1. emergency ofthe fracture-kuliah int_dr. tedjo
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EMERGENCY OFEMERGENCY OF
THE FRACTURETHE FRACTUREDr. Tedjo Rukmoyo, SpOT, Spine(K)
• Breath A
• Blood B
• Brain C
• Bladder D
• Bowel E
• Bone F
Primary Survey Identifies immediate lifethreatening
A. Airway ObstructionB. PneumathoraxC. HematothoraxD. Pericardialtemponade
Secondary Survey Assessmentidentifies limb threatening
- Evaluation occult hemorrhage- Other injuries
TRAUMA
DETERMINE SEVERITY OF THE INJURIESDETERMINE SEVERITY OF THE INJURIES
• Glasgow Coma scale
• Abbreviated injury score
• Triangle extremity severity score
GCSGCS
ABBREVIATED INJURY SCOREABBREVIATED INJURY SCORE
MESSMESS
INDICATION ABSOLUTE AMPUTATIONINDICATION ABSOLUTE AMPUTATION
• Rupture arteries > 6 hours
• Non reconstructable defect
• If further limb salvage Threaten life
INDENTIFICIES AS SOON AS POSIBLEINDENTIFICIES AS SOON AS POSIBLE
• Arterial disruption
• Nerve disruption
• Neurologic disturbances
ARTERIAL ARTERIAL FRYKMAN SIGNFRYKMAN SIGN::
• HARD SIGN:- Pulselessness- Massive bleeding- Rapidly expanding haematom- Palpable thrill- Audible bruit over haematom
• SOFT SIGN:- History of arterial bleeding- Non pulsatic haematom over artery- Neurologic deficit Adjacent artery- Proximity of wound Over artery
OTHER’S:OTHER’S:
• Acral pale• Hypothermia• Negative capillary refilling• Negative vena back flow• Oxymetri : < 80 – 90• Negative pulse on USG• Negative Blood on puncture• Ankle Brachial index < 0,9
DEFINITIVE EVALUATION OF DEFINITIVE EVALUATION OF ARTERIAL ARTERIAL DISRUPTION:DISRUPTION:
• Angiogram
• Exploration
Arterial Repair:- < 6 hours of injury- Don’t require both vessel- Should be coordinated with skeletal stabilization
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME:COMPARTMENT SYNDROME:
Osseo fascia pressure end Capillary perfusion
pressure < intracompartmental pressure:– Pain on passive stretching– Pale– Pulselessness– Paresthesia– Paralysis
TX: - Evaluation – elevation limb - Fasciotomy
Intracompartment pressure ≥ 30 mmHg Diastolic Pressure
NERVE INJURYNERVE INJURY
• Neuropraxia : Nerve stretch
• Axonotemesis : Partial destruction Axon
Epineurium intact
• Neurotmesis : Complete disruption
SPECIAL ATTENTION:SPECIAL ATTENTION:
Certain fractures pattern & Dislocation Nerve injury
• Anterior Gleohumeral dislocation- Axillary nerve• Humeral shaft fractures – radial nerve• Radial head fractures / monteggia fracture – posterior
interosseous nerve• Supracondylar humerus fractures – anterior interosseous
nerve• Hip dislocation – sciatic nerve• Knee dislocation – peroneal nerve – Tibial nerve
TX:TX:
• Neuropraxia : Conservative
• Axonotmesis : Conservative
Nerve Injury Rupture : Suture Epineurium
DISLOCATIONDISLOCATION
• Recognition
• Reduction
• Retention
• Rehabilitation
Evaluate : Neurovascular state
Emergency inEmergency inFractures & DislocationFractures & Dislocation
• Pain shock neurogenic / spinal• Shock hypovolemic bleeding
– Fr. Pelvis– Malgaigne fr.
• Dispneu - rib fracture- fr. Cervical- haemato/ pneumo thorax- fat emboli
• Disability: - infection open fracture- urinary retention fr. Pubis- neurogenic disturbance
• Dislocation of the head of humerus & femur
• Other dislocation, esp. spine
• Open fractures
• Ruptures tendo
• Ruptures ligament
FracturesFracturesDislocationDislocation
FracturesFracturesDislocationDislocation
DISABILITY
Treatment inTreatment inFractures & DislocationFractures & Dislocation
• Recognition
• Reduction
• Retaining
• Rehabilitation
Diagnostic of FracturesDiagnostic of Fractures
• Deformity
• False movement
• Crepitation
• X-ray / CT Scan
GENERAL PRINCIPLEGENERAL PRINCIPLE
1. Firstly, Do not Harm ≠ Iatrogenic complications
2. Base treatment on accurate diagnosis prognosis
TREATMENT:TREATMENT:
1. First Decision :- Require reduction ?- What type of reduction ?
- Open- Closed
2. Second Decision : Type of immobilization?- External- Internal
SPECIFIC AIMS OF FRACTURES SPECIFIC AIMS OF FRACTURES TREATMENTTREATMENT : :
• To relieve pain
• Obtain and maintain satisfactory position of fragmentation
• To allow & encourage bony union
• To restore optimum function
THE AIMING OF SPESIFIC METHODS OF THE AIMING OF SPESIFIC METHODS OF TREATMENT:TREATMENT:
• Union
• Function
• Anatomical alignment
SPECIFIC METHODS OF TREATMENT:SPECIFIC METHODS OF TREATMENT:
• Protection alone• Immobilization by external splinting• Closed reduction by manipulation• Closed reduction by continuous traction followed by
immobilization• Closed / open reduction followed by external fixation• Closed / open reduction – internal fixation• Closed reduction followed by bracing• Excision of fracture fragment and replacement by an
endoprosthesis
Protection AloneProtection Alone
Protection AloneProtection Alone
Immobilization Immobilization by External Splintingby External Splinting
Fractures treated with External Fractures treated with External Splinting without ReductionSplinting without Reduction
Closed Reduction by ManipulationClosed Reduction by Manipulation
Fracture can be treated by Closed Fracture can be treated by Closed Reduction followed by ImmobilizationReduction followed by Immobilization
Continuous Skin Continuous Skin TractionTraction
Continuous Skin Continuous Skin TractionTraction
Fractures can be treated by continuous Fractures can be treated by continuous tractiontraction
Must be Must be treated by treated by open open reduction – reduction – internal internal fixationfixation(ORIF)(ORIF)
Excision – Replaced by ProsthesisExcision – Replaced by Prosthesis
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