2012_volume18_issue2
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http://www.mntca.org Newsletter Date
Volume 18, Issue 2 Valerie Price and Jeff Carroll, Managing Editors
Photo courtesy of Valerie Price
What happens if or when winter
returns to our Minnesota spring-
time gardens? Well, pardon my
rhetoric…it depends.
It began long ago. Trees and
shrubs begin the long, slow ac-
climation period for winter in
mid to late August. This ac-
climation process is triggered
by shorter days, which begins
the chemical changes that al-
low plant cells to reliably tol-
erate temperatures as low as -
40º F or colder. Even though
the process begins in August,
trees and shrubs aren’t fully
ready for winter until well into
December in the Southeast
region of Minnesota.
Winter, the period of rest and occasional dor-
mancy (of buds) is a normal and survivable
stress for trees and shrubs that are in their cold hardiness
range (e.g., zone 4)…as long as they entered the acclima-
tion period in a healthy state. Trees that enter the acclima-
tion period stressed from drought, nutrient deficiencies or
pH stresses, over-pruning or construction damage are less
likely to fully tolerate winter’s additional stresses. Their
energy reserves are so low that they are more likely to suf-
fer frost cracks and cankers, needle or bud death, twig die-
back, cambial death, branch death, root death or complete
death.
Did you water last autumn? Dry soils get colder than
moist soils and the cold penetrates deeper in dry soils.
Trees and shrubs that entered the winter anchored in dry
soils are much more likely to lose a lot of roots to cold
temperatures from the recent winter. Roots are the least
cold-hardy parts of a woody plant: soil temperatures of 15-
19º F can kill fine roots, the roots that take up the majority
of water and nutrients for tree health. Soil temperatures of
-5 to - 10º F cause the death of woody roots. If the soils
were dry and there was no mulch over the root systems,
the damage is likely to be even worse.
After a minimum of 40 days, trees
and shrubs can potentially begin the
deacclimation process, which is now
triggered by temperatures. Different
plants require different amounts of
degree days, those that are provided
by daily temperatures greater than
the mid-30s, even though it can drop
below freezing at night.
As you’ve probably noticed, it
doesn’t take many degree days to get
elms and lilacs started! They’re
among the first to show
growth – swollen leaf and
flower buds. Maples are a
bit more subtle, but the flow of their sap is a sign that the
deacclimation process has started. Once the deacclimation
chemical changes begin, winter hardiness slowly disap-
pears and plants once hardy to -40º F can be damaged by
temperatures
of +25º F!
It’s kind of
like taking off
your winter
long-johns
Inside this issue: Too Cold for Chlorophyll? pg.1
Your tree is not a cactus: The
Importance of watering. - Eric
North pg.2
Supercooling of Plant Tissues in
Deacclimated Trees and Shrubs
pg.3
Japanese Beetles - Jeffery Hahn
pg.4
Forest Service Photo Contest
pg.4
Education Updates pg.5
Important Program Updates
pg.6
TCA Cookbook pg.6
Summer Volunteer Calendar
pg. 7
Volunteer Hours Form pg.8
Frost crack on a stressed littleleaf linden.
Photo by: Jack Schmidling Productions
Too Cold for Chlorophyll?
continued on
page 2
2
before Memorial Day…not a good idea.
It’s most tender below. Roots are the least cold hardy
parts of a woody plant, followed by the cambium of young
trees and branches, flower buds and needles, and finally the
leaf buds. Since leaf buds are the most cold hardy, they can
emerge and unfold fully in the spring, seemingly unscathed,
yet only to be let down by the damaged roots and/or cambi-
um. If the roots or the cambium have been severely dam-
aged, those perfect leaves that emerged wilt, scorch, die and
fall off. No water, no life.
Crystal ball. What can be expected this spring and sum-
mer? Certainly root death on those trees and shrubs un-
lucky enough to have been in dry landscape soils. Dead
roots mean less water for the rest of the plant.
Less water upstairs means more twig die-back,
frost cankers, frost cracks, needle death and maybe some
flower bud damage. Trees that have leafed-out or are flow-
ering could suffer some (or all) loss of the new foliage and
flowers if temperatures fall down in the mid-20’s (again,
depending on the different species). If the trees are fruit
trees, there’s likely to be a smaller harvest for 2012.
Leaf loss, flower
loss, stem cankers
can all result from
hail storms, yet
very few trees and
shrubs ever die
from hail damage.
Other examples
of inciting events
(sudden, short-
term damage
events) include gypsy moth defoliations, late cold-snaps and
wind storms. Healthy plants can normally tolerate these
types of damage and recover just fine. Only previously
stressed (pre-disposed) trees and shrubs die after inciting
events. Potential damage from a mid-spring cold-snap
could be mild, ugly or enough to finally push the stressed
plants over the edge. Potential damage from 2011’s
droughty autumn is likely to be much more severe, more
damaging to the tree’s entire system.
Damage to the roots from the colder than normal soil tem-
peratures could be the worst damage so far. Damage from
the upcoming summer and autumn is hard to predict, but if
the drought persists (it’s definitely not over yet) the damage
in 2013 could be very severe.
Now, what to do? *Advocate regular irrigation and mulching (2-4 inches of
organic mulch reduces soil moisture evaporation by 30%)
*Have patience. Wait until mid to late summer before
pruning out dead wood or giving up on a plant. It takes a
long time to damage them and a long time for them to re-
cover.
*Don’t fertilize if root damage is suspected…that only
makes the situation worse.
Cambial death on a trunk of a corktree…most often this leads to trunk decay.
Too Cold for Chlorophyll? ... continued
Your Tree is Not a Cactus: The importance of watering -Eric North
Planting trees in your community during Arbor Day can be
an enjoyable and rewarding activity. By planting trees you
are doing something to positively affect your neighbor-
hood’s streets or parks hopefully for generations to come.
However, few of us stop to think about that tree after the
Arbor festivities have passed. We continue on with our
daily lives enjoying the shade and scenery provided from
our large, well- established trees. So, now that you have
planted a tree (or two or three) what comes next?
Watering and tree care
There are lots of things to consider from pruning to pest
control, but what about watering? It’s easily forgotten that
trees, like all plants, need regular doses of water in order to
survive. In order for an environment to support trees there
needs to be about 19 inches of precipitation (rain and
snow) per year. Minnesota has a range of precipitation
from 18 inches to 32 inches annually. So, if we get enough
rain, why bother watering trees at all? You might be think-
ing, “I’ve never seen anyone watering the forests”, and you
Your tree is not a cactus: The importance of watering - Eric North
continued on page 3
3
are probably right, I haven’t seen that either. However city
environments differ quite a bit from forest environments.
Street trees are planted in some pretty small spaces, from 2
foot wide to 8 feet wide along most of our city trees. We
ask trees to put up with a lot in the city, from people lock-
ing bikes to them to dicing salts from our winter weather.
Some of these are difficult to prevent, but we can help trees
deal with the stressful city-life through watering.
Lack of water is the number one cause of stress and stunted
growth for urban trees. Like you, when trees are stressed
they become more susceptible to illness. Stressed trees, like
the paper birch become an easy target for the bronze birch
borer (an insect), which can eventually kill the tree.
Watering your tree can be an
inexpensive and easy way to
reduce trees issues. According
to the City of St. Paul it costs
less than $3 to water a newly
planted tree for a year. Consid-
ering healthy mature trees have
been shown to reduce both
heating and cooling costs for
your home, making $3.00 a
very smart investment. For more information on watering
your street trees please visit http://www.stpaul.gov/
index.aspx?NID=853
Your tree is not a cactus... continued
Supercooling of Plant Tissues in Deacclimated Trees and Shrubs
Ice crystals form most readily when there is a “nucleus”
present in water. This nucleus is the beginning of the for-
mation of the ice and the more nuclei there are, the faster
the ice crystals spread. Ice crystals can in fact become nu-
clei, so once the freezing starts, it progresses rapidly com-
pared to the time that it took to begin freezing.
Nuclei can be in the form of cellular bacteria, polysaccha-
ride molecules, or any other “impurity” in a plant cell’s
water content. Freezing can also start on the outside of
plant parts, especially if the photosynthetic leaf or stem
tissues are moist. Ice crystals start in the water coating the
leaves and progresses into the leaves or tender stems.
Cells in different plant parts (e.g., leaf tissues, petioles,
cambium, xylem) freeze and sustain damage at different
temperatures, all below the traditional “freezing” tempera-
ture of 32 degrees F. More tender plant parts, for instance
young “bedding” plants such as petunias or tomatoes, are
killed at temperatures of 25 degrees F, or even a bit warm-
er. Plants that are native to higher elevations or colder
temperatures tolerate cooler temperatures (reliably to -2
degrees C) depending on the plant part...often to -40 de-
grees F.
Whether or not plant tissues are damaged by spring tem-
peratures once the plants have deacclimated (started active
growth after the winter rest period) depends on a number of
factors:
*Age of the plant tissue. Leaves that are semi-mature are
actually pretty tolerant of cool temperatures, compared to
newly emerged leaves.
*Dehydration of the plant cells. Most plant tissue death is
due to intracellular dehydration. Ice forms in the spaces
between cells and draws moisture from the interior of the
cells. Eventually, if the temperatures stay cold long
enough, the cells become dehydrated.
*Moisture on the outside of the leaves or tender stem tis-
sues. The more moisture on the outside, the more likely
there will be damage due to dehydration to the interior.
Therefore, cold temperatures accompanied by winds are
less damaging than when you see leaves covered with frost
at the same temperatures or even warmer.
*Location of the plant. Interior leaves, trees/shrubs against
buildings (especially masonry buildings) can benefit from
the warmer, more protected spaces. Outer leaves or tender
stems may be damaged while the interior leaves are un-
scathed.
*Ability to supercool. At this time of the year, leaves on
trees and shrubs that have emerged have varying abilities
to supercool, that is, lower the temperature of water in and
between plant cells without actual crystallization and dehy-
dration. With tree leaves, supercooling is possible down to
-2 C...reliably (that’s 28 degrees F), sometimes approach-
ing -10 C (14 degrees F).
*Buds. Any plant part that is still protected by bud scales
is easily able to tolerate cold spring temperatures, far below
freezing. The buds may end up being disfigured by desic-
cation, but still functional.
4
Japanese Beetles - Jeffery Hahn, Asst. Extension Entomologist
As seen on Yard and Garden
There have been a lot of questions concerning Japanese
beetles (JB) as we go into the 2012 growing season. JB
has been increasing in numbers over the last four or five
years, especially in the Twin Cities area, although JB are
also starting to be found more commonly in other areas of
the state as well. They can be challenging to control and
people will take any steps they can to reduce their num-
bers in their gardens and yards.
The first question people ask is
how bad are JB going to be this
year. There isn't an easy answer
to that question and it undoubted-
ly will vary according to where
you live. If JB was abundant last
year, there is a good chance they
will be common again this sum-
mer. However, a factor that can
have an impact on JB numbers is
soil moisture. The eggs and the
young grubs have a harder time
surviving in dry soil so if dry
conditions exist when JB are lay-
ing eggs, that can reduce the numbers of adults that are
seen the following year. Of course, if the turf area is well
watered, that will make it easier for JB to survive.
It is difficult to determine what role the winter weather
had on JB populations. Although the mild temperatures
favored JB, the lack of snow cover could have been po-
tentially detrimental to them. The early spring we have
been experiencing should not have any effect on JB num-
bers. However, expect them to emerge earlier than nor-
mal. In a typical season, JB emerge around the 4th of
July. If the weather holds, the adults could be active as
soon as the 3rd or 4th week of June.
And speaking of the early spring, people are wondering
whether they can still treat JB grubs this spring or wheth-
er it is too late. An important factor to first consider is
whether your primary goal is to control the grubs, be-
cause you are seeing damage in your turf, or the adults
because of damage they have done to garden and land-
scape plants. If your aim is to
reduce the adults by controlling
the grubs, you can save yourself
the effort as this is not effec-
tive. The adults are mobile and
can easily fly in from areas out-
side your property.
If you are finding turf damage
due to JB grubs, and if you have
had a lot of adults on your prop-
erty look carefully for this, then
the best time to treat for grubs is
in July. If you are going to use a
preventative, such as imidaclo-
prid (e.g. Merit), then you should be treating your turf
when you first see the adults flying. About two to three
weeks after the first adults have emerged, JB eggs are
hatching. Preventative insecticides are most effective
against the first instar larvae but not the older second and
third instar larvae so the timing is critical.
If JB grubs are not treated then, it is still possible to con-
trol them with a curative insecticide, such as trichlorfon
(e.g. Dylox). You can effectively treat JB with a curative
insecticide until about mid-August. By spring, the grubs
are too large to effectively treat them.
Forest Service kicks off My Neighborhood Forest photo contest.
Contest to highlight colors of the urban forest
WASHINGTON, April 10, 2012 -- The U.S. Forest Ser-
vice today announced its My Neighborhood Forest photo
contest, celebrating America’s urban and community
forests.
The Grand Prize winner will receive $200 in outdoor
gear courtesy of the National Forest Foundation.
The contest, which runs from April 11 – July 22, seeks to
highlight the natural beauty that spring and summer bring
to U.S. neighborhoods, communities and cities, as well as
the crucial role of trees in the places we call home.
Those interested in competing should visit
www.Challenge.gov for more details on the prizes and con-
test rules.
With 80 percent of the nation's population in urban areas,
there are strong environmental, social, and economic cases
to be made for the conservation of green spaces to guide
growth and revitalize city centers and older suburbs.
Urban forests, through planned connections of green spac-
es, form the green infrastructure system on which commu-
nities depend. This natural life support system sustains
clean air and water, biodiversity, habitat, nesting and travel
corridors for wildlife, and connects people to nature.
5
Education Updates
Inventory Emphasis
Volunteers will be needed to help with inventories in
Dakota County, St. Paul, Mora, Bemidji, Brainerd,
Mankato and Royalton. This training will not only
teach you how to conduct tree surveys but you will
also be able to lead the inventory groups.
These inventories are vital to communities and with
budget constraints they are relying on volunteers to
aid them. Tree inventories help to discover what the
diversity a community has and allows them to create
better urban forestry plans. How can you plant for
diversity when you don’t know what you have? Plan-
ning for diversity will help them to avoid major losses
due to pests and disease.
The training covers:
*The value of tree surveys or in inventories and how
they are conducted.
*A brief overview of common trees and how to I.D.
them.
*How to correctly measure D.B.H and canopy spread.
*How to Condition Rate trees.
*How to complete data forms.
We will be holding the Tree Inventory Emphasis
Training on May 5th from 10:30-5:30 with an hour
break for lunch. The training will cost $25 if you
bring your own lunch and $35 if you want lunch pro-
vided.
To register go to
http://www.mntca.org/emphasis-training-registration/
TCAs Receive Discount on Tree Inspector Program
TCAs receive a 50% off discount on May 24ths Min-
nesota Tree Inspector training and certification test-
ing. This means you only pay $42.50 for the materials,
training and exam! This discount is currently only for
TCAs coming in as a new Tree Inspector and is not for
those renewing their certification.
The certified tree inspector program was implemented
in 1974 in response to Dutch elm disease and oak wilt.
Since then, hundreds of communities have participated
and there are more than 800 certified tree inspectors in
Minnesota. Certified tree inspectors have passed a test
in which they demonstrate proficiency in Emerald Ash
Borer, Dutch elm disease and oak wilt management,
tree identification, firewood identification, and shade
tree management. Tree inspectors must attend annual
recertification workshops to learn the latest infor-
mation on tree care, exotic species management, shade
tree management, tree selection, insect and disease
identification, tree health care and other timely topics.
The workshop you attend includes basic instruction so
that you can demonstrate the following qualifications:
be able to identify all native tree species, with or with-
out leaves, and all felled or downed trees with bark
intact common to your work area; know and under-
stand the biology of Minnesota's most common shade
tree pests; be familiar with symptoms of oak wilt and
Dutch elm disease, and be able to identify other prob-
lems affecting oaks and elms; know the proper method
of collecting samples for disease diagnosis; know the
approved control methods for these common tree
pests; be familiar with recommended tree species used
in replanting programs, their planting requirements,
and the care of these trees after planting.
To register go to www.mntca.org/tree-inspector/
print out the form and send to the address on the form.
Fruits of the City: Renewal Opportunity
There are some opportunities to get in some Renewal Edu-
cation hours through the non-profit Fruits of the City.
Fruits of the City aims to capture fresh fruit that would oth-
erwise go to waste and redistributes it to those in need.
Soil Basics for Thriving Orchards and Gardens will count
for 1 hour of the Plant Selection requirement.
Fruit Pests and Diseases will count for 1 hour of the Plant
Health Issues Requirement.
Those who volunteer for Fruits of the City as a Neighbor-
hood Coordinator receive free classes from them.
For more information or to register go to
http://www.mnproject.org/food-FruitEducation.html
If you attend these sessions as part of your Renewal please
fill out the Renewal Opportunities form on www.mntca.org
April 24th Soil Basics for Thriving Orchards and Gardens – Fred Ro-
zumalski
6
Location: Bachman’s on Lyndale 6:30 – 8:00 P.M.
Cost: $20
http://www.eventbrite.com/event/soilbasics
Description: Soils are the first critical component of a successful or-
chard or garden. It's a deep subject, but understanding
the basics of soil nutrition, aeration, drainage and the
soil food web can go a long way in setting up for
sucess. This 'how to' course will have you walking
away with exact steps for conditioning and maintaining
healthy soil.
Bio: Fred Rozumalski is an ecologist and landscape architect
currently employed in the water resources division of
Barr Engineering Company in Minneapolis, MN. A be-
liever in the power of every land owner's potential to
help regenerate ecological balance, Fred has developed
a specialty in designing practical landscapes that se-
quester carbon, harvest stormwater, and conserve ener-
gy. His work ranges from writing city-wide green infra-
structure plans, to restoring native ecosystems, to de-
signing corporate urban environments that feature per-
ennial food crops. Fred is committed to teaching others
to implement sustainable landscapes.
May 8th Fruit Pests and Diseases – Jeffrey Johnson
Location: Greater Frogtown Community Development
Corporation 6:30 – 8:00 P.M. Cost: $10
http://www.eventbrite.com/event/fruitpests
Description: Come learn how to control the most serious and damag-
ing pests on your fruit trees and shrubs. This class will
cover basics of pest control on Apples, Pears, Apricots,
Raspberries, Blueberries, Grapes, Strawberries and Cur-
rants.
Bio: Jeffrey Johnson is a Landscape Gardener with the Min-
nesota Landscape Arboretum, University of Minnesota.
He is a woody plants specialist maintaining the trees and
shrubs collections throughout the public cultivated areas
in the Arboretum's 1125 acres.
Jeffrey has been a professional horticulturist for 30
years. At the Arboretum he has managed the HRC's or-
chards, Landscape Plants Breeding Program nurseries,
recruited and retained a substantial volunteer corps,
taught adult education classes, given tours and cultivat-
ed donors.
Important Program Updates
Membership Cards
Sent along with this newsletter is a membership card,
which you will see has a membership number on it. Hold
onto this card! I will be sending out information about
what Volunteer hours you have submitted and what Re-
newal hours you have completed. This number will be
your identifier so that I’m not telling everyone how much
you have volunteered this year. So instead of looking for
your name, look for your number. Hopefully this will fix
the issue of folks not remembering which hours they’ve
already turned in
Try it out on the Volunteer Hours and Renewal Hours
Tracker that I sent with the newsletter. Let me know what
you think!
TCA Cookbook Available
The Tree Care Advisor Cookbook, "Growing and Eat-
ing Fruits from Trees and Shrubs in Minnesota", that
was put together by several TCAs and pulled together
and edited by Rebecca Koetter is now available for
purchase! Get a sneak peak at
www.mntca.org/tca-cookbook/
The book gives the growing requirements and recipes
for every fruit including common fruits such as apples
all the way to gooseberries. This book makes for a
great reference and helps you make some great food!
Get one today!
There are 100 pages in total and they cost $32.40 to
print, put in spiral binding. They also have a clear
plastic cover which is great in case of spills. We are
charging $33 for them. It will cost $4.90 if you would
like it shipped to you or you can reserve one for
pickup by sending a check to:
TCA
115 Green Hall
1530 Cleveland Ave. N
St. Paul, MN, 55108
If you would like one please send a check written out
to the University of Minnesota and write TCA in the
memo, for $33 if you want to have one reserved for
you to pick up at a later date, or if you would like one
mailed to you please send a check of $37.90 and one
will be send to you as soon as it is received. This in-
formation is also available on the TCA website, just
look in the menu bar (no pun intended).
If you have any questions about the cookbooks please
feel free to e-mail info@mntca.org
7
Summer Volunteer Calendar
Great River Greening - Restoration Event Saturday April 21, 8:30am – 12:30pm
Indian Mounds Regional Park, St. Paul, MN
Minneapolis Park and Recreation
Earth Day Watershed Clean Up Saturday, April 21, 9:30am – 12:00pm
Multiple Minneapoils Locations, see description
TCA - DirT Meeting Wednesday, April 25, 6:30pm – 8:30pm
116 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN,
55108
City of Plymouth - Bare Root Tree and Shrub Sale Friday April 27, 12pm – 5pm
Plymouth Maintenance Facility
City of Plymouth - Bare Root Tree and Shrub Sale Saturday, April 28, 7:30am – 1:00pm
Plymouth Maintenance Facility
City of St. Paul - Arbor Day Fruit Tree Event Saturday, April 28, 9am – 12pm
Horton Park, St. Paul, MN
Tree Trust - St. Louis Park Tree Distribution Saturday, May 5, 7:30am – 12:00pm
2231 Edgewood Avenue South, St. Louis Park, 55426
Oakdale Tree Planting Saturday, May 5, 8am – 12pm
Castle Elementary, 6675 50th St. N., Oakdale, MN, 55128
Great River Greening - Invasive Removal Saturday, May 5, 8:30am – 12:30pm
Pilot Knob, Medota Heights, MN
Tree Trust - St. Louis Park Tree Distribution Saturday, May 5, 7:30am – 12:00pm
2231 Edgewood Avenue South, St. Louis Park, 55426
Oakdale Tree Planting Saturday, May 5, 8am – 12pm
Castle Elementary, 6675 50th St. N., Oakdale, MN, 55128
Great River Greening - Invasive Removal Saturday, May 5, 8:30am – 12:30pm
Pilot Knob, Medota Heights, MN
Tree Trust - Minneapolis Tree Distribution Saturday, May 12, 2012
City of Minneapolis Impound Lot - 51 Colfax Avenue
North, Minneapolis
Great River Greening - Restoration Event Saturday, May 12, 8:30am – 12:30pm
Cherokee Bluffs Regional Park, St. Paul, MN
University of Minnesota- Rochester Study Planting Saturday, May 12, 8:30am – 12:30pm or 8:30am-4:30pm
Essex Park, Rochester, MN
Tree Trust
ReForest St. Louis Park Community Planting Saturday, May 12, 9am – 12pm
Oak Hill Park 3201 Rhode Island Avenue South, St. Louis
Park, 55426
Tree Trust- Minneapolis Tree Distribution Sunday, May 13, 2012
City of Minneapolis Impound Lot - 51 Colfax Avenue
North, Minneapolis
Tree Trust - Minneapolis Tree Distribution Monday, May 14, 2:45pm – 7:15pm
City of Minneapolis Impound Lot - 51 Colfax Avenue
North
Great River Greening - Tree Planting Saturday, May 19, 8:30am – 12:30pm
Rum River Easement Property, Cambridge, MN
City of Lake Elmo and MNDot - Lake Elmo Planting Saturday, June 2, 8:45am – 1:00pm
3800 Laverne Avenue N., Lake Elmo, MN, 55042
City of Lake Elmo and MNDot - Lake Elmo Planting Saturday, June 2, 8:45am – 1:00pm
3800 Laverne Avenue N., Lake Elmo, MN, 55042
Fruits of the City - Apple Bagging Saturday, June 23, 2012
Details are to be determined. Check the website for up-
dates.
If any of these events interest you, go to the http://www.mntca.org/volunteer-opportunities/calendar/
The TCA Volunteer Calendar has great descriptions of events and
contact information for those running the events.
8
Tree Care Advisor Volunteer Hours
Current Contact Information (please fill out entirely unless you prefer to turn your hours in on the web)
Name:
Address:
City, State, Zip Code:
Email Address:
Report Duration from to example: mm/dd/yy
Return Mail Address: Tree Care Advisors
115 Green Hall
1530 Cleveland Avenue North
Saint Paul, MN 55108-6112
_ _ / _ _ / _ _ _ _ / _ _ / _ _
Date Hours Location Description
1. _ _ / _ _ / _ _
2. _ _ / _ _ / _ _
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