a small dose of toxicologyprinciples of toxicology - 09/11/10 an very brief introduction to the...

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology - 09/11/10

An Very Brief Introduction to the

Principles of Toxicology

A Nano-Dose of Toxicology

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org

www.toxipedia.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

A Small Dose of Toxicology

See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Small Dose of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Milestones of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

www.toxipedia.org

A free toxicology encyclopedia and resource center that anyone can edit. Toxipedia provides comprehensive, accurate, and scientifically based information on the hazards and risks of chemical and physical agents, with the goal of advancing human and environmental health. Toxipedia

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Toxipedia suite of sites

www.ipmopedia.org

www.healthyworldtheater.orgwww.wanmec.org

www.toxipedia.org

www.wltox.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

The World Library of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10www.wltox.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Connecting Gardeners and Experts for Green Gardening Solutions Identify Your Pest

Find the Right Plant Ask the Experts Garden Design Guide Indoor Pest Control

www.ipmopedia.org

Supported by Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, WA.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

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A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Healthy World Theater• http://healthyworldtheater.org

• promote awareness and understanding through the arts to create a more healthy and peaceful world

• plays, poems, jokes, fiction, music, cartoons, haiku, and even limericks

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

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A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Washington Nuclear Museum and Educational Center (WANMEC)

• http://wanmec.org

• learning from the past for a safer tomorrow

• a project of Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility - funded in part by WA DOE

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Healthy World Press (www.healthyworldpress.org)

• publishes interdisciplinary books connecting science, history, and art.

Healthy World Press

Particles on the WallParticles on the Wall: An interdisciplinary exhibit connecting science and art in exploring the history of Hanford and major themes of today's nuclear age

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Toxipedia www.toxipedia.orgConnecting Science and People

Washington Nuclear Museum and Education Center - www.wanmec.org

Integrate Pest Managementwww.IPMopedia.org

World Library of Toxicology www.wltox.org

Healthy World Theaterwww.healthyworldtheater.org

A product of the Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders (INND) For more information contact Steven G. Gilbert at sgilbert@innd.org

Connecting Gardeners and Experts for Green Gardening Solutions

Learning from the past for a safer tomorrow Uniting art and science for a healthy, peaceful world

Connecting Scientists and Experts to Improve Global Health

Toxicology History Roomwww.toxhistoyroom.orgParticles On The Wall (POTW)

www.particlesonthewall.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

LDDI Consensus Statement

Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with

Neurodevelopmental DisordersDeveloped by the Collaborative on

Health and the Environment’s Learning and Developmental Disabilities

InitiativeNovember 7, 2007

http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

LDDI Consensus Statement

http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html

Given the established knowledge, protecting children from neurotoxic environmental exposures from the earliest stages of fetal development clearly is an essential public health measure if we are to help prevent learning and developmental disorders and create an environment in which children can reach and maintain their full potential.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

NW Public Health

See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/

nwph

Public Health and the Precautionary

Principle

By Steven G. Gilbert

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology - 09/11/10

Precautionary Principle

“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not

fully established scientifically.”

Wingspread Conference, 1998.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

• Setting goals (Health indicators)• Taking preventive action in the face of

uncertainty• Shifting the burden of responsibility to the

proponents of an activity (Who benefits?)• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to

possibly harmful actions (Is it necessary?)• Increasing public participation in decision

making (transparency of information & environmental justice)

Central components

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Child Health

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

So Many Chemicals so Little Data

2863 above 1 Million pounds

78.2% no data

21.4% some data

12 or 0.4% good data

www.preventingharm.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Nearly 12 million children (17%) under age 18 in the US suffer from one or more developmental disabilities

Learning disabilities – 5-10% of kids in public school

ADHD – 3-6% of all school kids, maybe higher

The Consequences

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

The study of poisonsor

the adverse effects of chemical and physical agents on living

organisms.

Toxicology Definitions

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

“Conditions that ensure that all living things have the best opportunity to reach and maintain their full genetic potential.”

Steven G. Gilbert, 1999

Human & Environmental Health

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

What Is This?

N

NN

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Key Words

Risk =

Hazard X Exposure

Dose / Response

Individual Sensitivity

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Thalidomide

Introduced in 1956 as sedative (sleeping pill) and to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Withdrawn in 1961

Discovered to be a human teratogen causing absence of limbs or limb malformations in newborns

5000 to 7000 infants effected Resulted in new drug testing rules

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

What Is This?

CH

H

H

OHC

H

H

(CH3-CH2-OH)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Effects of Prenatal Alcohol

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10FAS Child

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology - 09/11/10

A Small Dose of Lead

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Lead In Homes

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Lead History

Greek 2nd BC

Lead Makes the Mind Give Way

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Recycling Lead

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Agency Blood Lead Levels

60

40

3025

2015

10

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

Blo

od

Lea

d (

ug

/dl)

CDC1960

CDC1973

CDC1975

CDC1985

WHO1986

EPA1986

CDC1990

CDC2006?

Agency and Year

Acceptable Childhood Blood Lead Levels

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Glasses of Wine - Dose Response

0

25

50

75

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Glasses of Wine

% D

iffi

cult

y W

alki

ng

All Effected

NO Effect

Amount half are effected

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Dose (mg/kg body weight)Increasing dose

Dose Response Function

0

25

50

75

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% R

esp

on

se

NO Effect

All Effected

Half Effected

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

1) Skin (dermal)

2) Lung (inhalation)

3) Oral (gut)

Route of exposure

Exposure & Absorption

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Number of Times

Time Between

4 Beers in an hour or4 Beers in 4 Days

Frequency Of Exposure

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Acute Exposure

Sub-chronic Exposure

Chronic Exposure

Duration Of Exposure

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Where It Goes

(body water, fat, bone)

Where It Accumulates

Distribution

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

In uteroInfantPregnancyelderly

Timing

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

How The Body Breaks It Down

What It Turns Into

How Fast It Does It

Metabolism

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

N

NN

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7

Caffeine - 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/ml)

Time (hrs)

How Long It Takes To Go

Half-life

02

46

810

1214

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

• Young or Old

• Male or Female

• Individual Variability

• Genetics Differences

• Species Differences

Susceptibility & Variability

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not

fully established scientifically.”

Wingspread Conference, 1998.

Precautionary Principle

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

• Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty

• Shifting the burden of proof/responsibility to the proponents of an activity

• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions

• Increasing public participation in decision making

Wingspread Conference, 1998.

Central components

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

• Children have a right to a safe, fair and healthy environment

• Ethical Responsibility to share and use of knowledge

• Duty to promote health and well being of children

• Thoughtful public health advocate

Knowledge - Responsibility

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

The Potential of Children

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Principles of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Authorship Information

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTE-mail: sgilbert@innd.orgWeb: www.toxipedia.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

LDDI Consensus Statement

Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with

Neurodevelopmental DisordersDeveloped by the Collaborative on

Health and the Environment’s Learning and Developmental Disabilities

InitiativeNovember 7, 2007

http://toxipedia.org/x/H6xb

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

LDDI Consensus Statement

Given the established knowledge, protecting children from neurotoxic environmental exposures from the earliest stages of fetal development clearly is an essential public health measure if we are to help prevent learning and developmental disorders and create an environment in which children can reach and maintain their full potential.

http://toxipedia.org/x/H6xb

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

NW Public Health

See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/

nwph

Public Health and the Precautionary

Principle

By Steven G. Gilbert

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

N

CH3N

What Is This?

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

Structure of PBDEs

X & Y are number of Bromine atomsCommon Penta, Octa, and Deca

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether

O

BrxBry

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

PBDEs in House Dust (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants Contaminate American Homes - http://www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

PBDEs in Breast Milk (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants in Breast Milk from American Mothers - http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php