1.1d the ganges case
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ENVIRONMENT ANDNVIRONMENT ANDPOLLUTIONOLLUTIONCHALLENGES INHALLENGES IN
GANGA RIVER BASINANGA RIVER BASINMay 1, 2012
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45,000 km of riverine length45,000 km of riverine length
12 major river basins, 4612 major river basins, 46medium river basins, 14medium river basins, 14minor and desert riverminor and desert river
basinsbasins
Ganga Basin: largest, lies inGanga Basin: largest, lies in11 States11 States
Lifeline of the peopleLifeline of the people
Closely linked with cultureClosely linked with cultureand traditionand tradition
Rivers in IndiaRivers in India
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S.No Level ofPollution PollutionCriteria Riverinelength(Km.)Riverinelength(percentage)
1. Severelypolluted
BOD morethan 6 mg/ l
6086 14
2. Moderately
polluted
BOD 3-6
mg/ l
8691 19
3. Relativelyclean
BOD lessthan 3 mg/ l
30242 67
Water Quality Status of Riversater Quality Status of RiversAnalysis of 10 years data with respect to BOD values as indicator of organic pollution
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Main Water Quality Threatsain Water Quality Threats Municipal Sewage:Municipal Sewage: Sewage treatmentSewage treatment
capacity 12,000 mld against 38,000 mldcapacity 12,000 mld against 38,000 mld
generated from class I & II townsgenerated from class I & II towns
Industrial EffluentsIndustrial Effluents
NonNon--point sourcespoint sources
OverOver--exploitation of water resourcesexploitation of water resources
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Ganga Basinanga Basin
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Ganga Basin: largest, lies in 11 StatesGanga Basin: largest, lies in 11 States
Point Sources : Municipal (80%); Industrial (20%)Point Sources : Municipal (80%); Industrial (20%)
NonNon--point sources: runoff from agriculture, solidpoint sources: runoff from agriculture, solidwastes, open defecation, cattle wallowing, throwing ofwastes, open defecation, cattle wallowing, throwing of
dead bodiesdead bodies
Sewage generated: 12,410 mld; treatment capacity:Sewage generated: 12,410 mld; treatment capacity:5070 mld (CPCB; 2009)5070 mld (CPCB; 2009)
GAP: Investment ofGAP: Investment of ` 900 crore; treatment capacity of900 crore; treatment capacity ofaround 1065 mld created in 73 townsaround 1065 mld created in 73 towns
Diminishing flowsDiminishing flows
Ganga Basin: IssuesGanga Basin: Issues
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Huge sewage treatment deficit; Industrial pollutionHuge sewage treatment deficit; Industrial pollution
Tackling fecal coliformTackling fecal coliform
Restoring natural ecosystemRestoring natural ecosystem
Constraints of ULBs & implementing agenciesConstraints of ULBs & implementing agencies
Capacity of SPCBs to address compliance &Capacity of SPCBs to address compliance &enforcementenforcement
Community involvementCommunity involvement
Flow augmentationFlow augmentation Focused attention required on critically pollutedFocused attention required on critically polluted
stretches e.g. Kannauj to Varanasistretches e.g. Kannauj to Varanasi
Challengeshallenges
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Initiated in 1985; Town centric, focussedInitiated in 1985; Town centric, focussedonon interception, diversion and treatmentinterception, diversion and treatmentschemesschemes
Investment ofInvestment of ` 900 crore; treatment900 crore; treatmentcapacity of around 1065 mld created in 73capacity of around 1065 mld created in 73
townstowns
Despite industrial & urban growth, BODDespite industrial & urban growth, BODand DO values at most locations improvedand DO values at most locations improved
Ganga Action Plananga Action Plan
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Schemeschemes Major types of schemes and % cost incurredMajor types of schemes and % cost incurred
Interception & Diversion of sewage (I&D)Interception & Diversion of sewage (I&D) 52 %52 %
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) -- 37%37%
Low Cost Sanitation (LCS)Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) -- 7%7%
River Front Development (RFD)River Front Development (RFD) -- 1%1%
Crematoria (CRE)Crematoria (CRE) 0.5%0.5%
Public Participation & Awareness (PP&A)Public Participation & Awareness (PP&A) 0.5%0.5%
Other schemesOther schemes 2%2%
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STANDARD( 3 mg/l orless)
TOWNS
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (Summer Average)
BOmgl)
1
Water Quality of GangaWater Quality of Ganga
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TOWNS
Dissolved Oxygen (Summer Average)
DOmgl)
1
STANDARD(5 mg/l ormore)
Water Quality of GangaWater Quality of Ganga
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Experience with GAP: Mixed Successxperience with GAP: Mixed Success Visible improvement lacking, coliform levelsVisible improvement lacking, coliform levels
unacceptably highunacceptably high
In critically polluted stretches, BOD valuesIn critically polluted stretches, BOD valuesdo not meet bathing water quality standardsdo not meet bathing water quality standards
Counterfactual; but for GAP, problem wouldCounterfactual; but for GAP, problem wouldhave gotten worse; further deteriorationhave gotten worse; further deterioration
arrestedarrested
Step in right direction, inadequateStep in right direction, inadequateinvestment, resources thinly spreadinvestment, resources thinly spread
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Implementation slowImplementation slow
SubSub--optimal utilization of assetsoptimal utilization of assets
Poor O&MPoor O&M
Weak enforcement by State Pollution ControlWeak enforcement by State Pollution ControlBoardsBoards
Lack of civil society involvementLack of civil society involvement
Experience with GAP: Mixed Successxperience with GAP: Mixed Success
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New Initiative: NGRBAew Initiative: NGRBA Constituted on 20.02.2009. Joint CentreConstituted on 20.02.2009. Joint Centre--StateState
structure. Empowered understructure. Empowered under EPA. Chaired by PM.EPA. Chaired by PM.Includes CMs. Strong presence of experts and civilIncludes CMs. Strong presence of experts and civil
societysociety
Planning, financing & coordinating body.Planning, financing & coordinating body.implementation through Statesimplementation through States
Development of river basin management planDevelopment of river basin management plan
Maintenance of environmental flowsMaintenance of environmental flows
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How new approach is differentow new approach is different Empowered AuthorityEmpowered Authority
Shift from town centric to river basin approachShift from town centric to river basin approach
Integrated approach, no standalone investmentIntegrated approach, no standalone investment
Sewerage infrastructure, catchment areaSewerage infrastructure, catchment areatreatment, tackling industrial effluents, rivertreatment, tackling industrial effluents, river
front developmentfront development
Dovetailing with JNNURM & UIDSSMT schemesDovetailing with JNNURM & UIDSSMT schemes
Emphasis on environmental flowsEmphasis on environmental flows
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Apex Council chaired by PMApex Council chaired by PM
Standing Committee under Finance MinisterStanding Committee under Finance Minister
Empowered Steering Committee; fast trackEmpowered Steering Committee; fast track
project approval mechanismproject approval mechanism
State River Conservation AuthoritiesState River Conservation Authorities
Implementation by States, ULBsImplementation by States, ULBs
Institutional Designnstitutional Design
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Projects worth Rs 2598 crores sanctionedProjects worth Rs 2598 crores sanctioned
Projects relate to sewer networks, sewageProjects relate to sewer networks, sewagetreatment, river front development, communitytreatment, river front development, community
sanitationsanitation
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh :: RsRs 1341.60 crore1341.60 crore BiharBihar :: RsRs 441.86 crore441.86 crore
West BengalWest Bengal :: RsRs 659.41 crore659.41 crore
UttarakhandUttarakhand :: RsRs 155.60 crore155.60 crore
Sewage treatment capacity: 470 mldSewage treatment capacity: 470 mld
Projects sanctioned on designProjects sanctioned on design--buildbuild--operateoperate
(DBO) basis with 15 years O&M; first 5 years(DBO) basis with 15 years O&M; first 5 yearsshared between Centre and Statesshared between Centre and States
Pollution abatement Projectsollution abatement Projectssanctioned under NGRBAanctioned under NGRBA
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Revised Guidelines for DPR formulationRevised Guidelines for DPR formulation
Projects based on comprehensive approach, includingProjects based on comprehensive approach, includingconveyance networks; convergence with JNNURM andconveyance networks; convergence with JNNURM and
other schemesother schemes
Project appraisal by reputed independent institutionsProject appraisal by reputed independent institutions
Third Party Inspections (four stages)Third Party Inspections (four stages)
DBO model; 15 years of O&M to be part of project, ofDBO model; 15 years of O&M to be part of project, ofwhich initial 5 years O&M costs to be shared by GoIwhich initial 5 years O&M costs to be shared by GoI
New Measures for Improvedew Measures for ImprovedImplementationmplementation
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Technology selection based on lifecycle cost analysisTechnology selection based on lifecycle cost analysis
Tripartite MoA between Centre, States & ULBs toTripartite MoA between Centre, States & ULBs toimprove implementation and ensure proper O&Mimprove implementation and ensure proper O&M
CityCity--level citizen committeeslevel citizen committees
Research Advisory Committee to encourageResearch Advisory Committee to encourage
innovative technologiesinnovative technologies
States setting up exclusive NGRBA implementationStates setting up exclusive NGRBA implementationagencies as registered societiesagencies as registered societies
New Measures for Improvedew Measures for ImprovedImplementationmplementation
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World Bank Supported Projectorld Bank Supported Project National Ganga River Basin Project approvedNational Ganga River Basin Project approved
by GoI & World Bankby GoI & World Bank Project Cost: 7000 crore (US $ 1.55 billion)Project Cost: 7000 crore (US $ 1.55 billion)
[Centre: Rs 5100 crore; States:[Centre: Rs 5100 crore; States: Rs 1900 crore]Rs 1900 crore]
World Bank assistance: US $ 1 billion (IDA:World Bank assistance: US $ 1 billion (IDA:$199 m, IBRD: $ 801 m); loan agreement signed$199 m, IBRD: $ 801 m); loan agreement signed
Project launch: August 2011;Project launch: August 2011; duration: 8 yearsduration: 8 years
Implementation by NMCG, SPMGs & EAsImplementation by NMCG, SPMGs & EAs
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Infrastructure investments [Rs. 6100 crores]Infrastructure investments [Rs. 6100 crores]
Wastewater (collection and treatment)Wastewater (collection and treatment) 4800 cr4800 cr
Industrial pollution controlIndustrial pollution control 500 cr500 cr
Solid waste managementSolid waste management 300 cr300 cr
River front managementRiver front management 500 cr500 cr
Institutional development [Rs. 600 crores]Institutional development [Rs. 600 crores]
Central & stateCentral & state--level PMGslevel PMGs
Ganga knowledge centreGanga knowledge centre
Water quality monitoring systemWater quality monitoring system
Capacity building of SPCBs and Urban Local BodiesCapacity building of SPCBs and Urban Local Bodies
Research, Studies, Pilots and TrainingResearch, Studies, Pilots and Training
Project Components & Outlaysroject Components & Outlays
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Project Implementation support [Rs. 300 crores]Project Implementation support [Rs. 300 crores]
Consultancies: PMC, TSCConsultancies: PMC, TSC
Supervision, monitoring & evaluationSupervision, monitoring & evaluation
Communication & public awareness programCommunication & public awareness program
Incremental operating costsIncremental operating costs
Project Components & Outlaysroject Components & Outlays
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NGRBA Program FrameworkGRBA Program Framework Implementation ArrangementsImplementation Arrangements
Investments FrameworkInvestments Framework
Financial Management ManualFinancial Management Manual
Environment and Social Management FrameworkEnvironment and Social Management Framework
Communications and Public OutreachCommunications and Public Outreach
Governance and Accountability Action PlanGovernance and Accountability Action Plan
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Ganga Knowledge CentreGanga Knowledge Centre Integral part of NMCGIntegral part of NMCG
Repository of knowledge for GangaRepository of knowledge for Ganga
Data on Ganga river basin management inData on Ganga river basin management inareas of pollution, water use, biodiversity &areas of pollution, water use, biodiversity &sociosocio--economiceconomic
Carry out analysis & modellingCarry out analysis & modelling
Dissemination of informationDissemination of information-- outreach centreoutreach centre
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Water Quality MonitoringWater Quality Monitoring
Need to increase number of stations,Need to increase number of stations,
parameters and frequency of monitoringparameters and frequency of monitoring
Modern approach and instrumentationModern approach and instrumentationincluding realincluding real--time monitoring systemstime monitoring systems
Service Contract to be coordinated by CPCBService Contract to be coordinated by CPCB
Improved information flow, stronger analysisImproved information flow, stronger analysis Community monitoring, bioCommunity monitoring, bio--monitoringmonitoring
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Capacity Building ofCapacity Building of
Pollution Control BoardsPollution Control Boards
To address key constraintsTo address key constraints Improving information systemsImproving information systems
Staff skills; infrastructure facilitiesStaff skills; infrastructure facilities
Improve compliance & enforcementImprove compliance & enforcement
Laboratory upgradationLaboratory upgradation
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Capacity Building ofCapacity Building of
Urban Local BodiesUrban Local Bodies
Support ULBs as well as localSupport ULBs as well as local--level water andlevel water andwastewater service providerswastewater service providers
Modern & efficient information & planning systemModern & efficient information & planning system
Training & equipmentTraining & equipment
Technical assistance for improving revenue andTechnical assistance for improving revenue andcost recovery to ensure sustainability ofcost recovery to ensure sustainability ofinvestmentsinvestments
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Prepared by consortium of 7 IITsPrepared by consortium of 7 IITs Management Plan would include:Management Plan would include:
Quantification of sewage, industrial, and nonQuantification of sewage, industrial, and non--point pollution loads;point pollution loads;
Measures for maintaining water quality with a roadmap for controMeasures for maintaining water quality with a roadmap for control &l &
prevention of pollution into Ganga and its tributaries;prevention of pollution into Ganga and its tributaries;
Measures for maintaining environmental flows;Measures for maintaining environmental flows;
Measures for catchment area treatment, floodplain protection,Measures for catchment area treatment, floodplain protection,
public participation and awareness, water conservation;public participation and awareness, water conservation;
GIS based Atlas of Ganga Basin; andGIS based Atlas of Ganga Basin; and Assessment of technical & financial resources requiredAssessment of technical & financial resources required
5 reports on identification of issues, preparation of urban5 reports on identification of issues, preparation of urban
river management plan, sewage collection, diversion,river management plan, sewage collection, diversion,treatment and reuse, floodplain mapping submittedtreatment and reuse, floodplain mapping submitted
River Basin Environment Management Planiver Basin Environment Management Plan
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Thank Youhank You
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