20071221141201the greek theatre
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The Greek Theatre
5th Century Athenian Theatre
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Occasions for Performance
Theatrical performances were part of the worship of the godDionysus, the god of wine and fertility. This worship includedfour annual festivals; plays were performed during two ofthem.
While it varied from time to time, typically during the City
Dionysea, three days were given over to the performance oftragedies, and one day to comedy. During the Lenean Festivalcomedies, and at times tragedies as well, were presented.
Thus, theatre was presented on six or seven specific days ayear. There was no theatre the rest of the year.
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The Production of Plays
During the fifth century, three playwrights of
tragedies and a similar number of comic
playwrights were selected to have their work
presented.
The selection was made by one of the three
archons who were the chief administrators of
Athens.
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Each playwright who was selected was
responsible for staging and, for much of the
century, being one of the actors in his plays. A wealthy citizen, called a choregus, was
assigned to underwriting the expenses
involved in the process. This assignment was aform of taxation.
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Theatres
All Greek theatres were always built on the sides of
hills. In Athens, the main theatre was The Theatre of
Dionysus, built into the south slope of the Acropolis.
During the fifth century, all elements of the theatrewere made of wood, and dismantled at the end of
the festival. It was only in the fourth century that
stone began to be used as a material for building
theatres.
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Orchestra
The circular area, about 65 feet in diameter in
Athens, where the chorus sang and danced.
(The word chorus derives from chorea, to
dance)
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Theatron
The area where the spectators sat to watchthe performances.
During the 5th century there were no
permanent seats. Theatron means viewing place in Greek. It has
the same root as the word theory, which
suggests a view. Our word theatre, of course,is derived from theatron.
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Skene
Behind the orchestra, a wooden building
called a skene was erected. It had at least one
central door, through which actors made their
entrances and exits.
There might have been two other doors in the
wall of the skene facing the spectators.
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Parados
Greek theatres had no separation between
themselves and the surrounding land, they
just flowed into the hill. There was a path,
however, between the seat in each row that is
closest to the skene and the skene itself.
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A symbolic boundary between the theatre and the
surrounding area was created by placing a simple
lintel on two posts, one at the corner of the skene,and one next to the theatron. This is theparados
(plural -paradoi).
The spectators entered the theatre through the
paradoi. (The Theatre of Dionysus at Athens was so
large that there was a second access near the back of
the theatron.)
The entrances and exits of the chorus were alwaysmade through theparadoi.
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Several features of Greek theatres are
worth noting.
The enormous size. In the Theatre of Dionysus at Athens it isapproximately 350 feet from the last row in the theatron to the facade ofthe skene.
That's the equivalent of sitting behind one goal post in Harvard Stadiumand watching a play being enacted behind the other goal post.
It is estimated that the Theatre of Dionysus at Athens held between18,000 and 20,000 people, making it perhaps the largest facility evercreated for watching theatrical performances. At least two thirds of thecitizens of Athens could be accommodated in the theatre at the sametime.
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All Greek theatres had the same elements: orchestra,
theatron, skene, and paradoi, and they always simply
existed, next to each other, in the same place. Theywere never contained inside of anything, or
organized in any way that diminished any part's
separateness.
Greek theatres were never separate from the city.
The spectator never left his ordinary world to enter a
separate world of the theatre. He remained in both
at the same time.
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Most of the tragedies follow the same
format Prolog, spoken by an actor
Parados, the entrance of the chorus, singing and dancing.
Episode 1, between two or three actors
Stasimon 1, the chorus, singing and dancing.
Episode 2, between two or three actors
Stasimon 2, the chorus, singing and dancing. Episode 3, between two or three actors
Stasimon 3, the chorus, singing and dancing.
Episode 4, between two or three actors
Stasimon 4, the chorus, singing and dancing.
Episode 5, the final encounter between two or three actors
Exodus, the chorus departs through the paradoi, singing and dancing
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