49635656 nsn-3 g-radio-planning-day2-v1-3
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1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Radio 3G Radio Network Network Planning Planning
FundamentalsFundamentals
- Day 2 -- Day 2 -
3G Radio 3G Radio Network Network Planning Planning
FundamentalsFundamentals
- Day 2 -- Day 2 -
2 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning
3 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...• List all RRM entities and explain their
function• Explain the interworking between Load
Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
• Describe the different handover possibilities
• List the two most important soft handover parameters
• Describe the difference between non-controllable and controllable traffic
• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning is needed
• Explain the cell search/synchronisation procedure of the UE
• Explain how scrambling code planning affects cell search performance
• Explain the concept of group planning
• List all RRM entities and explain their function
• Explain the interworking between Load Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
• Describe the different handover possibilities
• List the two most important soft handover parameters
• Describe the difference between non-controllable and controllable traffic
• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning is needed
• Explain the cell search/synchronisation procedure of the UE
• Explain how scrambling code planning affects cell search performance
• Explain the concept of group planning
4 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
NRT trafficRT traffic
Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
PS domainCS domain
Radio Resource Management UMTS Traffic Classes
• Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay sensitive while background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class.
• Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to be used to carry real time traffic flows.
• Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet, FTP and News
5 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementRAN Data Rates
AMR speechAMR speech
Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 12.2012.20 10.2010.20 7.957.95 7.407.40 6.706.70 5.905.90 5.155.15 4.754.75
PS dataPS data
Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 512*512* 384384 320320 256256 144**144** 128128 6464 3232 1616 88
Non-transparent CS dataNon-transparent CS data
Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 57.657.6 28.828.8 14.414.4
Transparent CS dataTransparent CS data
Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 6464 33.633.6 3232 28.828.8
* RAN2 DL** RAN2
Extensive multicall capability
Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)
6 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
• Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of the air interface resources
• RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance• Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)• Maintain the planned coverage for each service• Ensure planned capacity with low blocking• optimise the use of capacity
• RRM can be divided into• Power control• Handover control• Admission control• Load control (Congestion control)• Packet scheduling• Resource Manager
Radio Resource ManagementOverview
Iu
Iur
Iub
Iub
MS
BTS
BTS
SRNC
DRNCPower Control
Power ControlLoad Control
Admission ControlLoad Control
Admission ControlPacket SchedulerLoad ControlHandover ControlPower Control
7 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Logical Model
• AC Admission Control
• LC Load Control
• PS Packet Scheduler
• RM Resource Manager
• PC Power Control
• HC HO Control
PC
HCConnection based functions
LC
AC
Network based functions
PS
RM
8 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Overview of RRM Algorithms
• Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA power control are:
• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)• Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)• Outer loop power control
• Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of UE in RAN.
• HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the following handover procedures:
• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover• Intra-frequency hard handover• Inter-frequency handover• Inter-system (GSM) handover
9 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementOverview of RRM Algorithms
• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
• Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
• Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load information of cells controlled by RNC
• Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.
10 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementOverview of RRM Algorithms
• Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.
• The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.
• It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload.
• PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both dedicated and shared channels.
11 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Wideband Power Based RRM
• Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network based algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:
• RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell without taking neighbouring cells account.
• System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power (PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).
• AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.• AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.
• RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total average uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkage occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.
Uplink Downlink
Node B Measurement Total received wideband power PrxTotal
Total transmitted wideband power PtxTotal
RRM in RNC Keep load at PrxTraget (max)
Keep load at PrxTraget (max)
12 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control
• The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection
• Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediate response for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Power control is also needed to cope with the near far problem
• PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basic procedures:
• Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure• PC for downlink common physical channels• Fast closed loop PC• Outer loop PC
13 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops
• Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level
• Outer loop PC maintains the set quality
SRNC RNCSRNC RNC
Node B
Iub
UEUE
Fast Closed Loop PC
UL Outer
Loop PC
DL Outer
Loop PC
Immediate response tofading andfast
changes in signal and interference
levels
”Quality loop”: Maintains
the specified error rate
14 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Power Control Loops
UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE• UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info
from RNC • path loss between Node B and UE• uplink interference level (measured by Node B) • required received C/I
• With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles• Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is
able to detect it• After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop
PC starts.
P2
Downlink / BS
RACHP1
L1 ACK / AICH
Uplink / MS
Preamble
Not detected
Message partPreamble
15 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops
Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)• Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value
specified by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated control channel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command is sent on the reverse link.
• In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the UL DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC) value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and responds accordingly
• In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DL DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH.
• In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC command will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.
16 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops
Outer loop power control • The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop
PC. The SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on the estimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided by admission control functionality in the RNC.
• The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources is most effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that the quality of the connection is good enough.
• In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts the new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.
• UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to quality estimates of the received channel.
• Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but some control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.
17 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops
P1
P2
• UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency => equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)
• Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times
• Different path attenuations are compensated by using power control.
• Open loop power control: UE adjusts it’s initial transmitter power according to received signal level
• Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE to increase or decrease it’s transmission power at 1.5 kHz It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR) estimates in Node B.
• Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)
Node BUE2
UE1TPC commands
TPC commands
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"
UE adjusts power accordingto TPC commands
18 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
CNRNC
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"
frame reliability info
(SIR)set adjustmentcommand
outer loopcontrol
if FER increase then (SIR)set "up"else (SIR)set "down"
required (SIR)set for 1 % FER
time
MS stands still
• outer loop TPC maintains link quality
• optimises capacity / range
• is the "link adaptation" method in WCDMA
• during soft handover: comes after soft handover frame selection
19 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementCommon Channel Power Planning
BTS power allocation rule:For Pilot CPCIH 10 %, For other common channels, 10 % For dedicated channels, the rest
Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interestfrom the total BS power.
20 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPower Control & Diversity
• At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly constant receive power and Tx power with high variations
• With diversity the variations in Tx power is less
• At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level more or less constant
• In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power affects interference within the cell.
21 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Handovers
Soft/Softer handover• In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells• In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B• Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)• Intra-frequency handoverHard handover• Intra-Frequency hard handover
• Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible• Decision procedure is the same as SHO• MEHO and RNC controlled HO• Causes temporary disconnection of the user
• Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5)• Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard
handover• Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)• Decision algorithm located in RNC• Handovers both for RT and NRT Services
• Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)• Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)• Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS
22 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Softer HO
Soft-Soft HO
Softer-Soft HO
Soft HO
Radio Resource ManagementSoft Handover
23 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds Strongest pilot in active set - Addition Window. The mobile station starts Addition Time timer
2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously higher than Strongest pilot in active set – Addition Window, RNC add the neighbour to Active set after the Addition Time timer expires.3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller than Strongest pilot in active set - Drop Window. The mobile station starts Drop Time timer 4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously smaller than Strongest pilot in active set – Drop Window, RNC drops the cell from the active set to the neighbour set after the Drop Time timer expires.
Radio Resource ManagementNokia Soft Handover Algorithm
Strongest pilot in active set
Addition Window
Drop Window
MS Ec/N0 value
timeAddition Time Drop Time
MS Ec/N0
Neighbor SetNeighbour Set Active SetActive Set Neighbor SetNeighbour Set
1. 2. 3. 4.
24 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementLoad Control
• The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation.
• Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
LC
AC
PSNRT load
Load change info
Load status
25 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Load Control
• Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio resources is the interference, the load of the cell under the RNC is measured periodically based on
• uplink interference level• downlink transmission power levels
• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal
• In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal
26 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
• PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can operate.
Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in Uplink
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20Noise rise as a function of fractional load
Fractional load
Noi
se r
ise
[dB
]
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]PrxTarget [dB]
Noise floor
FEASIBLE LOAD AREAMARGINAL LOAD AREAOVERLOAD AREA
27 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Loadin DLPtxTotal
[dBm]
PtxTarget [dBm]
PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]
Cell maximum [dBm]
Load
[0...1]
0 1
max_
_ˆBTStx
totaltx
P
P
OVER LOAD AREA
MARGINAL LOAD AREA
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
Loadin DLPtxTotal
[dBm]
PtxTarget [dBm]
PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]
Cell maximum [dBm]
Load
[0...1]
0 1
max_
_ˆBTStx
totaltx
P
P
OVER LOAD AREA
MARGINAL LOAD AREA
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in DL
• In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as the ratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to the maximum transmission power of cell
28 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control
• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.
• AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
• The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of the bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction is estimated separately.
• The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predicted load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink.
• In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control (LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.
29 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Overload area
Load TargetOverload Margin
Pow
er
Time
Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.
Measured load caused by noncontrollable load
Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control
• The traffic can be divided into two groups• Real Time (RT) or non-controllable • Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.
30 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control
• Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the interference coming from surrounding cells.
Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.
Non-controllable traffic = RT users +other-cell users +noise +other NRT users which operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic= NRT users
31 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control
power
time
non-controllable power
controllable power
PrxNc / PtxNc
PrxTotal / PtxTotal
PrxNrt / PtxNrt
PrxOffset / PtxOffsetPrxTarget / PtxTarget
ADMISSION DECISION: A RAB request is accepted if the estimated non-controllable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target and the current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target and offset parameters.
32 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementPacket Scheduler
• Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL
• Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handling of NRT radio bearers
• Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packet call, i.e. active data transmission.
time
bit rate
RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCH allocation
Packet call
NRT RAB allocated, packet service session
Packet scheduler handles
Admission control handles
Short inactive periods during
packet call
33 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementResource Manager
• The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection
• The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the PS
• The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the PS about the resource situation
• The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree.
• Manages the Node B logical resources• Node B reports the available logical HW resources
• Maintains the code tree, • Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL
channelization code type
• Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA
34 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementResource Manager
• Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)
• Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code separates connection
• The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor
• All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
• The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.
user data widespread data
chanellizationcode
scramblingcode
35 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementDL Primary Scrambling Code
• DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE and Node B for cell search & identification procedure during
• call set up • handover
• Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization• search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell• search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification • search step 2: scrambling code identification
• Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need to be planned (like frequency planning in GSM)
• Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0…511), they are in 64 groups, each group having 8 codes
• Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in the planning area
Most Important step !
36 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Codes 0 1 2 … 630 0 8 16 5041 1 9 17 5052 2 10 18 5063 3 11 19 5074 4 12 20 5085 5 13 21 5096 6 14 22 5107 7 15 23 511
• Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for Planning Engineer (i=0…511)
Radio Resource Management Primary Scrambling Code
CodeGroup 1
37 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementDL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
• Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because • It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)• The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the
search procedure in cell search step 2 and 3• There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between
two cells using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM)
• Recommended minimum reuse is 64
• Scrambling code Planning Rule • Minimize the number of used code groups• Maximize the number of codes per group
• The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments
38 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementDL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
• Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer => same codes could be used
• Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours is high like in Urban area
• The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough to include all useful candidates but as small as possible to maintain fast synchronization process
39 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule -
Example
• Area with 12 Node B(1+1+1) sites
• Assign the codes such that codes form geographic cluster of cells.
• Two code groups enough up to 15 neighbours
6 7
20
1 2
0 24
238
164
17
2625
3
185
19
922
21
12 11
1015
14 1327
29
2830
31
32
33
34
35
IntraFreqNcell ScrCode
UE
PriScrCode
Cluster of cells having 2 code
groups
40 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Registration and Service Areas - Overview
• Four Registration areas are known in UMTS
• Location area (LA) in core network CS domain• Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain• UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)• Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)
• Service Area (SA)
• Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE location based services
• UTRAN does not make use of SA
41 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementLocation Area (LA)
• LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network
• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC) No overlap between location areas.
• A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum an MSC/VLR area.
• A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas
• When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform a location (LA) update procedure.
42 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementRouting Area (RA)
• The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network
• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC) No overlap between routing areas.
• A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.
A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.
• When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area (RA) update procedure.
• A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.
43 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementUTRAN Registration Area (URA)
• URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level
• Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid) Overlapping URA’s are possible
• Overlapping URA’s reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE
URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs
URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs. RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCH state only URA updates instead of cell updates
URA update is a RRC procedure
44 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementCell
• A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the core network
• A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is in CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.
• Cell update is a RRC procedure
45 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource ManagementService Area (SA)
• The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to the same LA
• The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the Location Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).
• Service Area is used for location based services • In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level • In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell
• In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enables information providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to a specified Service Area within the PLMN. These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news, emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weather reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs…
46 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Resource Management Impact of Registration Areas on Common
Channel Traffic
• LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on RACH and FACH (area updates)
• With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase.
The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extra PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in that cell.
With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACH will decrease.
The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specific UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA or URA updates decreases.
• The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACH and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.
47 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning
48 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• List the actions which are done during pre-launch optimisation
• List the tools which are used during pre-launch optimisation
• List at least three parameters which could be tuned during pre-launch optimisation
• Explain the three golden rules for pre-launch optimisation
• List the actions which are done during pre-launch optimisation
• List the tools which are used during pre-launch optimisation
• List at least three parameters which could be tuned during pre-launch optimisation
• Explain the three golden rules for pre-launch optimisation
49 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-launch OptimisationIntroduction
• Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the defined coverage and quality criteria
• Drive tests are done to test • Coverage for different data rate services• Pilot channel coverage• Soft handover areas and probabilities• Quality (BLER)
• Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure the criteria
• Cell total data throughput• Call setup success rates for different services• Call drop rates• Soft Handover performance
50 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-launch OptimisationProcess
Network Management• Nokia NetActTM for 3G• Field Tool Server
RAN Optimisation• pre-defined procedures• semi / full automated
configuration
Start
W indow AddChange 1 stepsize
W indrow DropChange 1 stepsize
Com pThresholdChange 1 stepsize
DropTim erChange 1 stepsize
NMS: Collectnetwork
perform ance data
Evaluate KPI 'HO Overhead'.
OK ?
Evaluate allnetwork KPIs.
OK ?
Yes
Go to relevantoptim isation flow-chart
No
End
Yes
No
measurements
KPIs, counters
air-interface
Field Tool
WCDMA RAN
KPIs, measurements
Configuration
51 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch OptimisationTools
• Drive test tools for Coverage verification• Agilent scanner• Nemo Technologies TOM• Ericsson TEMS
• Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation, infrastructure verification and network optimisation
• Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct
• Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)
• Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)
• Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting• NetHawk
• Uplink and Downlink loading tools
52 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Initial Drive Testing Configuration
Iub(ATM)
Iub(ATM)
Iu-CS( ATM )Iu-CS( ATM )
STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1
RNCBTS
Extract radio parameters which are exchanged over the RRC protocol: • Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc. • NBAP
•Radio link Measurement report•Dedicated RRC messages
Nethawk analyserA WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be used for (passive) idle mode downlink measurements:
• CPICH Ec/Io• Active set (neighbor list measurements)• Location informationWhen used together with a UE (no monitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can (analysing messaging in Iub interface) be used to assess the UE behavior
Postprocessing (Actix and/or a customised tool) tool to correlate the data
from network and terminal side by using
the timestamp
Additional terminals (if available) used to increase network load. Hardblocking will be used to limit required number of terminals
Iu-PS(IP)
Iu-PS(IP)
53 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Load Generation
• Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, load generation is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network
• In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise to the UL branch to test coverage
• by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise like interference)
• Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load
• In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like.
• Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels of a downlink link
• OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1
54 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
• There are few parameters that have a great influence for the Soft Handover of the network
Pre-Launch Optimisation Soft Handover Optimisation Example
AdditionW indow
Too wide soft HOarea
Too sm all soft HOarea
+ Soft HOOverhead
UL m acrodiversitygain decrease
- UL Troughput
too high
too low
unnecessary softHO branch
addition- DL Troughput
frequent HOs+ signallingoverhead
• Add Window• Drop Window• Maximum Active Set Size• Drop Time • Transmission power of the CPICH channel• Replacement Window
55 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
KPI improvementPurpose: Increase network performance
Target: Soft Handover Overhead at optimal point
Method: adjust window_add and window_drop parameters
Result: Optimal parameter value found
KPI improvementPurpose: Increase network performance
Target: Soft Handover Overhead at optimal point
Method: adjust window_add and window_drop parameters
Result: Optimal parameter value found
Before After
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Simulation Phase
SHOO [%]
Selected optimal parameter value
30
Degraded performance
Semi-optimal
Active set size“Microscopic analysis”on area of 1 km2
and 39 sites
Active set size“Microscopic analysis”on area of 1 km2
and 39 sites
Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimising Soft Handover Areas
56 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimisation Based on Statistics
• Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports• Field measurements are used to get additional information
from the pinpointed problem spots• Useful for optimisation
• To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
• To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs• To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information
on various statistical indicators and network history• Basis for area-wide performance improvement
• Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
• Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas• Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for
network expansions
57 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility
Static simulations“Snapshot”Static simulations“Snapshot”
Static Moving randomly or along roads with random speed
Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map
Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map
Realistic Nokia algorithms; also future algorithms
Simplified and limited algorithms, e.g no power control
No traffic model Realistic traffic model;projection of traffic growth
Moving in three dimensions
Current software versions in use
Statistics collected from snapshots
Statistics collected over time period from detailed call simulations
Traffic is low in network launch
Statistics collected from network management systemMultipath propagation
AlgorithmsAlgorithms
TrafficTraffic
Performanceanalysing
Performanceanalysing
PropagationPropagation
MobilityMobility
Dynamic simulations“Movie”
Real network“Reality”
58 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimisation Example
• Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 were in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer
• In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings were tuned in macro cells
• The sites were already optimised for GSM
• Number of served users increased• outdoor users about 2.5%• indoor users about 2.6%• mixed case about 3.1%
• Change of other to own cell interference i (average)• outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44• indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43• mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44
59 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch Optimisation Macro: Little i in the beginning
60 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Pre-Launch OptimisationMacro: Little i after Optimisation
61 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Macro layer
Outdoor
Indoor
mixed
optimisedusers change
2206
2079
2211
+14%
+11%
+13%
users
1931
1872
1943
Pre-Launch OptimisationCapacity increase after Optimisation
• Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers
• Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used compared to outdoor
• Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside
• Increase is more than 10 % as shown below
• Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power
1689
1755
1713
+12%
+11%
+13%
1486
1559
1485
Micro layer
optimisedusers changeusers
62 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Problem
Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimisation Principles
Overlapping of cells, no clear dominance
Cell sizes do not match to user distribution No coverage
Problemindicator
in PlanningTool
- High i- Low capacity- High soft handover overhead
- Outage due to BTS power or uplink load- Other cell do not collect traffic
- Outage due to UE power- Outage due to DL link power
Problemindicator
in network
- High noise rise while low throughput in UL- High soft handover overhead
- Blocking in some cells- Other cells do not collect traffic
- Dropped calls - Bad quality- Low bit rates for packets
Solutions
- Antenna downtilt- De-Splitting => 2 cells- Remove sites- SHO parameters?
- Antenna tilting- CPICH adjustment
- More sites - Higher link power in DL
Understand
Detect
Solve
Results?? - 10-20% higher capacity- 10-20% higher capacity- Cells collect traffic more equally
Check
Avoid unnecessary overlapping
Put cells close to users
Make sure there is coverage
3 Golden rules
63 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning
64 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• Name all Nokia Node B‘s with their maximum configuration
• Explain the signal flow through a Node B
• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet
• Describe different HW configuration possibilities for a Node B
• List all antenna system components
• Name all Nokia Node B‘s with their maximum configuration
• Explain the signal flow through a Node B
• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet
• Describe different HW configuration possibilities for a Node B
• List all antenna system components
65 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOverview
Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTS
Optima Compact
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTS
Supreme
Indoor Outdoor
Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTS
Optima
Indoor
Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need• Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor
environments• Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations• Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and
WCDMA networksNokia
MetroSite
WCDMA BTS
Indoor Outdoor
Triple-modeNokia UltraSite
EDGE BTS
66 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact
Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up
• freedom in single cabinet configurations– 6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers
• 3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet
– 3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors
Widest service area • excellent RF performance
– output power 10/20/40 W• optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet without IBBU
Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations• unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet
height– cabinet height 1300 mm
• minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed– footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm)
• outdoor cabinet
Outdoor• 1300 x 1200 x
790 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55
67 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension
68 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact with IBBU
Extension•Rectifiers: 3 x BATA 3.9
kW DC
• Power Distribution Unit
(PDU)
• Common Control Unit
(CCUA)
• LTE space: 3 x HU
• Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48
V DC)
69 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Indoor
Widest service area• excellent RF performance
– output power 10/20/40 W• cost optimized solution for network roll-out
Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth• designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band
– 2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet
Fits to every site• minimized site requirements due to compact size
– indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)• cabinet for indoor installations
Indoor• 1100 x 600 x 600 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20
70 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Supreme
High-capacity multimedia BTS• supports 6 sectored solutions• up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• cabinet chaining for extreme configurations
– chaining of 4 cabinets supported• optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or
more– 1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W
configurations
Widest service area• excellent RF performance
– output power 10/20/40 W• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet
Minimized footprint• smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier
– indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMA carriers
– outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMA carriers
• cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations
Outdoor• 1940 x 770 x 790
mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55
Indoor• 1800 x 600 x 600 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20
71 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family MetroSite WCDMA
"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications
• cost-effective road-side coverage• in-fill coverage • indoor services• targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots• multi-layer networks
Revolutionary all-in-one solution• smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS• everything integrated in a single cabinet
– base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and short-term mains failure protection
• common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations
Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size• as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS
– output power 8 W• 996 x 270 x 392 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55
72 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Configurations• 1+1+1, 8W• 2+2+2, 4W
BTS capacity• max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet
Other features• 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and
WCDMA carriers or 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs in single cabinet
• tri- sectored solutions• 2-port uplink diversity as
standard• AC or DC power feed
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA
Outdoor• 1940 x 770 x 750 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55
Indoor• 1800 x 600 x 570 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20
1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)11 Interface unit (IFU)12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)13 Transmission unit (VXxx)14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
KEY:
8
5
6 7
1
2
9
2
2
1
111
12
14
10
31
3
4 4 4
73 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme
WAF (6pcs)
Antenna Filter
WEA (1pc)External Alarm Unit
WPA (6pcs)Power Amplifier
WIC (3pcs)Input Combiner
WTR (6pcs)Transmitter &
Receiver
WSC (2pcs)System Clock
AXU (1pc)ATM Cross-connect Unit
IFU (5pcs)Interface Unit
WPS (3pcs)Power Suppy
WAM (6pcs)Application
Manager
WSM (3pcs)Summing &
Multiplexing
WSP (18pcs)
Signal Processor
74 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOptima and Optima Compact
ConfigurationsOptima Configuration
Number of cabinets
Output power per carrier
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.2
WPA version
1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W3 sector 1 carrier (1+1+1)
1 20W 384 768 20W
2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 40W2+2+2 1 10W 384 768 20W
Optima Compact Configuration
Number of cabinets
Output power per carrier
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.2
WPA version
1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 20/40W4+4+4* 1 20W 384 768 40W2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 384 768 40W
*Available in Release 2
75 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySupreme and Triple-Mode Configurations
Supreme Configuration
Number of cabinets
Output power per carrier
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.2
WPA version
1 carrier omni 1 20W 576 1152 20W 1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W1+1+1 1 40W 576 1152 20/40W 1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W 2+2+2 1 20W 576 1152 20/40W 4+4+4* 1 20W 576 1152 40W 2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 576 1152 40W 4+4+4+4+4+4* 2 20W 1152 2304 40W
Triple- Mode Configuration
Number of cabinets
Output power per carrier
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1
Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.2
1 + 1 + 1 1 8 W 160 3202 + 2 + 2* 1 4 W 160 320
*Available in Release 2
76 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySignal Flow
W P AW S M W
SP
WSP
WSP
W A M
A X U IF UIub
W IC
W A F
W T R
to W TR of 2 . carrie r
R F B B
from W TR of 2 .carrie r
Tx
R x
B i-d irectiona l
Tx/R x
R x D ivfrom /to W TR of 2 .
carrie r
from /to ad j.W SM
from /to ad j.W SM
from /to 2 ./3 . W AM
W S C
C LK
C LK to W SM /W TR
C LK from /to o thercab inet(s)
Interface UnitTermination point for transmission
ATM Cross ConnectATM Switching from/to other BS/RNC
System ClockBaseband reference clocks. Synchronises with Iub
Application ManagerATM termination pointContol functions for BS
Summing & MuliplexingSumming Tx-Samples from WSP. Distributing Rx-Samples from WTR to all WSP
Signal ProcessorRAKE Receiver, (De-) Spreading, Channel coding, ...
Transmitter & ReceiverModulation/Demodulation, Tx power control, Rx power measurementsInput Combiner
2-way combiner & 2-way devider
Antenna FilterFilters, amplifies and devides the Rx-signal
Power AmplifierLinear amplification of 1 to 4 carriers
77 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
W A F
W P A
T x
R xR x
W T R
W S MWSP
WSP
WSP
WAM
W A F
W P A
T x
R xR x
W T R
W S MWSP
WSP
WSP
WAM
W A F
W P A
T x
R xR x
W T R
W S MWSP
WSP
WSP
WAM
A X U IF UIub
W IC
W IC
W IC
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family 1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC
RF section will change for SRC configurations
78 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink SRC – 1 Carrier 20W
C arrie r 1W A F
W P A
T x
R xR x
W T R
W A F
T x
R xR x
W T R
W IC
R x M ain
R x D iv3
R x D iv2
R x D iv1
Ant1
Ant2
79 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 1 Carrier,
20W/Branch
C arrie r 1W A F
W P A
T x
R xR x
W T R
W A F
T x
R xR x
W T R
W IC
R x M ain
R x D iv3
R x D iv2
R x D iv1
Ant1
Ant2
W P A
Tx1
Tx2
80 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 2 Carriers,
20W/Branch
C arrie r 1
C arrie r 2
C arrie r 1
C arrie r 2
W A F
W A F
W IC
T x
R xR x
T x
R xR x
W T R
T xsum
T x
R xR x
T x
R xR x
W T R
T xsum
W P A
W P ANote:
Requires Release 2 Units
81 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrade Path
• roll-out phase•1 carrier/BTS• 50 Erl/carrier
1st carrier
1+1+120 W50 Erl
1+1+120 W50 Erl
ROC
AddLPA
2+2+22x20 W100 Erl
2+2+22x20 W100 Erl
• 2 carriers/BTS• 20W/carrier • 50 Erl/carrier
Increasedpower
ROC
2+2+26x10 W240 Erl
2+2+26x10 W240 Erl
• 2 carriers/sect• 10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier
2 carriers/sector
CEC
2+2+26x20 W300 Erl
2+2+26x20 W300 Erl
• 2 carriers/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier
2 carriers/sector
CEC
Add1 LPA
2+2+22x10 W80 Erl
2+2+22x10 W80 Erl
• 2 carriers/BTS•10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier
2nd carrier
ROC
1+1+13x20 W150 Erl
1+1+13x20 W150 Erl
• 1 carrier/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier
1 carrier/sector
CEC
Add3 TRXs
Add3 TRXs
AddLPA
Add3 LPAs
1+1+140 W60 Erl
1+1+140 W60 Erl
• 1 carrier/BTS• 40W/carrier• 60 Erl/carrier
Increasedpower
ROC
Add1 LPA
82 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
2+2+22 x 20W336Erl
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyNokia SRC Capacity Growth Path
•4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage
•downlink diversity for enhanced capacity
• 6 TRXs or• 3 dual-TRXs• 3 LPAs• 40 Erl/carrier
• without SRC• 50 Erl/carrier
+3 dBcoverage
gain- 20%
capacity
4-way UL div
• 3 dual-TRXs• 6 LPAs• 70 Erl/carrier
+75% capacity
gain
DL diversity
• 6 dual-TRXs• 6 LPAs• 56 Erl/carrier
+60% capacity
gain
2nd carrier
1+1+120W
120Erl1+1+1
20W150Erl
1+1+12 x 20W210Erl
83 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Overview
• The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the follwing components
• Antennas• WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)• Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through
feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be used w/o MHA)
• EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no Bias-T is used
• Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line
• Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMA GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line
• Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits
84 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Antenna Type DimensionsWeight
(kg)Frequency Range
(MHz)Gain (dBi)
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72761.01 XPol F-Panel 342/155/69 mm 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°CS72761.02 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°CS72761.05 Xpol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°..8°CS72761.07 XPol F-Panel 1942/155/69 mm 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°..6°CS72761.08 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°..8° CS72761.09 XPol F-Panel 662/155/69 mm 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°..10°
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas
Antenna Type DimensionsWeight
(kg)Frequency Range
(MHz)Gain (dBi)
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1900-2170 21 30 0°..8°
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)
Antenna Type DimensionsWeight
(kg)Frequency Range
(MHz)Gain (dBi)
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 65°/65° 0°..8°/0°..8°CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 85°/85° 0°..8°/0°..8°
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna Type DimensionsWeight
(kg)Frequency Range
(MHz)Gain (dBi)
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS727760 Omni 1570/148/112 mm 5.0 1920-2170 11 360° --
85 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Mast Head Amplifier
-119 dBm / 200 kHz-37 dBm / 200 kHz
ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port avg 46 dBm in-bandpeak 62 dBm in-band
65 dB71 dB
65 dB
200 - 300 mA100 msec
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting ConditionsAlarm current range
Switch time
Critical Input RX filter rejections
Critical TX filter rejectionsUMTS TX, 2110-2170GSM1800, 1805-1880
Passive Intermodulation Products
PIM level in TX bandPIM level in RX band
Rated Power at Ports
+/- 0.5 dB room+/- 0.9 dB all temps
Insertion Loss 0.6 dB
Response, other freqs0 dB within 20 MHz of passband
3rd-order intercept 10 dBm1dB compression -5 dBm
Noise Figure 2 dB
RX band 16 dBTX band 18 dB
Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current 190 mA Max. current 350 mA
Insertion Loss 3 dBReturn Loss 12 dB
Voltage
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports
MHA Input Dynamic Range
Bypass Mode
Nominal gain of 12 dBGain, RX band
Ripple
DC Power supplied
• Technical Data Sheet:
86 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
GSM 900 BTS
GSM 1800 BTS
WCDMA BTS
Insertion Loss, Port - CommonIsolation, port to
portReturn Loss, any
port
GSM RX band
GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peakUMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak
-116 dBm
Rated Power at Ports
Passive Intermodulation
RF Performance
0.3 dB
50 dB
>18 dB
• Unit types•Nokia Triplexer Unit•Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit•Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
•Selectable DC pass function in each unit
• Technical Data Sheet:
Nokia Triplexer
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers
87 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – Bias-T
• Function• Provides DC power for MHA through feeder line• Lightning protection
• Features• Fault monitoring of MHA and Antenna line• Fowards alarms to WAF• Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)• Can be installed on mast or in any WCDMA UltraSite cabinet
Insertion loss 0.3 dBReturn loss 18 dB
Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
7 dB nominal+/- 2 dB tolerance
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA maxalarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
Response time 0.5 sec
Alarm indicates:no RF power, high VSWR (no DC power implied)
Voltage drop 0.5 VRated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTSIns loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB
DC and Signal
RF Performance
Alarm Signal VSWR alarm
threshold
Logic
88 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Feeders
Feeder TypeDiameter (inch)
Weight (kg/m)
Attenuation @2170MHz (dB/100m)
Single RepeatedCS72251 1/2 0.35 80 160 11.9CS72252 7/8 0.55 120 250 6.52CS72254 1 5/8 1.45 250 500 4.05
Min. Bending Radius (mm)
89 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrades to Current GSM Antennas
Current :space diversity
Upgrade :space + polarizationdiversity
Current :polarization diversity
Upgrade: 2 x polarization diversity within one radome
13
00
mm
150 mm 150 mm
Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared
to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single radome. 260 mm
90 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySRC Antenna Solutions
2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector up to 3 m apart formeach other
2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector up to 3 m apart formeach other
2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector installed next to each others
2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector installed next to each others
One SRC antenna per sector. The number of antennas does not increase.
One SRC antenna per sector. The number of antennas does not increase.
91 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning
92 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• Describe what can cause interference in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• Describe the different antenna system sharing solutions
• Describe the meaning of coupling loss and isolation criteria in shared antennas
• List the aspects having influence to the overall network quality
• Explain the impact of site & antenna location to the network quality
• Describe what can cause interference in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• Describe the different antenna system sharing solutions
• Describe the meaning of coupling loss and isolation criteria in shared antennas
• List the aspects having influence to the overall network quality
• Explain the impact of site & antenna location to the network quality
93 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
•Base Station Equipment:•Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6
Carriers,•Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.
•Transmission Equipment:•Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:
•3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg
•Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
•Nokia UltraSite Support:• 7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy•up to 180 Ah battery capacity•Backup time 1 hour
•Site Environmental Data:•Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)
•Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm
•Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg
GSM 2+2+2WCDMA 2+2+2
(10 W)
GSM 2+2+2WCDMA 2+2+2
(10 W)GSM
2+2+2GSM
2+2+2
Site Space for 3 cabinets
94 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
95 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
•Base Station Equipment:• 2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in
each,• Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.
•Transmission Equipment:•Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio
•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:•3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,•3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas•Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
•UltraSite Support:•14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy• up to 180 Ah battery capacity•Backup time 1 hour
•Site Environmental Data:•Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)
•Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm
•Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg
GSM 2+2+2W 4+4+4+4+4+4
(10 W)
GSM 2+2+2W 4+4+4+4+4+4
(10 W)GSM
2+2+2GSM
2+2+2
Site Space for 4 cabinets
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
96 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System
• GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM 1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity
• WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity
• GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver
• WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver
GSM GSM 1800 1800
ULUL
GSM GSM 1800 1800
DLDL
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
UMTS UMTS UL UL
UMTS UMTS DL DL
1920-1980 MHz
2110-2170 MHz
40 MHz
97 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-108
-107.5
-107
-106.5
-106
-105.5
Antenna Isolation (dB)
Noi
se P
ower
(dB
m)
NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System
• Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA• Blocking• Sensitivity
1More information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05
• GSM1800 BTS can have up to -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4 MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips) spurious emissions at the antenna connector1
• Thermal noise floor of the WCDMA band is -108 dBm => in theory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28 dB isolation needed between GSM1800 and WCDMA
98 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingHarmonic distortion
• Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of GSM900 and WCDMA.
• GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the lower end of the FDD band.
GSM900935 - 960 MHz
WCDMATDD
WCDMA FDD1920 - 1980
...
2nd harmonics
fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz
1900 -1920 MHz
• 2nd harmonics can be filtered out at the output of GSM900 BTS.
f
99 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingIM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA
UL
WCDMADL
WCDMAUL
GSM1800DL
GSM1800UL
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz40 MHz
f1 f2
fIM3
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1
• GSM1800 IM3 (3 means third order) products are hitting into the WCDMA FDD UL RX band if
• 1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz
• 1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz X dBc
• For active elements IMproducts levels are higherthan IM products producedby passive components• Typical IM3 suppressionvalues for power amplifiers are -30 … -50 dBc depending on frequencyspacing and offset• Typical values for passiveelements are -100 … -160 dBc
100 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
GSM BTS
• Horizontal separation between antennas
• By proper antenna placement 50dB isolation reachable
• No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
WCDMA BS
101 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
GSM BTS
• Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable
• Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB
• No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
WCDMA BS
Multiband Antenna
Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer
102 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
GSM BTS
• Multipanel Antenna in use
• Antenna isolation >30dB
• General GSM requirements fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
WCDMA BS
Multiband Antenna
103 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
Non-compliant GSM BTS
•Worst case scenario
•>30dB isolation assumption
•GSM BTS spurious emissions comply "old spec." -30dBm
WCDMA BS
Multiband Antenna
Addiotional filter needed
104 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSeparate Antenna Lines
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
WCDMA BTS
Nokia MHAs for GSM
Nokia MHAs for WCDMA
GSM BTS
Nokia Bias-Ts NokiaBias-Ts
Antennas for GSM
Antennas for WCDMA
Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA antennas:Nokia equipment 30 dBOther 50 dB
105 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas
Without Nokia Mast Head AmplifiersWith Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
GSM AntennaWCDMA Antenna
Nokia GSM / WCDMADiplexer Units
GSM AntennaWCDMA Antenna
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
Nokia Bias-Ts
Nokia OutdoorBias-Ts
Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAsNokia GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units withSelectable DC pass
Nokia MHAs for GSM Nokia WCDMA MHAs
Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:Nokia equipment 30 dBOther 50 dB
106 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Shared
Antennas
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
GSM/WCDMA Dual BandX-polarized antenna with2 antenna connectors(1800/WCDMA wideband element orbuilt in diplexer function)
GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units insideGSM BTS cabinet
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
NokiaBias-Ts
Nokia OutdoorBias-Ts
Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAs
Nokia GSM/WCDMADiplexer Units withSelectable DC pass
GSM/WCDMA Dual BandX-polarized antenna with4 antenna connectors(Separate Elements for both Systems))
With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
107 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:
HorizontalAntenna A
(fixed)GSM1800
Antenna BUMTS
horizontalseparationdistance
Front View
direction of radiation
2000mm
1000mm
400mm
Side View
650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration
108 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:
Horizontal
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 degHorizontal co-polar measurements
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
Distance (m)
Iso
latio
n (d
B)
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
50dB marker
109 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II:
Vertical
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration
10m
Antenna BUMTS
Antenna AGSM1800
(fixed)
110 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II:
Vertical
Noise Floor
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Distance (m)
Iso
lati
on
(d
B)
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
Noise Floor
111 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingPlanning Rules in Co-siting
• Isolation requirement• With Nokia equipment 30 dB• Without Nokia equipment 50 dB
• GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation requirement is fulfilled
• By proper antenna placement• minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)• minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)
• Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna is shared between different systems
• Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliant GSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMA Rx
• Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interference to WCDMA
112 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment
• Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antenna system and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting
Design Civil Works
Imp Integrate.
Netw
ork
Assessm
en
t
Network Planning & Site Acquisition
113 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment - Network Quality
Network Implementation Quality
Equipment Quality
Network PlanningQuality
Requested Network Quality as guaranteed KPI values = Equipment Quality + Network Implementation Quality + Network Planning Quality
RF
TRSPS CoreCS Core
Network Quality does NOT depend only from network planning
Network Quality does NOT depend only from network planning
114 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
0 500 1000 1500140
145
150
155
160
165
170
DL throughput in kbps
Ma
xim
um
pro
pa
ga
tion
loss
(d
B)
128 kbps
i = 0.2i = 0.2i = 0.4i = 0.4i = 0.6i = 0.6i = 0.8i = 0.8
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Dominance & little i
BTS TX power 43 dBm
MS TX power 21 dBm
Ec/Io -16.5 dB
BTS Eb/No 1.5
MS Eb/No 5.5
Other to own cellinterference ratio i
0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8
Orthogonality 0.6
Channel profile ITU VehicularA, 3 km/h
MS speed 3 km/h
MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain 16 dBi
• Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput to decrease to 70% of the original value
• Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput to decrease to 70% of the original value
A B C D
DC
B
A
115 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment - Question
Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?
116 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Answer
• Low other to own cell interference can be achieved by planning clear dominance areas:
• The cell coverage (and overlap) must be properly controlled. The cell should cover only what it is supposed to cover
• Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of the antennas
• Use buildings and other environmental structures to isolate cells coverage
• Use indoor solutions to take advantage of the building penetration loss
• Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in horizon especially over the water or otherwise open area (due to huge interference)
> 3 km> 3 km
< 300 m< 300 m
117 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Impact of tilting
• Too high “visibility” across the network
• Has low capacity due to huge inter-cell interference and SHO overhead
Cell A - uphill gradientCell B - downhill gradient
relatively limited catchment area
significantly greater catchment area
The obvious solution is to increase the antenna downtilt to restrict the cell footprint to a more reasonable area
Connnected to over 15 neighbours !
118 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Check List
(1) Make surethere is coverage
(1) Make surethere is coverage
Dropped callsBad quality
Low bit rates
Dropped callsBad quality
Low bit rates
(2) Avoid unnecessary overlapping of cells
(2) Avoid unnecessary overlapping of cells
Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference
Low capacity
Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference
Low capacity
(3) Locate cells close to users
(3) Locate cells close to users
Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference
high soft handover overhead
Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference
high soft handover overhead
Do not use this siteDo not use this site
1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Put Antennas lower3. Do not use the site
1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Put Antennas lower3. Do not use the site
Basic rulesBasic rules Problem indicationif rule is not appliedProblem indicationif rule is not applied SolutionsSolutions
(4) Make cell sizes match user distribution
(4) Make cell sizes match user distribution
Blocking in some cells,others do not collect traffic
Blocking in some cells,others do not collect traffic
1. Use Antenna tilting2. Do not use the Site
1. Use Antenna tilting2. Do not use the Site
1. Use Different site 2. Use Antenna tilting
1. Use Different site 2. Use Antenna tilting
119 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example
• WCDMA 1900 Network
• Identified places for optimisation• Urban area: high other-cell interference • Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of
interference
• Optimisation approaches• Antenna down tilting• Antenna lowering
120 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural
Area• 27 sites, 49 cells
• Omni, 2-sector and 3-sector sites
• Varying antenna heights
• Area 15 km x 15 km
• On average 8 km2 per site
• Terrain: hilly with waters
121 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban
Area• 16 sites, 48 cells
• All 3-sector sites
• similar height
• Area 10 km x 12 km
• On average 7 km2 per site
• Terrain: flat without waters
122 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting 5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity
• Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by 13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area
• The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Nu
mb
er o
f Use
rs
Rural Urban
Optimization EffectBefore Optim
After Optim
123 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting 5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage
• Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtiltingOptimisation 2 branch Rx diversity
Rural
Outdoor coverageIndoor coverage(+20 dB loss)
Speech 12.2 kbps95% 89% 40% 37%
Data 64 kbps 85% 77% 22% 22%
Data 144 kbps 78% 68% 15% 16%
Urban
Speech 12.2 kbps99.9% 99.9% 74% 61%
Data 64 kbps 99.8% 98.6% 46% 38%
Data 144 kbps99.1% 96.2% 33% 29%
Coverage % reduced after downtilting
before after before after
before after before after
124 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites
• Those sites which suffered are close to the optimised sites
• Also the surrounding sites should be considered in the optimisation
performancedecreased
optimisedsite
125 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingLittle i After Optimisation – Urban Area
• After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved
• Average little i 1.3 0.78
126 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNumber of Users After Optimisation – Urban
Area
• After optimisation the number of users per cell is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved
• Average number of users 36 41 (i.e. capacity increase ~13%)
Worst cells
clearly improve
d
127 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSoft Handover Overhead After
Optimisation
• Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in urban area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is reduced
• Soft handover probability reduced 30% 26%
• Soft handover overhead reduced 39% 33%
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Rural
Urban
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Rural
Urban
128 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing• Multilayer Planning
129 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAN Sharing- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and its key benefits
• Explain what network elements are possible to be shared in RAN
• Describe the most important network planning issues to be taken into account in RAN sharing
• Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and its key benefits
• Explain what network elements are possible to be shared in RAN
• Describe the most important network planning issues to be taken into account in RAN sharing
130 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAN Sharing Overview
• Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the entire network for certain area's with the other acting as a MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator).
• No impact on the radio network dimensioning
• Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one north
• No impact on the radio network dimensioning
• Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including antennas, site support systems and potentially transmission
• No impact on the radio network dimensioning
• RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire RAN in a specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted to be low, so that it does not make economically sense to build independent networks
131 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAN SharingFrom Site Sharing to RAN Sharing
Scope of sharing: • RNC• Site environment• BTS Equipment space
(cabinet)• SiteSupportSystem• Transmission• Antenna and feeders (optional)
Cost savings in• Civil works• Equipment (feeders, antennas,
BBU)• Annual rents• Site acquisition( hunting,
permissions etc)• Operational costs• Transmission (and transmission
management)
• Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:
• Initial coverage with low service demand
• Low-traffic areas• Places with limited BTS sites,
e.g. subways• Fewer sites with larger
configurations when• Environmental impact counts
Up to 4 operators with own: • Core networks • Services• Network Management System • Dedicated RAN from any
vendor in non-shared areas
132 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3) dedicated BTS for each operator
2) cabinet and BB shareddedicated WAF,WPA, WTR
1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shareddedicated WTR
Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band!
RAN SharingConcept
Shared BTS
Operator 2CS CN
Operator 1PS CN Shared RNC
Frequency 2
Frequency 1
Operator 1CS CN
Operator 2PS CN
OSS ofone operator
or Multi-RAN OSS
MNC 1
MNC 2
MNC 2
MNC 1
133 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:
NOTE: Frequencies need to be within 20 MHz band
TXRXRX
WTR
TXRXRX
ANT1/1
ANT2/1
WAFDPX
WPA28/50 W
Operator specificWTR
Common AntennasystemWAF and WPA
2. Cabinet and BB shared:
Common Antennasystem(feeders, antennas, MHA´s)
ANT1/1
ANT2/1
DPX
TXRXRX
WTR
WAF
DPX
TXRXRX
WTR
WPA28/50 W
WPA28/50 W
Operator specificWTR, WPA andWAF
- no frequency restriction- higher outputpower per carrier- with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W per carrier
RAN SharingConcept
134 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAN Sharing How Operators can work with shared RAN ?• Each Operator has own
• PLMN -id • Carrier Frequency• RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring• Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)
• Operators may add independently BTS where theywant to provide better coverage or more capacity
• Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id. • Operator specific cell is possible• Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo• Global roaming easy
• No extra support features from MSs needed, • works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs
• Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN
135 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning
136 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer Planning- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM interworking
• Explain the reasons for multilayer usage and how it is done
• Describe the 3G network evolution from cell layer point of view
• Explain when compressed mode is needed and what drawback it has
• Explain on what criteria cell-reselection and handover strategies are based on
• Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM interworking
• Explain the reasons for multilayer usage and how it is done
• Describe the 3G network evolution from cell layer point of view
• Explain when compressed mode is needed and what drawback it has
• Explain on what criteria cell-reselection and handover strategies are based on
137 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer PlanningInterworking in RAN 1.5
• Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and WCDMA or between WCDMA carriers
• Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is inter-system hard handover
• Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard handover (intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover)
• Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell re-selection
• Handover reasons are mainly based on coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM
• Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for inter-frequency or inter-system neighbour measurements before handover decision
• Service downgrade/upgrade might be needed during inter-system handover
138 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer Planning Handover Types in RAN 1.5
2G HLR/AUC
MSC/VLR2G
3G MSC
UMTS RAN
MSC/VLR3G
UMTS RAN
E-interface
GSM BSS
A-interface
Iu (cs)-interface
UMTS RAN
Intersystem, Intra-MSC,Intra-PLMN
Intrasystem, Inter-MSC,Intra-PLMN GSM BSS
Operator 1 Operator 2
2G MSC/VLR
Intrasystem, Inter-MSC,Inter-PLMN
UMTS RAN
Intrasystem, Intra-MSC,Intra-PLMN
Intersystem, Inter-MSC,Inter-PLMN
GSM BSS
3G HLR/AUC
MGW
MGW
3G HLR/AUC
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Multilayer Planning Introduction
• Multilayer Network means the use of microcellular network to give more capacity needed in traffic hot spots
• Macro layer is mainly used for coverage and fast moving mobiles
• Micro layer is used to provide capacity for traffic hot spots
• Typically different frequencies are used for different layers
• Other layer’s frequency can be reused in some cases
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Multilayer PlanningCapacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments
• Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity formulasAssumptions
Results
• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
• Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
Micro cell:higher orthogonality
Micro: higher isolation between cells
These figures withouttransmit diversity
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Multilayer PlanningMultilayer Antennas
• The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides better (very high) capacity but lower coverage
• The key question is : When this should be done?
• The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL is quite orthogonal
• The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate the cells from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B in larger cells
• The factors affecting the decision include at least• Traffic density • Max required bitrate in the UL direction• Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions• Propagation loss with different antenna positions• Site acquisition costs• Etc.
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Multilayer PlanningSolution 1
• Most simple usage of two carriers.• In an area which is covered by a
continuous cell layer and the capacity requirement exceeds the available capacity the most simple solution is to add a second carrier to the cells, co-located with the first carrier.
• This process can be continued further to additional carriers.
• Compressed mode raises the interference.
• The traffic between the carriers could be balanced by directed RRC connection setup in the call setup phase and by inter-frequency handovers.
WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1, f2
WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1 , f2WCDMA f1 , f2
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Multilayer PlanningSolution 2
• Micro cell layer in the middle of surrounding macro cells using the same carrier as the macro cells.
• This way of mixing different cell types is fully applicable but it requires that clear dominance areas for micro and macro layers.
• This is a microcell solutions for covering holes
• In long run going to smaller cell sizes cannot be avoided in hot-spot areas, and a micro cellular solution has the benefit that inter-cell interference is minimised, leading to increasing cell throughput and user bit-rates.
WCDMA f1WCDMA f1
W f1W f1 W f1
W f1
WCDMA f1WCDMA f1
W f1W f1
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Multilayer PlanningSolution 3
• Different frequencies are used for different layers (Hierachical Cell Structure HCS)
• From the network planning point of view this solution is easier to deploy than the previous since overlapping is possible.
• The macro layer can collect traffic from micro layer's dominance area whereas in solution 2 macro cells and micro cells collect traffic within their own dominance areas.
• This is the microcell solutions for capacity reasons
WCDMA f1WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1
WCDMA f1
W f2W f2 W f2
W f2 W f2W f2 W f2
W f2
145 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
• In addition to solution 3 the GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to HCS
• Dual mode UE‘s can change to GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA coverage exists, this enables to provide seamless 3G services without seamless WCDMA coverage
• Allows traffic balancing between GSM/GRPS and WCDMA
• Compressed mode raises the interference. BSIC decoding is time consuming
• This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM interworking is required
Multilayer PlanningSolution 4
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
WCDMA f1WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1
WCDMA f1
W f2W f2 W f2
W f2 W f2W f2 W f2
W f2
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Multilayer Planning RAN1.5 Handover functionality
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
WW WW WW WWLoad reason IS-HOfrom GSM(BSS10.5)
Coverage reason IF-HO• GSM handover
• Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list• Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC
• WCDMA soft handover • Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the same frequency • Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters
• WCDMA IF & IS handover• Based on measurement results in serving cell
• Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)• UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power
• Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO parameters
Coverage reason IS-HO
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Multilayer PlanningWCDMA Compressed Mode
• Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System measurements during the gap
• Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the following affect to the cell
• Reduced UL coverage • Reduces DL capacity• Reduced Quality
Normal frame
Compressedmode
Normal frame
Measurement gapMeasurement gap
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Multilayer PlanningCell Re-selection between layers
• Cell selection & re-selection can be done
• without HCS operation• with HCS operation
• Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage, but with HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the weaker cell or to the GSM (in case they have higher priority)
• Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour cell before cell re-selection
• Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by using offset during penalty time
• Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell re-selection is done to the best cell
• Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in WCDMA
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Multilayer PlanningUsage of Hierarchical Cells
• Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell whenever it is available
• HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode
f1f1 f1f1 f1f1
f2f2
f2f2 f1f1 f1f1
Hot spotarea
Start call in micro cell because of HCS priorities
Coverage reason handover from micro to macro
f2f2 f2f2 f2f2
Macro
Micros
Fast moving MSs- feature can also be used to push UE to Macro Layer to avoid frequent cell re-selection
Fast moving MSs- feature can also be used to push UE to Macro Layer to avoid frequent cell re-selection
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Multilayer PlanningFast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells
• Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro frequency to macro frequency
• High mobility is detected based on the frequency of active set updates
WCDMA macro f1WCDMA macro f1
Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2X
Fast moving mobile Too frequent active set updates within micro frequency initiate
inter-frequency handover tomacro frequency
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Multilayer PlanningCell Re-selection Rules
• During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM or WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving and neighbouring cell
• Camping on GSM is recommended:• Continious GSM coverage• 3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at
all supported
• Camping on WCDMA is recommended:• Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network• For dual mode Mobiles• 2G ->3G handover is not supported• Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all
dual mode MS to WCDMA
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Multilayer Planning Inter-System Handover Rules
• 5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA
• CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power
• GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed mode, not all the time
• UE needs more power for neighbour measurements during compressed mode -> measurements should start early enough
• BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the ISHO procedure could take more time in case many GSM neighbours are measured as neighbours
• Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM load is high enough
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