a construct validation of the kilos at kalooban ng mag-aaral (kkm
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A Construct Validation of the Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral (KKM) in a Public
High School in Quezon City
Maxine Joyce T. Pinson
Arsenio Sze Alianan, Jr.
Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral
• Developed to measure factors that would
hinder students’ performance
• Test development: etic and emic approaches
• Two validity scales and 8 problem scales
• Six subscales patterned after the syndrome
scales of the Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach &
Rescorla, 2001)
KKM YSR
Nerbyos (NB) Anxiety
Kalungkutan (KL) Depression
Paglabag sa Panuntunan (PN) Rule-breaking Behaviors
Marahas na Kilos (MK) Aggressive Behaviors
Problema sa Pag-iisip (PI) Thought Problems
Problema sa Pag-pokus (PO) Attention Problems
Di-wastong Pag-kain (PK) -
Kalagayan ng Tahanan (KT) -
Di-pangkaraniwang Sagot
(K1)
-
Pagpapakitang-tao (K2) -
Internalizing Behaviors
Nerbyos (NB)
•6 items
•Feelings, thoughts, and behavioral manifestations that are
experienced as a result of anxiety
Kalungkutan (KL)
•9 items
•Feeling sad, crying, loss of hope, and thoughts of suicide
and self-harm
Externalizing Behaviors
Paglabag sa Panuntunan (PN)
•12 items
•Behaviors that are prohibited in school (tardiness, truancy
and absenteeism, cheating, smoking, drinking alcohol,
using illicit drugs, vandalism, gambling, theft)
Marahas na Kilos (MK)
•11 items
•Intentionally inflicting physical and emotional harm on
others; giving threats and retaliating
Executive Function Scales
Problema sa Pag-iisip (PI)
• 14 items
• Seen in people who may be experiencing
psychosis (hearing voices, seeing things or
people that others cannot hear and/or see,
lethargy, confused states, display of strange
behaviors)
Executive Function Scales
Problema sa Pag-pokus (PO)
•12 items
•Inability to stay still, listen to teachers, and finish
schoolwork; acknowledgement of rowdy behaviors
and attitude of indifference to teachers as well as
to one’s studies
External Factors
Di-wastong Pag-kain (PK)
•11 items
•The acknowledgement of insufficient, untimely, and
unhealthy food consumption. This also includes the youth's
perception of his/her health
Kalagayan ng Tahanan (KT)
•10 items
•A complete and peaceful home environment;
acknowledgement of the help and support provided by the
parents in the students’ education
Sample
• 821 students (52% males)
• Age: 12 to 22 years (M=14, SD=1.60)
Freshmen N = 234 (28%)
Sophomores N= 240 (29%)
Juniors N = 168 (21%)
Seniors N = 179 (22%)
Measure
Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral (KKM)
• 99 items, self-report
• 4-point Likert scale
• (0=hindi nangyayari; 3=palagi)
NB α = .69 PI α = .76 K1 α = .71
KL α = .80 PO α = .78 K2 α = .72
PN α = .71 PK α = .76
MK α = .80 KT α = .78
Data Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
• Mplus 6.12
• Maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR)
χ2 Test of Model Fit p ≥ .05
RMSEA ≤ .08
CFI ≥ .90
SRMR < .08
CFA Results
Internalizing Behaviors (NB, KL)
χ2 (89) = 267.72, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.05
CFI = 0.91
SRMR = 0.04
Factor covariance = .65
Factor loading = .33 to .69
CFA Results
Externalizing Behaviors (PN, MK)
χ2 (229) = 672.97, p < .01
RMSEA = 0.05
CFI = 0.78
SRMR = 0.06
Model modifications:
• Added 5 error covariances
• Deleted items 6 (PN), 18 (MK), 27 (PN)
CFA Results Externalizing Behaviors (PN, MK)
χ2 (164) = 318.46, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.03
CFI = 0.90
SRMR = 0.05
Reliability coefficients:
PN α = .68
MK α = .80
Factor covariance = .66
Factor loading = .33 to .67
CFA Results
Executive Function Scales (PI, PO)
χ2 (298) = 804.53, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.05
CFI = 0.81
SRMR = 0.05
Model modifications:
• Added 4 error covariances
CFA Results Executive Function Scales (PI, PO)
χ2 (294) = 569.46, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.03
CFI = 0.90
SRMR = 0.05
Reliability coefficients:
PI α = .76
PO α = .78
Factor covariance: .51
Factor loading = .30 to .64
CFA Results
External Factors (PK, KT)
χ2 (188) = 1564.30, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.09
CFI = 0.61
SRMR = 0.09
Model modifications:
• Added 3 error covariances
• Deleted items 23, 33, 42, 51 (PK)
CFA Results External Factors (PK, KT)
χ2 (115) = 244.71, p < .05
RMSEA = 0.04
CFI = 0.95
SRMR = 0.05
Reliability coefficients:
PK α = .78
KT α = .78
Factor covariance: -.29
Factor loading = .27 to .75
In Summary
• Model specifications were done to achieve adequate to good model fit
• Significant parameter estimates for each factor the items were designed to measure
• Items had zero loadings on other factors
Discussion
• Results provide initial evidence of the construct validity of the KKM
• Highlights construct-related evidence of the 4-factor structure of the KKM
– Internalizing Behaviors
– Externalizing Behaviors
– Executive Functions
– External Factors
Significance & Implications
• Evidence for a new locally made tool for
adolescents
• Practical Implications in the use of the measure −Community mental health
−Education and social work
−Outcome studies and program evaluation
−Research on Filipino Adolescents
Limitations and Future Directions
• Sampling method
• Self-report
• Error covariances
Use a more diverse and representative sample
Gather data from multiple informants
Item-weighting for items with error covariances
Establish cut-off scores for the 2 validity scales
Other evidences of validity: criterion-related
evidence and predictive validity
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