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�������( 81)¤2010-� � � � � � � � � � � � � 447
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2.2. ��¢
2.3. _�¢�
2.4. H*I�
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� ©��ëò�ç#� (subjunctive) *5¬l��ôþ��E/]%� U (2005) Ä�
�v3:�fB%Z�(Tyndale Bible, 1526) *R�;)��ZT�UV� cæîü©�*P
cæÄ�� 163F> *?�*E¢�÷8%&,oÄ� ¬ü�×� 6æo©�*?��
��% cæîü©�*�v3:�fB%Z��ëò�s�]¸¹��&L� 6æo©�*
S�Ä���\32c`$%Z�(Wycliffite Bible) *R�;)��ZT�UV� ç#�*~
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� d9:W\32c` (John Wycliffe, c1325,84) �):t1:É*|�ôõM]%���Ä
��,\*E$"1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z���©B%&�\32c`$%Z��� Rc
æBT(Earlier Versions, 1380-84) ]R6æBT(Later Version, c. 1388) "��,1)� oÄ�
Forshall and Madden *c� (1850) �~�� 6æB*R�;)��ZT¤�� R�;)T]
á-�ëò�ç#�*~��÷8��,
� �� 6æB*R�;)T*oÄ ¤�*���ç#�]kÙÄÓ�ê� Rç#�¹�¤T
" 6ê Rç#�©�¤T" 144êÄ��,(�¢Ä�ç#�¹�¤�±��U��l° ( 2
¢Ä�ç#�©�¤*Ý4g~��±��mn��,2)
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� ¤�� x���ç#�¹�¤]kðÄÓ�*� �µ��]¬��� ‘were’ *�0�ò
Ä�� ��* (1) ��(6) * 6ê"Ó=�°&,¤ç#�*�¤�);cÌ2>Ä)�,-
�
(1) And whanne it was euen, thei brouyten to hym manye that hadden deuelis, and he castide
out spiritis bi word, and heelide alle that weren yuel at ese; that it were fulfillid, that was seid
by Ysaie, the profete, seiynge, He took oure infirmytees, and bar oure siknessis. (Matt.
8:16-17)
(2) And he comaundide to hem, that thei schulden not make hym knowun; that that thing were
fulfillid, that was seid by Isaie, the prophete, seiynge … (Matt. 12:16-17)
(3) Another parable Jhesus spac to hem, The kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to sour douy, which a
womman took, and hidde in thre mesuris of mele, til it were alle sowrid[=soured]. (Matt.
13:33)
(4) But wite ye this, that if the hosebonde man wiste[=knew] in what our the thefe were to come,
certis he wolde wake, and suffre not his hous to be vndurmyned. (Matt. 24:43)
(5) but thei seiden, Not in the haliday, lest perauenture noyse were maad in the puple. (Matt.
26:5)
(6) Forsothe mannus sone goith, as it is writun of hym; but wo to that man, bi whom mannus
sone schal be bitrayed; it were good to hym, if that man hadde not be borun. (Matt. 26:24)
(1) ] (2) * that-¢ (=so that …) �èl��% ]²�R§5M)»1�5%�5�°&
�]"?©��&L�T]�Ü�¾�)©%���,�S*Ö�*¬�"¹�Ä�� H°�
0���ç#�²¹�¤ (were fulfillid) "~��°���,
� (3) � till-¢�ëò�ç#�¹�¤*êÄ��,which Ä4�°���¢*¬��¹�Ä��
till-¢�H*o�©°�,¹�*��¬��Ä�'?©*s�"#�×l (R�>"(`���
ÄT]�Ü�]) �ç#�¹�¤ (were sowrid) �a��)©%���,
� (4) Ä� ���¹�*So�ëò�êÄ��,if-¢*oÄ wiste (=knew) ]�ܹ�¤"
~��° H°�0��� èl�¢ (in what our the thefe were to come) *oIJ ç#�
*¹�¤ (were to come) "~��°���,×?Ä�g� ��¤����aL-�89�S
�Ä*~�Ä��,
� (5) � RÁ��]�òg�*ÄT]�Ü��èl�)� lest-¢�ëò�ç#�*êÄ��,
�S*Ö�"¹�¬�Ä��&L lest-¢Ä�ç#�*¹�¤ (were maad) "~��°���,
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(6) � Ó?�a*��S*�2¢ (apodosis) Ä ç#�¹�¤*‘were’ "~��°&êÄ
��,�±�� �*aÜ��2¢Äç#�¹�¤* were �~���]"a���&,©ü
©�Ä�°Z “it would be …” ]��]�±Ä�±Ü,
���-F[�J�
�°a� ç#�©��±��(���,144ê*ç#�©�¤*ÜÌ Be Ö�� 57ê�
� �>* 4ú�?L���,
� Pc� Be Ö�]EåÖ�*ç#�©�*ê� 1꯱øT�ë�Ü,
�
<Be Ö�*ê>
(7) The lanterne of thi bodi is thin iye; if thin iye be symple, al thi bodi shal be liytful; but if thin
iye be weiward, al thi bodi shal be derk. If thanne the liyt that is in thee be derknessis, how
grete schulen thilk derknessis be? (Matt. 6:22-23)
<EåÖ�*ê>
(8) What man of you is, that if his sone axe hym breed, whethir he wole take hym a stoon? (Matt.
7:9)
(7) Ä� if-¢�ë�� );cÌ2>Ä��°& ‘be’ �ç#�©�Ä��,¤gë ‘be’ ]
�Ü�¤� êS (7) * 2¡è* ‘be’ (i.e. shal be) 4¡è* ‘be’ (i.e. shal be) H%�P6* ‘be’
(i.e. shulen be) ÄQ��aÜ� º�¤ (infinitive) ]«¤Ä��,¤Ìg7� Be Ö�*�
¤�� ‘ben’ ]�Ü�¤²��" �°�k���µ¤ �g�Ì©ü©�* are �Ã���
�Ó���¤�Ä��,-
(8) Ä� if-¢oÄ);cÌ2>Ä��°& ‘axe’ (=ask) "ç#�©�Ä��,‘axe’ ]�Ü
�¤� º�¤]«¤Ä��¤Cf. schal axe (Matt. 21:24)-,(Ìg7� ‘axen’ ]�Ü�¤�
k���µ¤Ä��,�� axe, axen ��%�ïK%&�¤�*?+� Â4*}~v2x
Y�ë��� I*EåÖ��²�����]<Æ�a�±Ü,-
� �� s�%& 144ê*ç#�©�¤�^�/�Cc�QÆ% �¢]Ûé¢Ä*C�µ
��%&*"�*)Ä��,¤¤O�¢�ëò�ç#�©�¤*}~ê�g��&,-
450� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
�¢ Ûé¢ å
33 111
(��¢� 39)
(_�¢� 68)
(H*I� 4)
144
¤H*IÄ� kç��S�4� whether-¢Ä*ç#�©�¤*êµ��%&,-
� ç#�©�¤*C�µ� Ûé¢"�¢* 3�b �& Ûé¢��%�� _�¢"��
¢* 2��Ä��,
� �� �¢ ��¢ _�¢ H*I (kç��S�4� whether-¢) *�� \32c`
$6æBR�;)TÄ*ç#�©�*~��mn���]�%aÜ,
�����4.¯��ì±�
Òï ����µr¦ÀÐgz�)�SÄ��,33 êo Be Ö�" 16 ê EåÖ�" 17
ê] M�À«µ*¸�ÄÓ=�°&,cæîü©�*�v3:�fB%Z�Ä� � " Be
Ö�*êÄ�� EåÖ��Í��¯�Ä��&]�Ü23]DL���lÄ��,3)� o©
�*�\32c`$%Z�Ä� 6*¬ü�¸9� �¢Ä*ç#�©�*~��� "]g
��&*Ä�g��]¶�°�,
�¯ Be Ö�]EåÖ�*ê� 1±¯±øTaÜ,
(9) Thanne he touchide her iyen, and seide, Aftir youre feith be it doon to you. (Matt. 9:29)
(10) But whanne thou doist almes, knowe not thi left hond what thi riyt hond doith, (Matt. 6:3)
(9) Ä� ‘be’ " (10) Ä� ‘knowe’ "ç#�©�¤Ä��,�v3:�fB%Z�Ä� (9)
�Ã��� öÄ�«Ý� ‘be’ ]�Üç#�©�¤�~��)©%���"(“... acordynge to
youre faythe be it vnto you. ”) E� (10) �Ã��� öÄ� EåÖ� (‘know’) *ç#�©
�¤�a�¯ let Ät��ÀÐS (“… let not thy lyfte hond knowe, what thy righte hand doth”)
Ä)©%���,
��\32c`$%Z�Ä �¢�ë��EåÖ�*ç#�©�¤"~��°& 17ê��%�
�v3:�fB%Z�Ä*Ã� ö�ô9�7�] �v3:�fB%Z�Ä� 14ê� let Ä
t��ÀÐS 1ê� see that . . . Ät��ÀÐS 1ê� shall �~�&SÄB�°�ë�
�\32c`$%Z�]«Ý�ç#�©�¤�~��B�°&²*� 1ê*7Ä��&,�*
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�Ä 6æo©�]cæo©�*�¢oÄ*ç#�©�¤*~���%� �ÓgC&�"�
c�°�,�\32c`$%Z�Ä��¢�ë��EåÖ�*ç#�©�¤"~��°���*
�¸% �C���v3:�fB%Z�Ä� let, see that, shall �~��Ù*¤ÞÄ)©%��
��0� 1꯱øT�ë�,
(11) \32c`$: He that hath eris of heryng, here he. (Matt. 11:15)
v3:�fB: He that hath eares to heare, let him heare. (Matt. 11:15)
(12) \32c`$: So schyne youre liyt befor men, ... (Matt. 5:16)
v3:�fB: Se that youre light so shyne before men, ... (Matt. 5:16)
(13) \32c`$: ... and he that cursith fadir or modir, die bi deeth. (Matt. 15:4)
v3:�fB: ... and he that speaketh evyll ayens hys father or mother, shall suffer deeth.
(Matt. 15:4)
gë ����%�(�] (9) ] (10) �RF*êÄ��" RF�g���g�²*�
33êoÄ 6ê��¹g�,�¢�ëò�ç#�©��RF���g�*"EålÄ��]�Ü
23"¨�°&,E� ¢RF*ê² 2êøT�ë�Ü,
(14) And he saye a fige tree bisidis the weie, and cam to it, and foond no thing ther ynne but
leeues oneli. And he seide to it, Neuer fruyt come forth of thee, in to with outen eende, And
anoon the fige tre was dried vp. (Matt. 21:19)
(15) And al the puple answeride, and seide, His blood be on vs, and on oure children. (Matt. 27:25)
¢RF* 6ê�±�����ô9�]�9���Ä�� ü����*¢RFê�WÜÄ�
�&,��5ÆZ ü����¤22ê-��9�RF���g�����]"Q��&,E�
�����å 11ê��" ��*�Ä� ÜÌRF" 5ê ¢RF" 6êÄ��&,¤oÄ
��¢*ç#�©�ÈS*����%��°����Ìø�g�" ?�����*�0*�
��±���Ý4g´¢��mn��E�"�±Ü,-
�����³>.¯�ùì±�
ÀÐW��WµrWE�gz�)�Ö�W¤O�W��*�]* that-¢NÄ~��°�RÀ
Ðlç#�T (mandative subjunctive) *ê"²�]²»� I�� “it is to come that ...”, “if it
fall that ...” * that-¢N �& ç#� whether �4�°&��¢NÄ*ê"(�°&,NB
452� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
���*]ë�,
ÀÐlç#�
Ö�"ÛÆ�¢^say (7), will[=wish] (5), speed[=be of benefit] (6), pray (3), see (3),
behove (1), command (1), conjure (1), look (1), suffer (1),
tell (1), take heed (1)
¤O�"ÛÆ�¢^enough (1), leveful[=permissible] (1), worthy (1)
��"ÛÆ�¢^need (1), will (1)
H*I^come (1), fall (1); whether (1)
� �� �¯ H°�°*Ö�"ÀÐlç#��ÛÆ��0�±�� 1꯱øT�,
(16) And the tempter cam nyy, and seide to hym, If thou art Goddis sone, seie that thes stoones be
maad looues. (Matt. 4:3)
(17) Therfor alle thingis, what euere thingis ye wolen that men do to you, do ye to hem, for this is
the lawe and the prophetis. (Matt. 7:12)
(18) But who so sclaundrith oon of these smale, that bileuen in me, it spedith to hym that a
mylnstoon `of assis be hangid in his necke, and he be drenchid in the depnesse of the see.
(Matt 18:6)
(19) Therfor preye ye the lord of the ripe corn, that he sende werke men in to his ripe corn. (Matt.
9:38)
(20) And the iyen of hem were opened. And Jhesus thretenede hem, and seide, Se ye, that no man
wite. (Matt. 9:30)
(21) And his disciplis axiden hym, and seiden, What thanne seien the scribis, that it bihoueth that
Elie come first? (Matt. 17:10)
(22) Therfor comaunde thou, that the sepulcre be kept in to the thridde dai; … (Matt. 27:64)
(23) But Jhesus was stille. And the prince of prestis seide to hym, Y coniure thee bi lyuynge God,
that thou seie to vs, if thou art Crist, the sone of God. (Matt. 26:63)
(24) And Jhesus answeride, and seide to hem, Loke ye, that no man disseyue you. (Matt. 24:4)
(25) And the disciplis blamyden hem. But Jhesus seide to hem, Suffre ye that litle children come
to me, and nyle ye forbede hem; … (Matt. 19:14)
(26) Thanne Jhesus seide to hem, Nyle ye drede; go ye, `telle ye to my britheren, that thei go in to
�������( 81)¤2010-� � � � � � � � � � � � � 453
Galile; there thei schulen se me. (Matt. 28:10)
(27) Takith hede, that ye do not youre riytwisnesse bifor men, to be seyn of hem, ellis ye schulen
haue no meede at youre fadir that is in heuenes. (Matt. 6:1)
�\32c`$%Z�R�;)T�ë��� �÷*Ö�*ÜÌ say, speed, see, conjure, look,
tell, take heed " ÀÐlê��Ʊ that-¢NÄk��¦�áÖ��ÛÆ�ê�(�°¯ ç
#�©�¤�ÛÆ�ê*7Ä��&,will, pray, behove, command, suffer ��%�� ç#�
©�¤��*ê²(�°�*Ä 6�l°��]���,
� �� ¤O�ëa>��"ÀÐlç#��ÛÆ�ê�øT�,
(28) it is ynowy[=enough] to the disciple, that he be as his maistir, and to the seruaunt as his lord.
(Matt. 10: 25)
(29) Therfor seie to vs, what it seemeth to thee. Is it leueful that tribute be youun[=given] to the
emperoure, ether[=either] nay? (Matt. 22:17)
(30) And the centurien answeride, and seide to hym, Lord, Y am not worthi, that thou entre vndur
my roof; but oonli seie thou bi word, and my childe shal be heelid. (Matt. 8: 8)
(31) Woo to the world, for sclaundris[=stumbling-blocks]; for it is nede that sclaundris come;
netheles wo to thilke man bi whom a sclaundre cometh. (Matt. 18:7)
(32) So it is not the wille bifor youre fadir that is in heuenes, that oon of these litle perische. (Matt.
18:14)
¤O�* enough, leveful, worthy �&��* need, will " ÀÐlê��Ʊ that-¢NÄ
k��¦�áÖ��ÛÆ�ê�(�°g��&,
P6� ��¢�ëò�ç#�©�*~�]%� ÀÐlç#���*ê�(�ëÓ&�,
��RH*IT]%�øT& come, fall, whether ����²*Ä��,(33) � “it is to come
that ...” (34) � “if it fall that ...” * that-¢N*ç#�©�¤ (35) � see �#� whether-
¢N*ç#�©�¤*êÄ��,
(33) And whanne thei weren goon, lo! the aungel of the Lord apperide to Joseph in sleep, and
seide, Rise vp, and take the child and his modir, and fle in to Egipt, and be thou there, til that
I seie to thee; for it is to come, that Eroude seke the child, to destrie hym. (Matt. 2:13)
(34) And if it falle that he fynde it, treuli Y seie to you, that he schal haue ioye theron more than on
454� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
nynti and nyne that erriden not. (Matt. 18:13)
(35) But othir seiden, Suffre thou; se we whether Helie come to deliuer hym. (Matt. 27:49)
(33) * “it is to come that ...” (=it is to happen that ...) ] (34) * “if it fall that ...” (=if it
happen that ...”) * that-¢�'G¦a�*®G×�5=��²*Ä�� '?©*NO�)�
ç#�*9��0Ò%���,(35) * “se we whether Helie come to deliuer hym” � RYc*
")Yx�Í�����zÜ� (�7aÜT]�Ü�Ä�� Ö� see *èl��Ã���
whether-¢�'?©*NO�)%���,��Ä�ç#�©�¤�~���]�a� R3&%
����±Ü�T]�Ü�L¦æÚ�">��®���aÜ��c�°�,(33) �� (35) *
aÜg^�/Ä� k��¦�áÖ�"C���ê�g� ç#�©�¤"}�꯱(�
°&�òÄ��&,
� �� Ö�* will, pray, behove command, suffer ��%��ç#�©�¤��*¤Þ��Ü
ê²(�°&*Ä H*s��ïK%�ëÓ&�,QE���*]ë�Ä��,gë Ö�¤
���á�]ê�h��%�ë�,
� Sbj (= Subjunctive) ç#�� ¤e.g. thou go; he go-
� Ind (= Indicative) k��� ¤e.g. thou goist; he goith-
� Sbj/Ind ç#�]k��*PÙº�*�0� ¤e.g. I go; we goon-
� Modal (= Modal auxiliary)� �áÖ�� ¤e.g. he maye go ; ye shuld go-
Sbj Sbj/Ind Ind Modal
will 5 5 0 0
pray 3 0 0 2 (should 1, would 1)
behove 1 1 0 0
command 1 0 0 2 (should 2)
suffer 1 0 0 1 (shall 1)
� �°�* 5Ö���%�� x���k����Ü]kðÄÓ�ê�(�&�g�" �á
Ö���Üê�(�°&,suffer Ä� �áÖ� shall *ê" pray ] command Ä�¹�¤
*�áÖ� should ] would *ê"Ó=�°&,�áÖ���Ü� 5ê���øT�,
(36) Or hou seist thou to thi brothir, Brothir, suffre I schal do out a mote fro thin iye, and lo! a
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beem is in thin owne iye? (Matt. 7:4)
(37) And he comaundide to hem, that thei schulden not make hym knowun; (Matt. 12:16)
(38) Thanne he comaundide to hise disciplis, that thei schulden seie to no man, that he was Crist.
(Matt. 16:20)
(39) And thei preieden hym, that thei schulden touche the hemme of his clothing; and who euere
touchiden weren maad saaf. (Matt. 14:36)
(40) And lo! al the citee wente out ayens Jhesu; and whanne thei hadden seyn hym, thei preieden,
that he wolde passe fro her coostis. (Matt. 8:34)
(36) Ä� ÀФ* suffer (=to allow) " “I schal ...” Ät��¢�ÛÆ���,(37) ��
(40) ��%�� �S*Ö���9�¹�¤Ä�� (comaundide, preieden) H°�#� that-
¢NÄ��áÖ�*¹�¤ (schulden, wolde) "~��°���,
E� pray ¦ command "ç#�©�¤��Üê]%�h�øT& (19) ] (22) Ä� �
S*Ö� pray ] command �ÀФÄ��&,�& pray �±��� (19) ���²ç#
�©�¤��Üê"I� 2 ê��" �¯°*�0²�S*Ö� (pray) �ÀФÄ��,]
�±" (37) �� (40) Ä� �S*Ö�"¹�¤Ä��&L H°�#�¢NÄ�ç#�©
�¤�~��a�² ¹�¤*�áÖ��~���Ü"a�_/�]�c�°&*Ä�g��
]¿X�°�,
� E� Ö�* will (=to wish) ] behove (= to be necessary) �±��� k��]ð�ÄÓ
�ê²�áÖ���Üê²(�&�g��&" (17) ¦ (21) *aÜ�x���ç#�©�¤
]k�ÄÓ�ê�±��� �¯°²�S*Ö�(will, behove) "©�¬�Ä�� �& ¤�
� ç#�©�¤�k��©�¤�kÙº�*ê�±��²¤will �� 5 ê behove �� 1
ê- �S*Ö�*¬���9�©�Ä��,
��¢�ç#�©�¤"©°� 39ê�9��±���S*Ö��ô9�7�] �S*Ö�
"¹�¬�*S�g� ÀÐS�©�¬�*Ê.SZ��Ä��,¦�� that-¢�4��Ö
�"¹�¬�Ä�����]�Ü�]" ç#�©�¤*}~*æÃ�,-%��&]5Æa
Ü,±�� R¢¹�T*/Ä ç#�©�¤�~��°¦��]<Æ�°�,«Ý*¾/�
cæîü©�*�v3:�fB%Z�R�;)T�ë��²Ó=�°&,
����� />.¯.?ì±�
� ç#�©�¤� ���)� if, but (=unless) *¢ èl�)� that, lest *¢ ¬�)�
before, till *¢ !N�)� though*¢Äê"(�°&,NB���*]ë�,
456� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
��¢^if (26), but (6)
èl¢^that (14), lest (10)
¬p¢^before (3), till (8)
!N¢^though (1)
��� H°�° 1꯱øT�,
(41) and seide to hym, Alle these `Y schal yyue to thee, if thou falle doun and worschipe me. (Matt.
4:9)
(42) And Y seie to you, that but your riytfulnesse be more plenteuouse than of scribis and of
Farisees, ye schulen not entre into the kyngdom of heuenes. (Matt. 5:20)
(43) And if he herith thee not, take with thee oon or tweyne, that euery word stonde in the mouth
of tweyne or thre witnessis. (Matt. 18:16)
(44) Be thou consentynge to thin aduersarie soone, while thou art in the weie with hym, lest
perauenture thin aduersarie take thee to the domesman, and the domesman take thee to the
mynystre, and thou be sent in to prisoun. (Matt. 5:25)
(45) Jhesus seide to him, Treuli Y seie to thee, for in this nyyt bifor the cok crowe, thries thou
schalt denye me. (Matt. 26:34)
(46) Treuli Y seie to you, for this generacioun schal not passe, til alle thingis be don; (Matt. 24:34)
(47) Peter seide to him, Yhe, thouy[=though] it bihoue that Y die with thee, Y schal not denye thee.
(Matt. 26:35)
� if-¢�ëò�ç#�©�¤� 26 ê�� �¯°²©�¬�¤©��ç²ê§-*Ê.S�
ÀÐSo ±��R¢¹�T*/�©°�²*Z��Ä��,�\32c`$%Z�R�;)T
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&� 26ê"ç#�©�¤�]�����]�g����� Ö�¤*QE���,
Sbj Sbj/Ind Ind Modal
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¤�� ç#�©�¤]kÙ�°�²*" 26ê k��©�¤]kÙ�°�²" 23êÄ
MGº%���,4)
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��SÄ�k��"~��° a�l��SÄ�ç#�"~��°��� ¸¹lx`gê�
(�7aÜ,�¯ k��©�¤*ê�øT�,
(48) And of clothing what ben ye bisye? Biholde ye the lilies of the feeld, how thei wexen. Thei
trauelen not, nether spynnen; and Y seie to you, Salomon in al his glorie was not keuered as
oon of these. And if God clothith thus the hei of the feeld, that to day is, and to morewe is cast
in to an ouen, hou myche more you of litel feith? (Matt. 6:28-30)
(48) �R¤�*a T*o*��g öÄ R¶�®§gT*���*E¢Ä��,Ö�ï
K��&L� �º¬«B%Z����� ö�Ô��ë�Ü,¤RgÐ���*�]Ķ�®§
*�,�*s"z*aÜ�8±*����%�(g��,�Ó²�¯�b¹²%g�,%�%�
5��ë�,Ã��DL&�Ë�:Ä�Æ��*s*E±�z�²�Ù����g��&,�
ç�CÆ����xç�c� TË�°��*rÄ�Æ�8��*aÜ��������,�
%���g&"&��gë��*�]Ä�g����}*Â�M&Ìa,T�º¬«B%Z�R�
;)�a���ZT6U 28-30¢a�-
R8"�*s��������T�]�×?]%�89�° H°�>� �\32c`$
%Z�Ä� “if God clothith thus the hei of the feeld …” (8"�*aÜ��*r��������
*Ä�°Z �%�¦ÁÁ) ]#�,S�� ��Ä* if-¢*NO�×?�����]Ä��
H*�]�8�Ö�"k��©�¤ (clothith) Ä���]�a��S�l�²��°���,5)
Ä� �� if-¢Äç#�©�¤�~�&ê�(�7aÜ,
(49) And he seide to hem, What man of you schal be, that hath o scheep, and if it falle in to a diche
in the sabotis, whether he shal not holde, and lifte it vp? (Matt. 12:11)
Ö�ïK��&L� �º¬«B%Z���>6�êL��D`ö�Ô��ë�Ü,¤R)Yx
�H������7$�ëø��g�&,��]�%Ò*dÆ&þ"�&,þ4�)Yx��
ÆaÜ]¶�����}ç�dR�ö�*����Ä �°������]Ŭ&,H�Ä�)
Yx�5�°&,��g&&Ì*ÜÌ��°�-�ERÆ�����H°"�}ç�£�ÊÌ&
�0�ÒÄÔÓ�T�¦�g�M"���±Ü�,þp�-a�²�����åg²*�,�
����}ç�°��]���*� �°���,� H%�H*þ���Ò�3Z%g���]
458� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
5�°&,3Z�]�²ÜE�*Ò*aÜ��zë���g�&,T� �º¬«B%Z�R�;
)�a���ZT12U 9-13¢a�-
“if it falle in to a diche in the sabotis” (-"�}ç�e�ÊÌ&]%&�) ]�Ü öÄ� S
�� ��%&s��89����]�x��Ä�� H*�]�8�Ö�"ç#�©�¤
(falle) Ä���]�a��S�l�²��°���,6)
� %�% �÷ 2ê¤(48), (49)-*aÜ� ��S�ëò�k��]ç#�*}�Qò"¸¹
lx`g�0�òÄ�g�,«Ý*S��ë�� M"�j%�~��°����0²��,
�* 2ê�(�7aÜ,�°� )Yx"RÅ�*jZT�±��89& ö��*Ô~Ä�
�,
(50) And if thin hoond or thi foot sclaundreth thee, kitte it of, and caste awei fro thee. It is betere to
thee to entre to lijf feble, ethir crokid, than hauynge tweyne hoondis or twey feet to be sent in
to euerlastynge fier. (Matt. 18:8)
(51) And if thin iye sclaundre thee, pulle it out, and caste awei fro thee. It is betere to thee with
oon iye to entre in to lijf, thanne hauynge tweyn iyen to be sent in to the fier of helle. (Matt.
18:9)
�* 2S�D#%�©° NOl�²)©�²�ilg öÄ��,Ö�ïK%�ë�Ü,
©�* if-¢�Ã���EQ�?�Ö��°&�,¤R²%%�*Ò�»"�g&�±�¯���
g��H°�å��O��%��g��,Ò»"H±�&���í*¹� TË�°�a
���%Ò%»�g��²À��¯���"a�, ²%%�*è"�g&�±�¯���g��
Æe�®%�O��%��g��,�*è"H±�&��¹*î�� TË�°�a���
E±*è�g��²À��¯���"a�,T�º¬«B%Z�R�;)�a���ZT18U 8-9
¢a�-
� ²ÜE¢ �\32c`$%Z���*Ô~�(� if-¢N*8�Ö�*�����/ò�
] (50) Ä�k��©�¤ (sclaundreth) "~��° (51) Ä�ç#�©�¤ (sclaundre) "
~��°����]"Q��,NOl��]²�RaL�*��ST](g��]"ÄÓ�"
8�Ö�*��`°"(�°�,�*��±��� �\32c`$%Z�*6æB*oIJ�
��a��«"(�° Forshall and Madden *c�*�÷�a�] (50) Äç#�©�¤
(sclandre) "~��°�����"�� �& �� (51) Äk��©�¤ (sclaundrith) "~
��°�����²��,7)
� o©��ë�� ��¢oÄ*�*}�Qò�EÝÄg� �5$²(�°��]gz"
�������( 81)¤2010-� � � � � � � � � � � � � 459
Mustanoja (1960: 469-470) IJ�����°���" ��Ä� Fischer (1992: 349-350) *U
µg÷8�a� ��¢�ëò�cæ]%&s��ïK%�ëÓ&�,
In contrast to Old English, where the indicative mood was usual unless the main clause was
non-indicative …, in Middle English conditional clauses are frequently found in the subjunctive
mood; in Late Middle English the subjunctive is almost the rule, especially in the north. It is not
quite clear what the basis was for subjunctive assignment in Middle English: different
manuscripts often show different moods in the same text and sometimes indicative and
subjunctive are found side by side within the same sentence: …
o©��ëò���¢*���%�� ¬æW�5Wt{W��*�« \4�<�% S
�*oÄ*�¾�Ö�%g"� øj�±Pï�ôþ��E�"��,
� �� R²%ÁÄgò°ZT(=unless) ]�Ü�¾Ä~��°&ç#�* but �±��(�ë
�Ü,Ó?�a]%�*���¹��ç*ê" 1ê����� ©�¬�²%��ÀÐS*o
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%���,
Sbj Sbj/Ind Ind Modal
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� èl�)� that-¢N*8�Ö�*C�µ� 30ê��" H*Ü̹�¬�Ä~��°&²
*" 13ê ©�¬�²%��ÀÐS*o����R¢¹�T*ê" 17êÄ��,
¹�¬�* 13 ê�±�� that-¢N*Ö�*¤��(�] ç#�¹�¤ (were) �~��
²*" 2ê �áÖ� (should) �~��²*" 11êÄ��&,¹�¬��ë��� ç#�
�ü����áÖ�*¹�¤�~���]"Eål]5Æ�,
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��,cæîü©�*�v3:�fB%Z�R�;)TÄ��*aÜg�0��áÖ��~�&
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Ä� ç#�©��~��*"�5Ä��&]<Æ�°�,
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X�°�,
� RÁ���ÄT]�Ü'?©*×l�±��89� till-¢�±��� 8�Ö�"¹�¬�
*²*" 8ê�� ÜÌ 7êÄ�k��¹�¤¤²%��¹��ç¤- " 1êÄ�ç#�¹
�¤ (were) "~��°���,¹�¬�*�0�� till-¢*oÄk���~���Ü"Eå
l�" µ��¹�*��¬��Ä*'?©*s��)®��&L�� ç#�¹�¤�~�
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¤��*aÜgQE��%���,
Sbj Sbj/Ind Ind Modal
till 7 4 0 0
¢¹�Ä�k��]ð�ÄÓ�ê�g� �&�áÖ��~�&ê²g��&,before-¢*�
0]«Ý till-¢Ä² ¢¹�*/Ä�ç#�©�¤"�5Ä��&]5ÆaÜ,
����� h�0�r�ì1�
� P6� ç#�* whether ",¤pç��SÄ�g�-kç��S�4�R��¶nT]%
�~��°&�0�mn��,
�¯ Oxford English Dictionary Ä �* whether *~��±��ïK%�ë�Ü,(OED
Online ���,http://www.oed.com/) (s.v. whether conj. 5)
Introducing a simple direct question, thus becoming a mere sign of interrogation (but often
with verb in subjunctive, and almost always without inversion of subject and verb, as if depending
on a principal clause understood: cf. 7). Obs[olete].
ç#�* whether "��¶n]%�kç��S�4�~��÷©��G��" ©�Ä�#
~�g��ë� OED "øT�P�ê� 1588 âÄ��,OED *�x�a�] whether-
¢Ä� %Z%Zç#�"~��°�]��,
� Ä� �\32c`$%Z�R�;)TÄ*s��±��(�7aÜ,kç��S�4���
¶n]%�* whether-¢�å 26ês�ÄÓ&" H*ÜÌ ç#���Üê� 4êÄ��&,
ÜÌ �¯ 3ê�Ô~��,
(52) And lo! a man that hadde a drye hoond. And thei axiden hym, and seiden, Whether it be
leueful to hele in the sabot? that thei schulden acuse hym. (Matt. 12:10)
(53) And al the puple wondride, and seide, Whether this be the sone of Dauid? (Matt. 12:23)
(54) And Farisees camen to him, temptynge him, and seiden, Whether it be leueful to a man to
leeue his wijf, for ony cause? (Matt. 19:3)
3ê]² whether-¢*oÄ*8�Ö��ç#�©�¤ (be) Ä��,�& whether *6Ä*
462� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
��� Ê.S]«Ý (SV) Ä��,
� ]�±" ��* 1ê�¦¦�"�g� S¾6�?+��%���,
(55) Whether `is not this the sone of a carpentere? Whether his modir be not seid Marie? and hise
britheren, James, and Joseph, and Symount, and Judas? and hise sistris, whether thei alle
ben not among us? Fro whennus thanne `alle thes thingis camen to this? (Matt. 13:55-56)
�*Ô~So�� whether-¢" 3±��" 8�Ö�"ç#�©�¤ (be) Ä��*� 2¡è
* whether-¢*7Ä��,H°]>6%� 1¡è* whether-¢Ä�8�Ö�]%�k��©
�¤* ‘is’ "~��° 3 ¡è* whether-¢Ä�k��©�¤*‘ben’(=are *�¤) "~��
°������è%&�,�& ����%�� 1 ¡è* whether-¢Ä�RF (VS) �g�
����"�g�,«cS��C���«Ý*êÄ���]��kð%� ]g�]²�*Ô
~ê����+� whether-¢�ëò��"ç#�Ä���k��Ä��� ������"
RFÄ������ �¾*���ä���g�aÜ�¶�°�,
� �\32c`$%Z�R�;)TÄ� whether "4�kç��S 26 ê*ÜÌ ç#�©
�¤"©°�*��÷ 4ê*7Ä��&,�& ����%��� "Ê.S]«Ý (SV) Ä
�� RF�� (VS) ��* (55) �êL&ê�êL� å 3 ê�¹¹g��&,ôþ%&j
�Ä� whether-¢Ä*8�Ö��k�� ���Ê.S]«Ý (SV) *�0"�5Ä��]
�Ü23"¨�°&,
�ÔÏ��
� �� oÄ� �\32c`$%Z�*6æB�(c. 1388) *R�;)��ZT�UV]%�
6æo©�æ�ëò�ç#�*~�*E¢�÷8%&,�v3:�fB%Z�(1526) *R�;
)��ZT�ZgÓ «Ý�ç#�*~��÷8%& U (2005) ]¸9�] ��¦�gô
þ*j���² ç#�*~���%� 6æo©�æ]cæîü©�æ*p*Ã�"â�>
�"����,êÆZ ç#�©�¤�~��Òïgz�)�ÑÒS*Æ�±��(�] �v
3:�fB%Z�Ä�ç#�©�¤"�À fÔ�Ö��+�°���*��%� �\32c`$
%Z�Ä��fÔ�Ö�]EåÖ�"�À«cú0Ä©°����]"Q��,6æo©�Ä�
6*¬ü�¸9� ¦�� ÑÒS\ �¢Ä*ç#�©�*~��� "]g��&*Ä�
g��]¿X�°�,
H*I if-¢*o*�*MW (ç#�©� v.s. k��©�) ��%� o©�æ���g�
*Z�±Ó"(�°&�]"ÛG* !Ä���°���" �\32c`$%Z�]�v3:
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�fB%Z��¸¹��] M*p��g�*~��*C&�"��ÄÓ&,¬ü*���
a�²*� fB*9��a�²*� mn����,��
� �6 %Z�UV]%&ç#�*5¬l !���ML�]]²� o©�æ��cæîü
©�æ��ò�*?��a�áï�����&L� I*dv:f*S�²UV�%� a�
Pï�4*¹¡�Ô�&�]<Æ���,
�
C�
1) RcæBT]R6æBT*âü�±��� Daniell (2003, pp. 80-84) �Í�, 2) oÄ�o©�*~ê�øT�1� Ì~� o©�?�*S¥ ‘yogh’ � ‘y’ Äü~��, 3) �v3:�fB%Z�R�;)TÄ� �¢�ëò�ç#�©�¤� 24 ê(�°&,ÜÌ Be Ö�" 21
ê (87.5%) EåÖ�" 3ê (12.5%) Ä��&, 4) �v3:�fB%Z�R�;)TÄ� ç#�©�¤]kÙ�°�ê" 30êÄ��*��%� k��©�
¤]k��°�ê�WÜÄ��&,�\32c`$%Z�]�v3:�fB%Z�Ä� if-¢N*���%��ÓgC&�"�c�°�" H°"©�K�*��a�²*� ����M*fB*9�*���a
�²*� ôL�mn����, 5) \32c`$"]�]%&1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�*)©�ïK%�ëÓ&�,Ò�*©i���Ô
~% Í<*&L� �\fZ<;%Z�*©B�Ä����\;)Wc<�»%Z�*�� ö�Ù÷�
�,R�;)T6U 30¢���*]ë�Ä��,Vulgate: Si autem fenum agri, quod hodie est et cras in clibanum mittitur, Deus sic vestit, quanto magis vos, modicae fidei? (Douay-Rheims Version: And if the grass of the field, which is to day, and to morrow is cast into the oven, God doth so clothe: how much more you, O ye of little faith?)� 1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�Ä� si-¢*oÄ Ö�� vestit ¤vestio (=to clothe) *k��©� 3þ��µ¤-Ä��,
6) Í<�Ä� 1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�*�� ö� ��\;)Wc<�»%Z�*�� ö]]²
�Ô~%�ë�,R�;)T12U 11¢���*]ë�Ä��,Vulgate: Ipse autem dixit illis : Quis erit ex vobis homo, qui habeat ovem unam et, si ceciderit haec sabbatis in foveam, nonne tenebit et levabit eam? (Douay-Rheims Version: But he said to them: What man shall there be among you, that hath one sheep: and if the same fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not take hold on it and lift it up?)� 1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�Ä� si-¢*oÄ Ö��gcado’(=to fall)*�¤* cecideritÄ��,¤���k��'G�ç]ç
#��ç"«¤Ä��, 7) Í<�Ä� 1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�*�� ö� ��\;)Wc<�»%Z�*�� ö]]²
�Ô~%�ë�,R�;)T18U 8-9¢���*]ë�Ä��,Vulgate: Si autem manus tua vel pes tuus scandalizat te, abscide eum et proice abs te: bonum tibi est ad vitam ingredi debilem vel claudum, quam duas manus vel duos pedes habentem mitti in ignem aeternum. Et si oculus tuus scandalizat te, erue eum et proice abs te: bonum tibi est unoculum in vitam intrare, quam duos oculos habentem mitti in gehennam ignis. (Douay-Rheims Version: And if thy hand, or thy foot scandalize thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee. It is better for thee to go into life maimed or lame, than having two hands or two feet, to be cast into everlasting fire. And if thy eye scandalize thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee. It is better for thee having one eye to enter into life, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire.)� 1v:�B�\fZ<;%Z�Ä� si-¢*oÄ� 2ê]² Ö�� scandalizat¤scandalizo (=to scandalize, cause to stumble h���) *k��©� 3þ��µ¤-Ä��,%�% S¾6��]� ��\;)Wc<�»%Z�Ä� 2ê]²ç#�©�¤ (scandalize) ÄB�°���,
464� 6æo©��ëò�ç#�*~��±��%�\32c`$%Z�&�;)��Z'�UV�%^ U� ��
Dæ�F�
�%Z/�
The Holy Bible: containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his Followers. Edited by the Rev. Josiah Forshall and Sir Frederic Madden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1850.
The Wycliffe New Testament 1388. Transcribed by W. R. Cooper into Modern Spelling. London: The British Library, 2002.
The New Testament 1526 Translated by William Tyndale. Edited by W. R. Cooper. London: The British Library, 2000.
The Holy Bible: Douay Rheims Version. Revised by Bishop Richard Challoner. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books, 1989. Novum Testamentum Latine. Novam Vulgatam Bibliorum Sacrorum Editionem secuti apparatibus titulisque additis
ediderunt Kurt Aland et Barbara Aland. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1992. �%Z� º¬«B�¬«B%Z?iß�7� ç�%Z}7� 1987.
�H*I/�
Daniell, David. 2003. The Bible in English. New Haven: Yale University Press. Fischer, Olga. 1992. “Syntax” in The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol. 2: 1066-1476, edited by
Norman Blake. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 207-408. Mustanoja, Tauno F. 1960 A Middle English Syntax. Part I. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique. U��� 2005� Rcæîü©��ëò�ç#�%Tyndale B%Z�Le��T�5��q !qr�(���
����.î�S� !A 213FCOEÊËt1�R5�û~�Z9]��5��q��T) No. 7: pp. 467-482.
�������( 81)¤2010-� � � � � � � � � � � � � 465
Notes on the Use of the Subjunctive in Late Middle English with special reference to the Later Version of the Wycliffite Bible
URATA Kazuyuki
This article examines the use of the subjunctive in Late Middle English, based on the Gospel
according to St. Matthew in the Later Version of the Wycliffite Bible (c. 1388), as part of the
present author’s diachronic study of the subjunctive in English. It describes both the present
and the past subjunctive, as used in independent as well as dependent clauses, paying particular
attention to its possible alternatives, such as the indicative and the modal auxiliaries (e.g. should,
would).
The findings are compared with those of the survery conduted previously by the same
author of the subjunctive in Early Modern English, based on Tyndale’s translation of the Gospel
according to St. Matthew (1526).
Among the differences in the use of the subjunctive between the two versions, i.e, Wycliffite
late ME and Tyndale’s early ModE translations, are:
(1) a greater variety of verbs other than be employed in the the subjunctive mood in
independent clauses in the Wycliffte version as against Tyndale’s.
(2) non-use of the indicative in ‘non-past’ conditional if-clauses in Tyndale’s Matthew, in
contrast to the almost equivalent frequencies of the subjunctive and the indicative in the
Wycliffte translation.
These variations might be due to linguistic changes between late ME and early ModE,
differeces in the style of translation, or any other reasons, which will merit further investigation.
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