2 - 1/12/2000ame 150 l the digital computer and the internet
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2 - 1/12/2000 AME 150 L
AME 150 L
The Digital Computer
and the
Internet
2 - 1/12/2000 AME 150 L
Digital Computers
CPULogic, Control
& Arithmetic
Memory System
InputOutputSystem
MassStorage
Human Interface
Communications
Other Stuff
2 - 1/12/2000 AME 150 L
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The “brain” of the system
• Coordinates Logic AND Control AND Arithmetic
• Determines the architecture– Organization of Storage– Instruction Set– Features (Multiple CPU, Vector Operations…)
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Is it a Brain?
• Short answer -- NO [ not yet ! ]
• Role is similar to Human Brain, but behavior is very different
• Many control functions are delegated
• Brain has much greater parallism and complexity
• It may just be a matter of time ...
2 - 1/12/2000 AME 150 L
Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU)
• Heart of computer (another anthropomorphic analogy)
• Almost all computers now are binary– Believe it or not, there were decimal digital
computers!
• Arithmetic {+, -, (*), (/) some, not all}• Logic { >, =, <, , , , AND, OR, NOT …}• Control { Skip, Jump, Branch, Execute …}
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The Architecture
• All modern computers maintain instructions and data in memory (Von Neuman)
• Types of operations are generally the same
• Differences in– Addressing modes (both data and instructions)– Representations of data (only integers obvious)– Concurrency (parallelism)
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Families of Computers - Chips
• Intel Computers (80x86PentiumI,II,III...)– Pentium Clones (AMD, Cyrix, …)
• Sun Microsystems - SPARC• Hewlett-Packard - PA-RISC• Silicon Graphics - MIPS• IBM RS6000/PowerPC (Motorola/Apple)
• Compaq (DEC) Alpha
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Memory• RAM - Random Access Memory (Fast)
– Started as Mechanical systems (relays,…)– Next came Magnetic Cores (still called core)– Integrated Circuits-Manufacturing Technology– Technology still advancing
• ROM - read only memory
• WORM - Write Once, Read Many
• Flash Memory (doesn’t need power to hold)
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Memory Organization• Dedicated memory (on-chip - fast - Cache)
• Shared Memory (accessed by many CPU’s or other devices)
• Distributed Memory
• Cycle Speed {80 nSec (slow) to ~1 nSec}
• Access Width [word size] (8-16-32-64-…)
• Error correction
• About $1 to $1.50 / Mbyte retail (today)
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• 10 deka da .1 deci d• 100 hecto h .010 centi c• 1000 kilo k .001 milli m• 1024 Kilo K 210
• 106 Mega M 10-6 micro • 109 Giga G 10-9 Nano n• 1012 Tera T 10-12 Pico p• 1015 Peta P 10-15 Femto f• 1018 Exa E 10-18 Atto a• 1021 Zetta Z 10-21 Zepto z• 1024 Yotta Y 10-24 Yocto y
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Input/Output (I/O)• It is very easy to make a computer if it only
has to talk to itself
• Computers talking to people is harder
• Input means getting information INTO the computer
• Output means getting stuff OUT
• Often a direct path to/from memory
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Mass Storage
• The computer needs more information storage capability than it has memory– Intermediate results– temporary storage
• Moving Magnetic Storage– Magnetic Drums, Disks, Tapes {CD, DVD…}– Technology -- About $10 / Gbyte retail (today)
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I/O with Humans +
• Historical– Paper Tape, Punched Cards, Line Printers
• Continuing– CRT’s, Pen Plotters, Terminals & Keyboards– Modems, communications control, ADC/DAC
• More Recent– Graphic Terminals, sound, video, mice, MIDI
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Other Stuff
• Power Systems (Mwatts watts)
• Cabinets and Furniture (Room Pockets)
• Communications Lines & Media– Acoustic Modems Fiber Optics– GPS systems, satellites
• Monitors (Paper CRT LCD)
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Enabling Technologies
• Electronics Transistors ICs VLSI
• Effected by Consumer Electronics– Mass storage (Disks, CDs, DVDs,…)– Displays (CRTs, LCDs, etc)– Memory ! (TIVO?)
• Other Technologies– Digital Cameras, GPS, ...
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Moore’s LawMoore's Law is that the pace of microchip technology change is such that the amount of data storage that a microchip can hold doubles every year or at least every 18 months. In 1965 when preparing a talk, Gordon Moore noticed that up to that time microchip capacity seemed to double each year. The pace of change having slowed down a bit over the past few years, the definition has changed (with Gordon Moore's approval) to reflect that the doubling occurs only every 18 months.
2 - 1/12/2000 AME 150 L
Moore’s Law (Consequences)• Price of equivalent technology decreases
• Performance of constant cost technology increases
• More computing power is available for user interface
• More storage capacity increases problem sizes
• And there’s moore …
•
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Control of Computers• Native Machine Language
– Close to hardware -- depends on architecture– Can take advantage of system’s features– Often, the fastest implementation
• Low level Compilers– Fortran (1950’s, Basic/COBOL (60’s), C (70’s)– Algol, Pascal, ADA, Smalltalk, C++ (OOPS)
• Primitive Structured Object Oriented
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Computing Environment & History
• 40s-50s-Patch Cables
• 50s-60s-Punch cards
• 60s-70s-timeshared mainframes
• 70s-80s-minicomputers & supercomputers
• 80s-90s-microcomputers & parallel systems
• 90s+ … Graphic user interface (GUI)
•
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