasites picked fromtheir skin. The shrimpgets a constant foodsource and the fish(eel in this case) getsrid of potentiallydangerous parasites

These shrimp set uplarge cleaning stationson the reef where fishwill come to haveparasites picked fromtheir skin. The shrimpgets a constant foodsource and the fish(eel in this case) getsrid of potentiallydangerous parasites

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MutualismEX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules

MutualismEX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules

Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen

and the bacteria get food from the plant.

Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen

and the bacteria get food from the plant.

63

Mutualism EX: Ant and Aphid

Mutualism EX: Ant and Aphid

Ants protect the aphids while they eat on the plants. The aphids provide the ants with honeydew that they secrete.

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Commensalism Commensalism

Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the

other is not affected.

Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the

other is not affected.

65

CommensalismEX: Clown Fish and Sea

Anemones

CommensalismEX: Clown Fish and Sea

Anemones

The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones

tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the

sea anemone gets nothing.

66

CommensalismEX: Shark and Remora

CommensalismEX: Shark and Remora

The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may

leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets

nothing.

67

ParasitismParasitism

Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one

organism benefits but the other is harmed.

Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one

organism benefits but the other is harmed.

68

ParasitismEX: Tapeworms and Humans

ParasitismEX: Tapeworms and Humans

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ParasitismEX: Ticks

ParasitismEX: Ticks

Parasites rarely kill their

hosts because to do so

would ultimately harm

the parasite!

Parasites rarely kill their

hosts because to do so

would ultimately harm

the parasite!

70

ParasitismEX: Ticks

ParasitismEX: Ticks

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Parasitism EX: CowbirdsParasitism

EX: CowbirdsCowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest)in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets MOST of the food. Thisis because the fosterbirds tend to feed thelargest mouth. TheCowbird benefits andthe other species isHARMED.

Cowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest)in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets MOST of the food. Thisis because the fosterbirds tend to feed thelargest mouth. TheCowbird benefits andthe other species isHARMED.

72

PredationPredation

Predation – A symbiotic relationship in which one

organism benefits but the other is killed.

Predation – A symbiotic relationship in which one

organism benefits but the other is killed.

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Predator and PreyPredator and Prey

An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it

finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is

the organism that is captured by the predator.

An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it

finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is

the organism that is captured by the predator.

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Predator and Prey Predator and Prey

The deer is being eaten by the python. It

is prey.

The python has captured and is eating the deer.

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Predator and PreyPredator and Prey

PredatorPrey

76

PredationPredation

Predator: Spider Prey: Insect Predator: Snake Prey: Mouse

77

Predator/Prey RelationshipPredator/Prey Relationship

The presence of predators usually

increases the number of different species that

can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size of prey populations. As a

result, food and other resources are less

likely to become scarce, and competition

between species is reduced.

The presence of predators usually

increases the number of different species that

can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size of prey populations. As a

result, food and other resources are less

likely to become scarce, and competition

between species is reduced.

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Benefits Harmed Killed Not Affected

Competition XXMutualism XXCommensalism X XParasitism X XPredation X X

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Cycles of Matter

Cycles of Matter

80

CO2 inAtmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

Section 3-3 The Carbon Cycle

81

4 main CARBON reservoirs

in BIOSPHERE

4 main CARBON reservoirs

in BIOSPHERECO2 inatmosphere

CO2 inOcean

1.In the____________ as CO2 gas 2.In the _______ as dissolved CO2 gas3.On the _______ in organisms, rocks & soil4.__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil

fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks

atmosphereoceanland

Underground

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Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in

atmosphere

CO2 inOcean

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

1.________________ 2.______________________________ 3._________________4.____________ of dead organisms from

the oceans

Volcanic activityHuman activity (burning fossil fuels)Cellular respirationDecomposition

83

Water CycleWater Cycle

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WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?

1)Water is a good _________________

2)Many molecules dissolve in water so itprovides a place for chemical reactionsto happen

3)Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with__________________

SOLVENT

HOMEOSTASIS

85

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Section 3-3

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Nitrogen Cycle

86

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?

Image by Riedell

1) NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA

2) Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP

3) Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)

Image by Riedell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

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http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Bacteria that live in the soiland in symbiotic relationships withplants called legumes, take NITROGEN from the atmosphere and turn it into Ammonia (NH3), a form that is USEABLE by plants.

THIS PROCESSIS CALLEDNITROGEN FIXATION

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PHOSPHORUS CYCLEPHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water

Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water

Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water

Phosphate moves through food web

Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition

Sediments form “new land”to complete cycle

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WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT?

WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT?

Image by Riedell

1) Makes DNA and RNA

2) Transfers energy as ATP

3) Makes phospholipids for cell membranes

Image by Riedell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

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