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Diane Nahl University of Hawaii
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Affect in Human Factors, HCI & Information Behavior Research
Diane NahlLibrary and Information Science Program, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii
November 15, 2010
LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10
Diane Nahl University of Hawaii
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GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Fit the technology to the person
instead of fitting the person to the
technology.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
When those who benefit are not those who do the design, then technology is likely to fail.
Jonathan Grudin
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GOALS OF HUMAN FACTORS
1. Convenience2. Error prevention & reduction3. Increased productivity &
effectiveness4. Injury reduction5. User satisfaction
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HUMAN FACTORS in SYSTEM DESIGN
1. Time to Learn
2. Retention Over Time
3. Speed of Performance
4. Rate of User Errors
5. Satisfaction
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9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR
1. Uncertainty Principle
2. Law of Perceived Least Effort
3. Recognition Over Recall
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9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR
4. Law of Mental Models
5. Zeigarnik Effect
6. Magic Number Seven
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9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR
7. Yerkes-Dodson Arousal Law
8. Age of Anxiety, Fear, Rage
9. Positive Bias Effect
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Affective HCI Symbiotic biocybernetic monitoring of
attention, stress and emotions during computer use (Licklider, 1960; Hudlicka, 2003; Beale & Peter, 2008) Affect detection, emotion recognition Context-based domain ontologies Intelligent interruption Task negotiation and scheduling Error assistance, reduction and
prevention
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Affective HCI Donald Norman’s three levels of emotional
response (Norman & Ortony, 2003) Visceral, behavioral, reflective
Highly motivated users respond more interactively and are more willing to cope with usability problems (Walker & Prytherch, 2008)
Emotionally engaged users are more likely to be affected than those less engaged (Creed & Beale, 2008)
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User Coping SkillsHigh Low (Max)
(n=39) (n=32) (p<.0001)
Optimism 27 22.7 (30)Self-Efficacy 27.3 22.7 (30) Evaluation 20.5 18.3 (30)Relevance 8.7 7.4 (10)Satisfaction 9.3 7.7 (20)
Nahl, 2005
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Affective HCI
Adding emotional states to game characters made the game more engaging (Jones & Sutherland, 2008)
With emotion detection of automobile drivers, navigation systems some day might be able to respond appropriately to the driver to de-stress and calm the person (Jones & Jonsson, 2008)
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The Information Environment is Affect-Driven
All information need, information seeking, information reception, and information use is processed through the emotional system.
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Threefold Biological Information System
Sensorimotor System Identifying, noticing, ignoring, performing,
verbalizing, executing
Cognitive System Interpreting, appraising, planning, problem-
solving
Affective System Coping, evaluating, value-attaching,
prioritizing, regulating, intending, engaging
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Community Practices of Information Reception & Use Noticing and Appraising Relevance
Evaluating, Emotional Involvement and
Value-attaching
Goal-setting Intentions and Engaging
(Wanting to do something with or about
information)
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Information Behavior
Is directed by Social Communication Practices
Operates through Individual Biological Procedures
Interacts with Technological Information Devices
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Information Reception & Use Model
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Diane Nahl University of Hawaii
Examples of SL Satisficing Affordances
• Name Tag floating above avatar’s head
• Profile information of an avatar (1st & 2nd life)
• Note Cards from owner of an object or place
• YAH map showing the location of avatars
• Posted Help, tutorials, Support Wiki & Sl Blog
• Reading/hearing IMessages, local chat, group chat, & voice chat
• Visual 3-D environment• Ambient sound• Ambient movement • Avatar movements,
interactions, groupings, & joint activities
• Events, conferences, memorials, etc.
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Examples of SL Optimizing Affordances
• Download free SL application
• Become Resident: Log in & obtain avatar
• Move avatar by controlling, direction, speed, style
• Modify avatar appearance, height, shape, style
• Operate Camera Controls to view location, zoom, pan, mouselook, etc.
• Teleport to location via mouse clicks
• Right click on avatars to view profile, affiliations, add friend, etc.
• Create Landmarks• Search for people, groups,
objects, places• Use SL teaching tools• Send IM to groups or
individuals
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Diane Nahl University of Hawaii
Avatar Reference Interaction AnalysisThe Three Biological Satisficing Practices in
Information Reception Through Avatars
1. User notices avatar and desk area “There’s a person … [performing sensorimotor practices]
2. User appraises avatar as SL librarian … who works here.”[performing cognitive practices]
3. User attaches value to the information: “Good, I can ask here.” [performing affective practices]
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Diane Nahl University of Hawaii
Avatar Reference Interaction AnalysisThe Three Biological Optimizing Practices in
Information Use Through Avatars1. User intends to ask avatar librarian for help “I will ask him … [performing affective practices]
2. User plans how to ask SL librarian avatar … when and where the next Sci-Fi Fantasy book talk is happening.”[performing cognitive practices]
3. User executes by typing in local chat window and sending “Hi Joel, do you have a schedule and LM for the Sci-Fi Fantasy discussions?” [performing sensorimotor practices]
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Affect in Information Behavior Research
Julien et al.: affect continues to be a marginalized variable … that focuses on information retrieval from computerized systems
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Research on the Role of Affect in Information Behavior
Wilson: Self-efficacy is integral to information behavior
Nahl: Self-efficacy significantly improves success in search tasks
Spink: Uncertainty has an affective component
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Affective Load Theory Successful information behavior depends on
continuous coping procedures to regulate negative and positive affective forces operating on individuals in information intense environments. (Nahl, 2005)
Negative forces: uncertainty, irritation, frustration, stress, time pressure
Positive forces: optimism, self-efficacy, acceptance, pleasure, interest
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Affect Theory in Information Behavior Research Isen et al.: Positive affect facilitates cognitive
processes
Kuhlthau: Feelings are integral to the Information Search Process, and uncertainty leads people to be less willing to continue searching or interacting with a system
Wilson et al.: Affective goal states impart directionality to problem-solving steps
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Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior
Katopol: culture determines what we find important, how we show it is important and what ways are considered correct in information behavior
Chatman: Affective states such as “alienation,” “information avoidance,” and “disinterest” exert a strong influence on information behavior in everyday contexts
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Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior
Dervin & Rienhard: found six dimensions of emotionality that operated both independently and interactively within situations
Berryman: stronger affective responses were stimulated by the task and its context rather than the search
Fidel: personal, contextual and task-based
constraints, and the values people (actors)
hold influence their information behavior
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Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior
Agosto: when viewing Web sites, teen searchers apply [de]selection practices, termination practices, and personal preferences
McKnight: nurses frequently expressed frustration with a variety of human, paper and automated information systems
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Value-Attachment in Affective IB Research
Massie et al.: children enjoy having multiple emotional experiences when reading … When children felt mixed emotions about a story with a happy ending, and were more likely to recommend that book to a friend.
McKechnie et al.: people read as an act of love, for emotional connection to textual worlds, to find coping information, and for mastery and control of emotions
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Affective LiteratureAgosto, D. E. 2001. Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people's Web-based
decision making. JASIST 53(1): 16 - 27. Bandura, A. 1994. Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human
behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.Bandura, A.1997.Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.Bilal, D. 2007. Grounding children’s information behavior and system design in child
development theories. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 39-50.
Chatman, E. A. 1990. Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors. RQ 29(3) (Spring): 355–67.
Compton, W. C. 2005. An introduction to positive psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.
Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C. & Kalin, N. H. 2000. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin 126(6): 890-909.
Dervin, B. & Reinhard, C. D. 2007. How emotional dimensions of situated information seeking relate to user evaluations of help from sources. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 51-84.
Fidel, R. 2006. An ecological approach to the design of information systems. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 6-8.
Goleman, D. 1995. Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.Heise, D. R. & Smith-Lovin, L. Eds., 1988. Analyzing social interaction: Advances in affect
control theory. New York: Gordon and Breach.
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Affective LiteratureHudlicka, E. 2003. To feel or not to feel: The role of affect in human-computer interaction.
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59: 71-5.Isen, A. 2004. Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.),
Handbook of emotions (pp. 417-35). New York: Guilford.Julien, H., McKechnie, L.E.F., & Hart, S. 2005. A content analysis of affective issues in
library and information science systems work. Library & Information Science Research, 27(4): 453-466.
Katopol, P. 2006. Cognitive work analysis. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 9-11.Kuhlthau, C. C. 1993. A principle of uncertainty for information seeking. Journal of
Documentation 49 (4), 339-355.Fisher, K.E. & Landry, C.F. 2007. Understanding the information behavior of stay-at-home
mothers through affect. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 211-234.
Licklider, J.C.R. 1960. Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics 1: 4-11.
Massie, S.A., Druin, A. & Weeks, A.C. 2007. Emotion, response, and recommendation: The role of affect in children’s book reviews in a digital library. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 135-160.
McCown, K. S., Jensen, A. L., Freedman, J. M. & Rideout, M. C. 1998. Self science: The emotional intelligence curriculum. San Mateo: Six Seconds.
McKechnie, L.E.F., Ross, C.S. & Rothbauer, P.M. 2007. Affective dimensions of information seeking in the context of reading. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 187-196.
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Affective LiteratureMcKnight, M. 2007. Affective dimensions of critical care nurses information interactions. In Eds.
Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 121-134.Nahl, D. 2007. A discourse analysis technique for charting the flow of micro-information
behavior. Journal of Documentation 63(3) May: 323-339..Nahl, D. 2006. A symbiotic human-machine model for tracking user micro-attributes. Skilled
Human-Intelligent Agent Performance: Measurement, Application, and Symbiosis Symposium, HICSS-39 (Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences), January 4, Kauai, (Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press).
Nahl, D. 2005b. Affective and cognitive information behavior: Interaction effects in Internet use. Proceedings of the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, October 28-November 2, Charlotte, NC, Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Nahl, D. 2010. Affective load and engagement in Second Life: Experiencing urgent, persistent, and long term information needs. International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 1(3), (July-September): 1-16.
Nahl, D. 2005a. Affective load theory. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L.E.F. (Eds.). Theories of information behavior (pp. 39-43). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Nahl, D. 1990. Measuring information searching competence. College & Research Libraries 51(5): 448-462.
Nahl, D. 2004. Measuring the affective information environment of web searchers. Proceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (pp. 191-197). Providence, RI, Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Nahl, D. & Bilal, D., (Eds.), 2007. Information and emotion: The emergent affective paradigm in information behavior research and theory. Medford, NJ: ITI.
Norman, D. A. 2004. Emotional design: Why we love or hate everyday things.New York: Basic Books.
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Affective LiteratureNorman, D. 1981. Twelve issues for cognitive science. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Perspectives on
cognitive science (pp. 265-95). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum: Basic Books.Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parker, N. & Berryman, J. 2007. The role of affect in judging what is enough? In Eds. Diane Nahl
and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 85-98.Peter, C. & Beale, R. (Eds.) 2008. Affect and emotion in human-computer interaction: From
theory to applications. Springer. Picard, R. 1997. Affective computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Picard, R. et al. 2004. Affective learning: A manifesto. BT Technology Journal 22(4): 253-69.Scheutz, M. & Sloman, A. 2001. Affect and agent control: Experiments with simple affective
states. World Scientific. Retrieved November 2010 http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/scheutz.sloman.affect.control.pdf
Seligman, M. 1990. Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Pocket Books.
Simon, H. A. 1967. Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review 74(1): 29-39.
Simon, H. 1956. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63: 129-138.
Wilson, T.D., Ford, N.J., Ellis, D., Foster, A.E., & Spink, A. 2000. Uncertainty and its correlates. Paper presented at Information Seeking in Context, August. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Wilson, T.D. 1999. Models in information behavior research. Journal of Documentation 55 (3): 249-270.
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