2017 sustainable ag expo - vineyard team · 2017. 11. 29. · adenovirus influenza. november 13-15,...

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

2017 SUSTAINABLE AG

EXPO

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Marc Fuchs

Cornell University

Department of Plant Pathology

mf13@cornell.edu

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Viruses are:

• Small infectious agent

• Differently shaped

• Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat

• Obligate intracellular parasites

• Cellular pirates

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Viruses: Different Shapes

Bacteriophage

HIV Hepatitis B Ebola

InfluenzaAdenovirus

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Viruses: Different Shapes

FanleafLeafroll

Stem grooving

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Viruses: Different Shapes

FanleafLeafroll

Stem grooving

100nm

100nm

10nm

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Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat

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Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat

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Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Plant Cell Structure

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Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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Translation = Viral protein production

Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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Translation = Viral protein production

Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Replication

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Translation = Viral protein production

Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Accumulation ARN (+)

Replication

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Translation = Viral protein production

Nucleus

Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Accumulation ARN (+)

Replication

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Virus entry Virus exit

RdRP

Replication

EncapsidationCell to cell

movement

Accumulation ARN (+)

Transmission

Key steps of the virus infectious cycle

Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

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Golgi

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule

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Golgi

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Golgi

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule

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Virus entry Virus exit

RdRP

Replication

EncapsidationCell to cell

movement

Systemic

movement

Accumulation ARN (+)

Transmission

Key steps of the virus infectious cycle

Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

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Hip

per

et

al. 2

01

3

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Virus entry Virus exit

RdRP

Replication

EncapsidationCell to cell

movement

Systemic

movement

Accumulation ARN (+)

TransmissionDisease symptoms

Key steps of the virus infectious cycle

Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Virus entry Virus exit

RdRP

Replication

EncapsidationCell to cell

movement

Systemic

movement

Accumulation ARN (+)

TransmissionDisease symptoms

Key steps of the virus infectious cycle

Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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Viruses: Disease Symptoms

Red BlotchLeafroll

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Viruses: Disease Symptoms

Red Blotch

Leafroll

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Viruses: Disease Symptoms

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Bla

nco-

Ula

teet

al. (

20

17)

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Red Blotch Impact

• Lower vigor• Lower yield• Lower soluble solids• Increased fructose• Increased glucose• Increased favonoids• Increased amino acids

• Induction of primary early ripening metabolic pathways

• Inhibition of ripening-associated pathways

Leaves

Blanco-Ulate et al. (2017); Wallis and Sudarshana (2016)

Berries

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Viruses: Disease Symptoms

Leafroll

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SymptomaticAsymptomatic

Red blotch- Pinot noirViruses: Disease Symptoms

Red Blotch

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Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management

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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Whitfield et al. 2015

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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Whitfield et al. 2015

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Mealybugs & Soft Scales

Dagger nematodes

Three cornered alfalfa treehopper

Erineum mite

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Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management

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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Roossinck 2016

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Viruses: Principles (1/3)

• Vitis sp. is the only major host

• No mechanical transmission in vineyards

• No cure in infected vineyards

• Infection is often latent in rootstocks

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• Disseminated through vegetative propagation

• Graft-transmissible / Top working

• Careful selection of the planting material

• Certification programs limit the presence and

dissemination of viruses in propagation material

Viruses: Principles (2/3)

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• Vector-transmissible

• Economic impact

Leafroll: $485-$3,660/acre/year

Red blotch: $610-$1,110/acre/year

Viruses: Principles (3/3)

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Viruses: Mitigation & Management

Mitigation

• Manage crop load

• Nutrient supplements (foliar fertilizers)

• Bio-stimulants

• Scout and selectively pick diseased vineyards

• Selectively pick healthy/diseased vines

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Viruses: Mitigation & Management

Management:

• Scout and rogue (<30%)

• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Mitigation & Management

Yield reduction Penalty level10% None

30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard

<30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard do not control

50% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Mitigation & Management

Management:

• Scout and rogue (<30%)

• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)

• Application of agrochemicals – good stewards of the land

• Carefully select the planting material

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Thank you

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Thank you

CA Grape Rootstock Research Foundation

CA Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission