5.4.2 organic nitrogen compounds: amines, amides, amino acids and proteins
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5.4.2 5.4.2 Organic nitrogen Organic nitrogen compounds: amines, amides, compounds: amines, amides,
amino acids and proteinsamino acids and proteins
BenzeneReactionsummary
http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/A-level_Chemistry/OCR_%28Salters%29/Reactions_of_arenes
• Burning Benzene – Smokey flame
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhRHk4zLR8A
Methoxybenzene and methylbenzene (toluene)
• Also undergo E+ subn. Do so more readily than benzene.
Phenol, C6H5OH, (carbolic acid )
Phenol, C6H5OH
• Early anesthetic (but burned the skin)• Poorly soluble (8.3 g dissolving in 100 mL )
• Does NOT behave like an aliphatic alcohol- is acidic, pKa = 10.0 (ethanol=15.9, ethanoic acid=4.75)
• Although acidic, unlike –COOH, phenol NOT will react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to form CO2
• Only esterifies with acid chloride (i.e. not with a carbox. Acid, RCOOH)
……RING MUCH MORE REACTIVERING MUCH MORE REACTIVETHAN BENZENETHAN BENZENE
Solubility of phenol and phenoxide anion.
Phenol in water (org solvent at bottom) >NaOH added > acidified http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/4210/530wm/A5000274-
Phenol_reactions-SPL.jpg
PhenolPhenol
withwithBrBr22(aq)(aq)
c.f. c.f. benzene!benzene!
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/EAS-ortho-para-meta.png
Phenol
withcolddil
HNO3
c.f. benzene!
E+ Subn in phenol
• Many (Kekule)resonance structures
http://chem-guide.blogspot.com/2010/04/electrophilic-substitution-of-phenol.html
RxRxnsns of benzene of benzene
• http://clem.mscd.edu/~wiederm/oc2chp/oc2chpphenols/phenolrxnsummary.gif
OtherReactions(N.O.S.)
- Demonstrateincreased
reactivity ofthe ring
Aspirin (synthesis #1)
• http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/aspirin_text.htm
Aspirin (synthesis #2)
• http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/aspirin_text.htm
Amines, amides and amino acidsAmines, amides and amino acids
• Aliphatic amines, & aromatic aminesethylamine phenylamine
a. give examples of: i. molecules that contain amine and
amide functional groupsii. amino acids
• b. describe and carry out, where appropriate (using butylamine and phenylamine), reactions to investigate the typical behaviour of primary amines. This will be limited to:
• i. characteristic smell• ii. miscibility with water as a result of hydrogen
bonding and the alkaline nature of the resulting solution• iii. formation of salts• iv. complex ion formation with copper(II) ions• v. treatment with ethanoyl chloride and
halogenoalkanes, eg making paracetamol
Making paracetamol #1
• http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/paracet_text.htm (good short notes on overdose problem)
para-acetylaminophenol
Making paracetamol #2
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol
Reduction of Nitrobenzene to phenylamime (aniline)
Diazo formation
• 1o, 2o and 3o aromatic based amines.
Video 1o amine undergoing decomposition T>10oC
Methyl orange via diazo couplingMethyl orange via diazo coupling
http://www.science.cmu.ac.th/educate/couresware_chem/203204/Arputtinan6.htm
The colourscolours of MethylMethyl OrangeOrange
• Other Azocompounds (salters chem)
< A diazo dye
Polymers
• Video of polymer – ‘bubblegum’ a.k.a. Plastics, rubber, food colouring, sucrose and dextrose – yum huh?
Nylons…
• Video 1 – intro to polymers
• Video 2 – nylon – brave? no glasses guy
• Video 3 – specific chemicals used nylon
? = addition polymer repeating unit of sodium poly(acrylate)
• Product name : SAP-Super Absorbent Polymer
• Chemical name : Sodium polyacrylate
• Monomer Molecular formula : C3H4O2
monomer Many COOH (or COONa) groups allow for widespread large amount of interaction with water molecules
Super Absorbent Polymers for Diaper
http://www.made-in-china.com
Video
Other water interacting polymers
Propeneamide
? = addition polymer repeating unit of poly(propeneamide)
• Propeneamide
•Webpage: DissolvingPolymers.mht
Dissolving Plastics
Poly(ethanol)
Polyurethane formation (isocyanate with polyol)
http://ec.gc.ca/substances/nsb/images/Polyurethane_S1.gif
PU video
Dun WORi, POLYURETHANES ARE NOT ON THE SYLLABUS !!!Dun WORi, POLYURETHANES ARE NOT ON THE SYLLABUS !!!
Condensation polymersCondensation polymers
• TeryleneTerylene is used to makefishing nets clothes (quick-dry, non-iron) cassette and video tapes
Condensation polymers: There are two main types of condensationpolymer made from carboxylic acid derivatives: polyesters and polyamides.
i) Polyesters: A well-known polyester, TeryleneTerylene, is made by heatingethane-1,2-diol with dimethylbenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (dimethyl terepthalate):
The dimethlybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate is obtained via the following reactionpathway:
The manufacture of ethane-1,2-diol has already been described in section 26.4.2.
Or simpler rxn (more edexcel friendly) not using the diester as
previously, but the dicarbox acid…
Kevlar
Poly(N-substituted amide)
Kevlar again.
Synthesis of Kevlar
Should be familiar with monomers and polymer requirements now.
Poly(N-substituted) amide – similar to Nylon
Amino acids.
• Naturally occurring ones are L acids (laevorotatory)
• Strecker synthesis give L and R (next slide)
R C
O
HNH3
..
R C
O
H
N
H
H
H..-
+R C
O
H
N
H
H
H..
R C
H
N
H
OH H
..-CN
R C
H
N
H
R C
H
N
H
CN
..-
OH H
R C
H
N
H
CN
H
R C
H
N
H
H
COHO
The Strecker synthesis. - Synthesis of amino acids
(1)(2)
(2)
(1)(1)
(3)(2).. ..
an imine
water
The imine
The nitrogen version of acarbonyl. C=N can replace C=O(recall 2,4-DNP reaction !!)
Like C=O's, C=N's aresusceptable to nucleophilicattack - addition - by -CN
.. ..
( +OH - ions)
The N equivalentof the alpha-hydroxynitriles. An alpha-amine nitrile
Acid hydrolysisof niriles...
An alpha-amino acid
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
*
The amino acids vary in their side chains (indicated in blue in the diagram).
The eight amino acids in the orange area are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
The other amino acids are polar and hydrophilic ("water loving").
The two amino acids in the magenta box are acidic ("carboxy" group in the side chain).
The three amino acids in the light light blueblue box are basic ("amine" group in the side chain).
Amino acids – Ninhydrin rxn and test
Ninhydrin rxn with amino acids.ProcedureAdd about 2 mg of the sample to 1 mL of a solution of 0.2 g of ninhydrin (1,2,3indanetrione monohydrate) in 50 mL of water. The test mixture is heated to boiling for 15-20 sec; This reaction is important not only because it is a qualitative test, but also because it is the source of the absorbing material that can be measured quantitatively by an automatic amino acid analyzer. This color reaction is also used to detect the presence and position of amino acids after paper chromatographic separation.
Positive TestA blue to blue-violet color is given by a-amino acids and constitutes a positive test. Other colors (yellow, orange, red) are negative.
ComplicationsProline, hydroxyproline, and 2-, 3-, and 4-aminobenzoic acids fail to give a blue color but produce a yellow color instead.
Ammonium salts give a positive test. Some amines, such as aniline, yield orange to red colors, which is a negative test.
Amino acids – analysis with ninhydrin
chromatography
Protein synthesis (biological)
• Video (real time)
• Video 2
• Salters Organic Toolbox
• Salters Organic Reactions.mht
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