1 xii biotechnology

Application of scientific and engineering principles for the processing of materials in industrial process to provide goods and services.

-makes i t poss ib le , th rough an in tegra ted app l i ca t ion of know ledge and techn iques of b iochemis t r y , mic rob io logy, gene t i cs and chemica l eng ineer ing, to draw benef i t a t the techno log ica l leve l f rom the proper t i es and capac i t i es o f mic roorgan isms and ce l l cu l tu re .

Application potential

- agriculture, antibiotics, vitamins, vaccines, dairy industries, fermented products like alcoholic & nonalcoholic beverages, production of biogas, sewage treatment plants, bio-fertilizers, tissue culture, genetic engineering, etc.

Gene conceptGene concept

-Fundamental unit of heredity.

-On chromosome in linear fashion. Locus – position of gene.

-Yanofsky et al one gene – one polypeptide.

-Seymor Benzer – (unit of) cistron, muton & recon.

-Structural & regulatory gene = 10% active

Gene

promoter Structural gene

flank flank

upstream downstream5’ 3’

•A gene is a unit of inheritance•Carries the information for a:

-polypeptide-structural RNA molecule

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids- megabiomolecules.

-C,H,O & N

-Holds key of life.

-Fredrick Meischer – isolated - nuclein

-Altman – nucleic acid – acidic nature

-Kossel – types of NBs – pu & py

-Ascoli, levene & Jones – two types

AgricultureAgriculture

-plants transformed-insect,disease, -plants transformed-insect,disease, and herbicide resistant.and herbicide resistant.-animals treated engineered -animals treated engineered hormones-produce more milk, leaner hormones-produce more milk, leaner meat.meat.

Agriculture

-food proces sors affected by genetic engineering.

-shelf-life, s torage, food-handling;extended and s implified.

-help res is t spoilage.

Deoxyribose Nucleic AcidDeoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)

-Megabiomolecule

-Polynucleotide chain

-Genetic material

ChemicalChemical componentscomponents

1. A pentose sugar.

2. Phosphate group

3. Nitrogenous bases

Nitrogenous bases

Purines Pyrimidines

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

Nucleoside and NucleotideNucleotide

Phosphodiester linkage

WatsonWatson & Crick Model& Crick Model-Presented double helix model. (1953)

-Nobel prize -1962 Double helix

Antiparallel strands

Major & minor grooves

Str. Of each strand

Base pairing

Complementary nature

3’ & 5’ ends

Dimensions

1. Double Helix

2. Antiparallel strands

3. Major & Minor grooves

- Long chain of polynucleotide.

- Deoxyribonucleotides

- Nt sugar has NB at C1 and P at C5.

- Nt four types

- Phosphodiester linkage

- Specific - Chargaff’s

rule (1:1)

Complementary nature of strands

OH

P

• .

ribonucleic acid

4 bases

A =

U =

C =

G =

Adenine

Uracil

Cytosine

Guanine

Pyrimidine (C4N2H4) Purine (C5N4H4)

Nucleoside Nucleotide

base

HHH

H

O HO H

C H 2

O

O H

+ sugar (ribose)

4 ’

5 ’

3 ’ 2 ’

1 ’

base + sugar + phosphate

O

s u g a r

P OO-

O-

P O4

- -

RNA

RNA structure

3 major types of RNA

messenger RNA (mRNA); template for protein synthesis transfer RNA (tRNA); adaptor molecules that decode the genetic coderibosomal RNA (rRNA); catalyzing the synthesis of proteins

Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA)

C5H10O5

Base interactions in RNA

Base pairing:U/A/(T) (2 hydrogen bonds)G/C (3 hydrogen bonds)

RNA base composition:A + G = U + C

/ Chargaff’s rule does not apply (RNA usually prevails as single strand)

RNA structure:- usually single stranded- many self-complementary regions → RNA commonly exhibits an intricate secondary structure (relatively short, double helical segments alternated with single stranded regions) - complex tertiary interactions fold the RNA in its final three dimensional form- the folded RNA molecule is stabilized by interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonds and base stacking)

• 3-5%•Linear, single, longest•Syntheiszed in nucleus•Triplets codons amino acid•The sequence of codon mRNA language / cryptogram/ genetic code•Initiation AUG at 5’ end methionine•Termination codon UAA, UAG or UGA

•Function – carries message

• 80%• Found in ribosome• Synthesized in nucleolus• Get folded– Function: 1. proper binding site to mRNA on ribosome

2. oriented in such a way to read by tRNA easily

3. release of tRNA after unload

Due to early cell differentiation, genetic transformation in animals must occur in the early embryo stage following the union of sex cellsThis is accomplished by using microinjection, to

randomly inject DNA into the fertilized call

Microinjection- is the injection of materials directly into cells using a small glass pipette.

The process of creating transgenetic animals involves three major steps:

1. Obtaining embryos2. Microinjectioing embryos3. Culturing and transferring zygotes

Transgenetic integration- is expressed by the animal of that desired trait.

THE END

By: Kay & Jessica