8000bc-3000bc. catal huyuk 6,500bc-5,000bc located in anatolia- a large mt. plateau in south central...
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8000bc-3000bc
Neolithic Period(The New Stone Age)
Ancient CivilizationsCatal Huyuk 6,500bc-5,000bcLocated in
Anatolia- a large mt. plateau in south central Turkey (Northwest of Mesopotamia)
Origin of AgricultureAbout 3,000 years
after the last ice age, nomadic people stumbled across Western Europe.
The warmer climate was more tolerable and produced fields of wild grains and grasses.
CivilizationA civilization is a
group of cohabitating people that demonstrate cooperation, organization, and specialization.
Why Catal Huyuk is a Civilization…
Cooperation- Trading took place between various groups of people
Organization- Houses and jobs were organized ie. Crop rows etc…
Specialization- citizens had various jobs that contributed to society
Catal Huyuk(Fork Mound)
32 acres1000 houses5,000-6,000
residents
Housing at Catal HuyukHouses were
connected and had an intricate pattern of ladders and roof access through out the homes
Catal HomesThese homes were
keep in pristine condition and were decorated with art of aesthetic and religious valueIe
Wall paintings, animal heads, figurines ect…
Ceilings AccessThe opens in the
ceilings allowed the residents to move from one home to another and worked as a chimney during the winter months.
Trade at Catal HuyukArcheologist have
discovered various obsidian tools with different chemical compounds suggesting C.H. was a central trade hub for the region.
Religion at Catal HuyukReligion was very
important to the people of CT. They built over 40 shrines.
The dead were given ceremonies and their bodies were buried in the plaster floors of CT.
The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent
is the land between and surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Many early settlements started in and around this area.
Mesopotamia- Between 2 Rivers
(5300bc-539bc)
Mesopotamia is located between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
The geography (mts., plains, and rivers) of the land made it very fertile.
MesopotamiaThe people of Meso.
irrigated (water canals) the farmland to prevent flooding and to provide water for crops.
Food was now in surplus (more than they could use).
Division of LaborThe division of labor
(specialized jobs for each citizen of the city) allowed the city to prosper.
City-States (1st Political Unit)
City-States (the cental city and countryside surrounding it) began popping up around the Fertile Crescent.
The Earliest of these civilizations was Sumer, founded in 3000bc and located in southern Mesopotamia.
The Rise and Fall of PowerAs society advance
and political powers arose.
The leaders of these various societies began building militias and fighting over land.
Rule of the land shifted between Sumer, Uruk, Ur, and Akkad.
GilgameshKing of Uruk
Legendary figure in Sumerian literature.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1st epic (long poem), outline the tale of Gilgamesh and his stories of the pursuit of immortality.
The tablets, written in cuneiform, are among the earliest known stories in literature.
The Rise of the Akkadian EmpireLocated north of
SumerThe Akkadians were
of a different culture, but lived in peace for many years with the Sumerians until the 2,300’s BC
Sargon- Akkadian EmperorSargon built a new capital
on the Euphrates near what is now Baghdad. He was the first ruler to maintain a permanent Army. He declared war on all his neighbors and brought the entire northern Mesopotamia area under his rule. This became the World’s first empire- land with different territories and people under a single rule.
Ur- Regains Sumerian Control The Sumerian city-state of
Ur regained political control of the Mesopotamian area a century after Sargon’s death.
The city of Ur was the most advanced of its time.
Religion of SumerReligion was the
most important component of shaping society.
Sumerians practiced polytheism- the worship of many gods. They believed success in life depended on pleasing these gods.
PriestsLed religious
ceremonies and had great status in the community
They interpreted the wishes of the gods and made offerings in giant temples during religious ceremonies
Social Hierarchy1st Kings- chosen by gods
to rule2nd Priest- interpreted
wishes of gods and made offerings
3rd craftspeople, merchants and traders- travelled and brought in goods
4th farmers and laborers- made up the large working class
5th slaves- were at the bottom of the social order
Men and Women of SumerMen- held political
power, made laws and were educated.
Women- raised children, only a few wealthy women were educated.Enheduanna- Sargon’s
daughter, was educated and is believed to be the 1st female writer in history.
Sumerian Advances and Inventions
The wheelCartsClay spinning wheel
The plowThe water powered
clockSewer systemsBronze weaponsMakeup and
jewelery
Other AchievementsDeveloped 60 digit
math system, 360 degree circle, 12 month year, and calculated areas
Made medicines, medical journals, and treated systems and body parts
They were the 1st to build ziggurats- large pyramid temples
Later People of the Fertile Crescent
By 2000BC, Ur lay in ruins and waves of invaders fought to take control of the area.
Babylonians was one of these groups.
Babylonian EmpireBy 1800BC,
Babylon had a powerful government and King in Hammurabi.
Babylon’s second chance was built to succeed because of his rule.
Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi was a
brilliant leader. He won on the battle field, used tax dollars to build the city and irrigate its land, but most importantly created a list of 282 laws to govern the empire.
The empire fell after his death.
HittitesHittites were masterful
fighters and ironworkers, mastering the technique of fighting from a chariot- a wheeled horse drawn cart.
Hittites ruled Babylon for a short while, until the Kassites took the reign for the next 400 years.
AssyriansThe Assyrians briefly
ruled Babylon in 1200BC and for a longer term 300 years later in 900BC.
During the second term the rulers were more fierce, feared and demanding of the citizens.
ChaldeansThe Assyrians self-
destructed and fought internally.
The Chaldeans attacked and destroyed the Nineveh and Assyrian Empires.
Nebuchadnezzar rebuild Babylon beautifully, featuring the famous hanging gardens.
PhoeniciansLocated west of the
Fertile Crescent rose the nation of Phoenicia, now Lebanon.
The master craftsmen and sailors revolutionized the trade industry. They became very wealthy and powerful.
They also created the 1st alphabet
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