1 met 112 global climate change met 112 global climate change - lecture 11 climate change:...
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1 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11
Climate Change: Connections
Menglin JinSan Jose State University
Outline Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion Water - FilmWater - Film PerspectivesPerspectives
Human activity
Climate and Weather
Climate Change
Science Understanding
Policy Makersuccessful example is Response to Ozone Hole
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Where are the highest concentrations of ozone located?
1. In large cities
2. The stratosphere
3. The troposphere
4. Near volcanoes
Ozone Depletion
TopicsTopics History of Ozone DepletionHistory of Ozone Depletion The Ozone Hole: what, where, why?The Ozone Hole: what, where, why? Ozone into the futureOzone into the future
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Early concerns of ozone Early concerns of ozone depletion depletion
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History of Ozone Depletion: History of Ozone Depletion: connection between human and connection between human and naturenature Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as:Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as:
– 1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere.1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere.
– Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes: Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes:
– 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy ozone in the stratosphere.ozone in the stratosphere.
– CFC contain chlorine (Cl) CFC contain chlorine (Cl) –
Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardantsRefrigerants, propellants, fire retardants
–(10’s to 100’s of years)(10’s to 100’s of years)
Chlorine can destroy ozone rapidlyChlorine can destroy ozone rapidly
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Ozone Hole RecipeOzone Hole Recipe
Ingredients:Ingredients:
Chlorine gasChlorine gas Cold Temperatures (~-80C)Cold Temperatures (~-80C)
Instructions:Instructions:
Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).
Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds to convert chlorine gas into ozone to convert chlorine gas into ozone destroying chemicals. (1 month)destroying chemicals. (1 month)
Bake ingredients with sunlight.Bake ingredients with sunlight.
bingo, a delicious ozone hole!bingo, a delicious ozone hole!
Science interpretationScience interpretation
Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere due to CFC’sdue to CFC’s
Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur overover Antarctica Antarctica during the during the cold wintercold winter..
Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone friendly chlorine to be transformed into friendly chlorine to be transformed into ozone destroying chlorine. ozone destroying chlorine.
Ozone depletion then starts when Ozone depletion then starts when sun sun returnsreturns to Antarctica in the spring to Antarctica in the spring
Ozone hole grows from late August Ozone hole grows from late August through till October. through till October.
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What is being done about What is being done about ozone depletion?ozone depletion?
Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement to reduce ozone depleting chemicals
Further amendments accelerated the phase out.
– Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s (more ozone friendly!)
– Developing countries have until 2004/5 to phase out CFC’s.
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The Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is
an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by
phasing out the production of a number of substances believed
to be responsible
for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature
on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1,
1989 followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989.
Montreal Protocol
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Is the Montreal Protocol working?
Seems to be!!!
Recent observations indicate that chlorine is beginning to decline in the atmosphere.
Kyoto protocol uses similar approachStart off with small achievable stepsFurther amendments accelerate reductions
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Model simulations suggest:– atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level
__________________ .
– Uncertainties still remain: ____________________ ____________________
In next 50 years or so
Influence of global warming
Phase out of CFC’s
A slow ozone recovery should follow decreasing chlorine concentrations!!!
What are predictions for the future?
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What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?
No direct connection between these environmental issues.
Global warming produces:
– Tropospheric warming & – Stratospheric cooling
However: Global warming may enhance ozone depletion
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What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?
An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat and thus– The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric
cooling) Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then Ozone hole chemistry
– PSCs will likely increase– So slightly more ozone depletion
Global warming will delay recovery of ozone layer
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Over the last 100 years, global tropospheric ozone levels have been
incr
easi
ng
dec
reas
ing
nea
rly c
onsta
nt
0% 0%0%
1. increasing
2. decreasing
3. nearly constant
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The chemical that triggers rapid ozone loss associated with CFCs is
Car
bon Dio
xide
Nitr
ogen d
ioxi
de
Met
hane
Chlo
rine
0% 0%0%0%
1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Nitrogen dioxide
3. Methane
4. Chlorine
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The Antarctic ozone hole develops during
1. SH Spring
2. SH Summer
3. NH Spring
4. NH Summer
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Global ozone values are expected to recover in the next
10 y
ears
30 y
ears
50 y
ears
100
year
s
0% 0%0%0%
1. 10 years
2. 30 years
3. 50 years
4. 100 years
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Necessities for lifeNecessities for life
AirAir
WaterWater
FoodFood
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Drinkable Water (Freshwater)Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
Of all the water in the world, Of all the water in the world, 97%97% is is sea water (salt)sea water (salt)
Freshwater occupies only Freshwater occupies only 3%3% of the of the Earth’s waterEarth’s water
Of the freshwater, Of the freshwater, 77%77% of freshwater of freshwater is locked up as ice.is locked up as ice.
Water is the most important natural Water is the most important natural resources in the world.resources in the world.
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Drinkable Water (Freshwater)Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
Today, over 1 billion people don’t Today, over 1 billion people don’t have access to safe drinking waterhave access to safe drinking water
Two Sudanese boys drink
with specially fitted plastic
tubes provided by the
Carter Center to guard against
the water-borne larvae
which are responsible for
guinea worm disease.
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Drinkable Water (Freshwater)Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
The predictions of climate change The predictions of climate change suggest that access to fresh water will suggest that access to fresh water will be made more difficultbe made more difficult– Changes in location Changes in location
and quantity of precipitationand quantity of precipitation– Raising sea levelsRaising sea levels
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Economic interestEconomic interest
WaterWater "One of the world's great business "One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th." 20th." - - Fortune MagazineFortune Magazine
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Lecture Summary
Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.
The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___________).
The Ozone hole develops during _______ over Antarctica.
Global ozone trends are ___________ except in the tropics,
Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years.
Stratospheric ozone: decreasing, tropospheric ozone increasing
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Lecture Summary
Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.
The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___ chlorine ________).
The Ozone hole develops during __ spring _____ over Antarctica.
Global ozone trends are __ negative _________ except in the tropics,
Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years.
cold temps
50
Stratospheric ozone: increasing, tropospheric ozone decreasing
Human activity
Climate and Weather
Climate Change
Science Understanding
Policy Makersuccessful example is Response to Ozone Hole
Your opinion…Your opinion…
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Global warming is under way?
Strongly
Agre
e
Agree
Neutra
l
Disag
ree
Strongly
Dis
agre
e
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 2500 of 250
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The US should sign the Kyoto Protocol
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Neu
tral
Dis
agre
e
Stro
ngly D
isag
ree
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
Government should act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions even if it means raising energy prices
Strongly
Agre
e
Agree
Neutra
l
Disag
ree
Strongly
Dis
agre
e
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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If you were going to help mitigate global warming, which change would you feel most comfortable making.
0 of 2500 of 250 Tak
ing p
ublic tr
ansp
o..
Pay
ing m
ore
for g
aso...
Alte
ring y
our foo
d c...
0% 0%0%
1. Taking public transport more
2. Paying more for gasoline
3. Altering your food choices
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Global warming will affect your life?
Strongly
Agre
e
Agree
Neutra
l
Disag
ree
Strongly
Dis
agre
e
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 2500 of 250
I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.05 per gallon to improve energy efficiency
Yes N
o
0%0%
1. Yes
2. No
0 of 250
I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.25 per gallon to improve energy efficiency
Yes N
o
0%0%
1. Yes
2. No
0 of 250
I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $1.00 per gallon to improve energy efficiency
Yes N
o
0%0%
1. Yes
2. No
0 of 250
To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to reduce the number of miles I drive and fly
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Neu
tral
Dis
agre
e
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ngly D
isag
ree
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 250
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to change my diet
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Neu
tral
Dis
agre
e
Stro
ngly D
isag
ree
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 250
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I will encourage my friends and family to reduce energy use
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Neu
tral
Dis
agre
e
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0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 250
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I feel compelled to do whatever I can to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Neu
tral
Dis
agre
e
Stro
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isag
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0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
0 of 250
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Local Action: Does It Make a Local Action: Does It Make a Difference?Difference?
““Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; committed citizens can change the world;
indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.
-- Margaret Mead.-- Margaret Mead.
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Purchasing (new concept!)
Consider the implication when you buy something.– Was the product produced in an environmentally
friendly manner.– Were the people who made the product treated
fairly.– Do the values of the company selling the product
match your own.– Low price doesn’t always mean the best deal for
everybody…
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Goal of educationGoal of education
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and analyze…or in simple words…think.analyze…or in simple words…think.
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Tips to reduce
Transport– Drive less– Public transport– Carpool– Do errands on one trip– Don’t idle car– Check tire pressure
Residential– Check home insulation– Turn off electrical appliances (lights, TV, computers) when not
in use– Replace standard light bulbs with low energy bulbs– Monitor your home heating/cooling by using thermostats
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Tips (continued)
Reduce your waste– Consider the packaging when purchasing
goods.– Reuse bags– Recycle
Purchasing Power– Buy energy efficient light bulbs– Consider fuel economy when purchasing a
vehicle
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A child enjoys clean water
For future
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