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A STUDY OF LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE AT TOURISM PLACE IN
MEDAN
SKRIPSI
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requerement
for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd)
English Education Program
By :
MUTIA NURSYAFITRI NASUTION
1602050013
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2020
i
ABSTRACT
Mutia Nursyafitri Nasution.1602050013. A Study of Linguistic Landscape at
Tourism Place in Medan. Skripsi. English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training
and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan 2020.
This research deals with a study of linguistic landscape specifically language used
in the sign at tourism places of Medan. It mainly aimed to investigate on three
issues as follows: firstly, to investigate what languages are realized on linguistic
landscape, secondly, to investigate the types of sign categories on linguistic
landscape and thirdly is reason the realization of linguistic landscape at tourism
places in Medan. The research is applied descriptive qualitative method. The data
of this research is the written text displayed on signs that was taken through
photography and taking note. There are 82 signs collected that were analyzed
through applying Miles and Huberman theory in which data reduction, data
display, and conclusion drawing/verification are significantly implemented. The
results of the data analysis showed that the languages found in the linguistic
landscape at Tourism Places in Medan are Bahasa Indonesia (monolingual sign),
Bahasa Indonesia-English Language (bilingual sign), English language
(Monolingual sing), and English language-Bahasa Indonesia (bilingual sign). It
also showed that the types of Sign categories at Tourism Places in Medan were
realized as direction signs, advertising signs, warning notices and prohibitions,
building names, informative sign, slogans sign, and graffiti sign. Based on
interview data, the all types are mostly functionally as informative sign that aimed
to facilitate the visitors to get the information.
Keywords : Linguistic Landscape, Signs, Tourism Places of Medan
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi. Wabarakatuh,
In the name of Allah SWT the most beneficient and the most merciful.
Firstly, the researcher would like to thank to Allah who had given chances,
healthy, mercy for the writter to finish her research. Secondly, blessing and peace
be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW as the figure of good civilization,
intellectual, braveness, and loving knowledge.
The writer realize that this research paper would never be possible
without other people‟s help, so the writer would like to express her gratitude and
appreciation to :
1. Dr. Agussani, M. AP, the Rector of University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera
Utara.
2. Dr. Elfrianto, M.Pd, the Dean of FKIP UMSU who had given agreement of
this research.
3. Mandra Saragih, S.Pd., M.Hum, as the Head of English Education
Department FKIP of University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara and
Pirman Ginting, S.Pd., M.Hum, as the secretary of English Education
Department FKIP of University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara
4. Mandra Saragih, S.Pd., M.Hum, as her Supervisor for his guidance, ideas,
and suggestion who has spent his precious time in giving valuable advices
and correction during the process of this study completion.
iii
5. All lecturers of FKIP UMSU from whom the researcher got knowledge
during composing this activity.
6. Her very own superhero parents Drs.H. Ahnmad Nasution M.Pd & Hj.
Mardiah for super love, care, affection and prayers for their daughter
7. Her most love brother and sister Alm. Muhammad Syahbana Nasution, Ibnu
Hajar Nasution, Nisa Aulia Nasution and Reza Alfarizi Nasution thanks for
every support, love, care, affection, and prayer for her.
8. Her beloved Raka Aminurrahman A.Md , Thanks for his supports in every
moment.
9. Her best friends ―Black Pinks Gengs‖ : Aulia Hasanah Yusri, Yuma
Afriyatna, and Mita Nurhusnaini thanks for always coloring her days and
always sharing everything
This study is.one.of.requirements.for.the.degree.of.sarjana pendidikan
(S.Pd) at FKIP, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. Hopefully, this
study give many people some information and knowledge.
Wassalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Medan, November 2020
Mutia Nursyafitri Nasution
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................. viii
LIST OF PICTURE ............................................................................................ ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... x
CHAPTER.I. INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................ 1
A. Background.of.the.Study ................................................................................ 1
B. The.Identification.of.the.Problem .................................................................. 4
C. Problems of the Study ................................................................................... 5
D. The.Objectives.of.the.Study .......................................................................... 5
E. Scope.and Limitation ..................................................................................... 5
F. The.Significances of.the.Study. ..................................................................... 6
1. Theoritical Significance ............................................................................ 6
2. Practical Significance ............................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................... 7
A.. Linguistic Landscape ................................................................................... 7
1. Definition of Linguistic Landscape ............................................................ 7
2. Function of Linguistic Landscape ............................................................... 8
2.1 The Informative Function .............................................................. 8
v
2.2 The Symbolic Function ................................................................. 9
3. Sign ............................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Definition of Sign ................................................................................ 10
3.2 Types of Sign ...................................................................................... 10
3.3 Direction of Sign ................................................................................. 12
3.4 Advertising Sign .................................................................................. 12
3.5 Warning Notice and Prohibition ......................................................... 12
3.6 Building Name Sign ........................................................................... 13
3.7 Informative Sign .................................................................................. 13
3.8 Graffiti Sign ......................................................................................... 14
3.9 Slogan Sign ......................................................................................... 14
4. Semiotic ..................................................................................................... 15
4.1. Definition of Semiotic ...................................................................... 15
4.2. Concept of Semiotic ......................................................................... 15
4.3. Social Semiotic ................................................................................. 16
4.3.1. Context and Text ....................................................................... 16
4.3.2 Context of Situation ................................................................... 16
4.3.3 Text ............................................................................................ 17
5. Tourism Place ............................................................................................ 19
5.1 Defenition of Tourism Place .............................................................. 19
B. Previous.Relevant.Studies ......................................................................... 26
C. .Conceptual Framework. ............................................................................ 28
vi
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH.METHODOLOGY ........................................... 30
A. Research.Design .......................................................................................... 30
B. Source.of.Data ............................................................................................. 30
C. Technique of.Data.Collection ...................................................................... 30
1. Observation .................................................................................................... 31
2. Documentation ........................................................................................ 31
3. Interview ................................................................................................. 31
D. Technique.of.Data.Analysis ........................................................................ 31
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS. ............................................ 33
A. Data. .............................................................................................................. 33
B. Data.Analysis. .............................................................................................. 33
1.Types.of Language on Signs ..................................................................... 34
1.1 Monolingual Signs .............................................................................. 35
1.2 Bilingual Signs ..................................................................................... 38
2. Categories of Signs ................................................................................. 39
2.1 Informative Sign................................................................................... 40
2.2 Direction Sign ...................................................................................... 42
2.3 Building Names .................................................................................... 43
2.4 Warning Notices and Prohibition ......................................................... 44
2.5 Advertising Sign .................................................................................. 45
2.6 Slogan Sign .......................................................................................... 47
3. Signs Construction ................................................................................... 48
3.1 The Reason Linguistic Items Realize in Tourism Place In Medan…..48
vii
1. The Informational Function ....................................................... 48
2 . The Symbolic Function ............................................................... 50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION.AND.SUGGESTION ..................................... 52
A. .Conclusion ................................................................................................... 52
B. .Suggestion .................................................................................................. 52
REFERENCES. ................................................................................................... 54
viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Languages displayed at Tourism Place of Medan ............................. 32
Table 2. Percentage of types lamguage at tourism places in Medan ............... 34
Table 3. The Number Categaroies of Sign ..................................................... 40
ix
LIST OF PICTURE
Picture 1. Sign in Tjong A Fie Mansion .................................................... 3
Picture 2. Maimoon Palace ...................................................................... 19
Picture 3. Great Mosque of Medan .......................................................... 20
Picture 4. Merdeka Walk ........................................................................... 23
Picture 5. Tjong A Fie mansion ................................................................ 24
Picture 6. State museum of Sumatera Utara .............................................. 25
Picture 7. Conceptual framework .............................................................. 29
Picture 8. Monolingual signs in Maimoon ................................................. 35
Picture 9. Merdeka Walk ........................................................................... 36
Picture 10. Signs in Grand Mosque ........................................................... 37
Picture 11. Signs in Maimoon Palace ....................................................... 37
Picture 12. Bilingual in Maimoon Palace ................................................. 38
Picture 13. Bilingual in Grand Mosque ..................................................... 39
Picture 14. (a) Informative signs in Maimoon Palace ............................... 41
(b) Informative signs in Grand Mosque of Medan ................... 41
Picture 15. Direction Signs in Great Mosque of Medan ........................... 42
Picture 16. Direction Signs in Maimoon Palace ........................................ 43
Picture 17. Buildings names in Great Mosque of Medan ......................... 43
Picture 18. Warning Notice and Prohibiiton in Merdeka Walk ................. 44
Picture 19. Advertising signs in Merdeka Walk ....................................... 46
Picture 20. Slogan Signs in Merdeka Walk .............................................. 47
Picture 21. Informational function in Tjong A Fie .................................... 49
Picture 22. Symbolic function in tjong A Fie ............................................ 50
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Form K 1
Appendix 2 Form K 2
Appendix 3 Form K3
Appendix 4 Surat Permohonan Persetujuan Judul Skripsi
Appendix 5 Surat Permohonan Perubahan Judul Skripsi
Appendix 6 Berita Acara Bimbingan Proposal
Appendix 7 Lembar Pengesahan Proposal
Appendix 8 Berita Acara Seminar Proposal
Appendix 9 Surat Keterangan
Appendix 10 Surat Pernyataan Bukan Plagiat
Appendix 11 Surat Keterangan Izin Riset
Appendix 12 Surat Keterangan Selesai Riset
Appendix 13 Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi
Appendix 14 Lembar Pengesahan Skripsi
Appendix 15 Curriculum Vitae
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of .Study
Linguistic landscape is a scientific study of public space through
investigating language used on public sphere with varieties of languages and its
pattern. It commonly refers to any sign announcement displayed at outside or
inside a public institution or a private business such as government building,
advertising billboards, street names, commercial shop in which the use of its
language has been influenced by multilingualism. Gorter (2008: 1) argues that
language is around us, ―displayed on shop windows, commercial signs,
posters, official notices, traffic signs etc.‖ It also mean as the realization of
multilingualism which is displayed through linguistic diversity in its written form
in the public sphere as symbolic construction of the public sphere. Most studies
on linguistic landscapes have used this concept to describe and analyze
language situations.
Linguistic Landscape is often ignored by most people especially in city of
Medan which has been highly dominated by foreign languages, especially English
which is the language most often used in naming public place like shops,
restaurants, residential complexes, schools, street names, etc. The use of foreign
language is increasing prevent especially in public spaces. It can be found
variously in Medan starting institutions, company such as restaurant, hotels,
hospitals, malls, coffee shops and advertisement posted on the road side. The
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names of places that use a mixture of two languages in the city of Medan such as
Medan Mall, Citra Garden, Gaperta Residence, Medan Station, Hairos Water
Park etc. and some even use full English, for example Sport Station, Center Point,
Kesawan Square, Rahmat International Wildlife Museum. Nowadays, giving a
name to a place using a foreign language is considered not a problem and is very
common thing. And this is stated by Gorter (2007) the languages diversity in LL
are influenced by the multilingualism and bilingualism. And the simple effect of
linguistic landscape is how people prefer to use the word merdeka walk rather
than lapangan merdeka since the sign realized in front of the field uses the word
Merdeka Walk. The use of language can influenced by linguistic landscape. The
question is why can English be used in the linguistic landscape? Why not just use
Indonesian? Are there certain rules regarding making linguistic landscape?
The increase of bilingualism on public signs around us can have an
impact on the perception of society that it is as if people are living abroad using
English Even though Indonesians live in Indonesia, which upholds the unified
Indonesian language . It is truly against with what strongly declared in Sumpah
Pemuda Text by which it also supported by Law Article 33
“Bahasa Indonesia wajib digunakan pada nama bangunan atau gedung,
apartemen atau permukiman, perkantoran, dan kompleks perdagangan yang
didirikan atau dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia atau bahan hukum
Indonesia”.
Other than, the sign has rules for display in public spaces. According to
the results of the minister‗s decision regarding the signs in the public spaces.
In the section of 13 describes the words in the form of words explained that
3
(1) Peringatan, larangan, perintah, dan instruksi yang tidak dapat
dinyatakan dengan simbol, dapat dinyatakan dengan kata-kata. (2) Tanda yang
menggunakan kata-kata harus mudah dibaca, singkat dan mudah dimengerti. (3)
Untuk wilayah tertentu, jika diperlukan dapat menggunakan lebih dari 2 (dua)
bahasa yaitu bahasa Indonesia di atas dan bahasa asing di bawah.
The linguistic landscape is also realized through various type of signs
especially at Tourism Places in Medan. The text is used varied in which each of
sign has own function depends on certain purposes. It also sometimes create the
problem where the people cannot easily to understand the core information of the
sign such as the data bellow where it created by English.
Consider of the following example :
Picture 1: Sign in Tjong A Fie Mansion
The sign above is Language displayed through one language as known as
monolingual information. It would be potentially creates the problem to get the
core information to whom do not understand English as well. Linguistic landscape
has two main function, namely, informative function and symbolic function where
4
both are not clearly mentioned on the sign. Shortly, it also not in accordance with
government regulations which written on Indonesia constitution.
The study of linguistic landscape has attracted many scholars in different
parts of the world. Interest in the study of linguistic landscape has particularly
grown in fields of applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. After having
observation about linguistic landscape around tourism places in Medan, there are
many signs are need to be deeply investigated for having clear information. The
conveying of information at Tourism Places in Medan is also no longer in written
language such as picture, but more sophisticated communication that the
conveying of information has been used with methods by displaying symbols,
images, and signs in providing information or in prohibition and warning. So,
based on the explanation above, the researcher would like to have the research by
the title‖ A Study of Linguistic Landscape at Tourism Place in Medan”.
B. Identification of the Problem
Based on the background of the study, identification the problem can be
formulated as follows:
1. The realization of Linguistic landscape at tourism places in Medan is
varied in term of language which is not following government‘s rule.
2. The types of sign categories based on the function and the use of of signs
are realized on linguistic landscape that is needed to be analyzed
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3. The function of linguistic landscape at tourism places in Medan is not
clearly stated for.
C. Problems of the Study
Based on the background above, the Researcher formulates the problems of
the study as:
1. What types of language dominantly used in linguistics landscape at
tourism places in Medan?
2. What type of sign categories based on the function and the use of signs
are used in linguistic landscape at Tourism places in Medan?
3. Why linguistic landscape realized at Tourism Places in Medan the way
they are?
D. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study above, this study is intended to describe:
a. To.investigate the.dominant language that used in Tourism places in
Medan.
b. To investigate the realization of linguistic items based on the function
and the use of sign at Tourism Places in Medan.
c. To investigate the realization of linguistic items based on function of
linguistic landscape at Tourism places in Medan.
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E. Scope and Limitation
The scope of this research is about sociolinguistic arena. The limitation of this
research is about a study of linguistic landscape based on Landry and Bourhis
theory. This study was focused on investigating type of language and type of sign
on linguistic landscape at tourism places in Medan.
F. Significance of Study
In addressing the objectives outlined above, this study should enhance our
understanding of what actions are required for linguistic landscape to be more
fully supportive.
1. Theoretical Significance
This research can enrich the research in the field of the linguistic
landscape. In addition, this research can be used as an additional reference for
students who want to conduct a research. Especially in the linguistic landscape.
2. Practical Significance
It is expected that the reader can master more about the linguistic
landscape, and improve the language awareness particularly at tourism places of
Medan environment.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Linguistic Landscape
1. Definition of Linguistic Landscape
Linguistic landscape (LL) is studying the visibility of the written
languages form in the signs at the public place. The term of LL is firstly defined
by Landry and Bourhis (1997) as the language used in public road signs,
advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and
public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape in
a given territory, region, or urban group.
Written languages form in the signs at the public space is a study of
linguistic landscape. Landry and Bourhis are experts who define LL very firstly,
(1997) stated that linguistic landscape as the visibility and salience of languages
on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region. Specifically, the
notion refers to:
“the language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place
names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings
combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban
agglomeration.”
Written form in public space that realized in use of language are the
concerned of Landry and Bourhis. It refers to language that everybody can see in a
specified area (Bourhis& Landry, 2002). ―The languages diversity in LL is
8
influenced by multilingualism and bilingualism. It is a common phenomena in this
world. Both the languages diversity and the different of languages vitality have
the important implications to the individuals and the societies‖ (Gorter, 2007).
2. Function of Linguistic Landscape
Informative and symbolic are the function of linguistic landscape.
According to Landry and Bourhis, 1997, ―Informative function indicates the
borders of the territory of linguistic group. It shows that a specific language or
languages for communication or to sell products. On the other hand, the symbolic
function refers to the value and the status of the languages as regarded.
2.1 The Informative function
Landry and Bourhis (1997) distinguish between the two basic
functions the LL fulfils: informational and symbolic. The informational
(communication) function of language signs shows the languages that are used for
communication and mark the geographical territory inhabited by a given language
community.
The dominance of a particular language may indicate that only the
observable language will allow individuals to access the goods and services they
want or require. Personal frustration and a sense that one‘s group language is not
respected may be experienced when the languages on the public signs are not
matched by services in the corresponding language within the establishment.
9
This value and status that is consciously and unconsciously perceived can
be regulated to some extent by top down policies (Waksman & Shohamy, 2010).
The informational function can reflect the power and status of competing
language groups. Language signs may be written in the language of the dominant
group with only a few signs of the weaker language group.
2.2 The symbolic function.
The symbolic (solidarity) function conveys feelings of belonging,
acceptance and value to the in-group when one‘s own language is represented in
the LL. When one‘s language is not visible a negative social identity may develop
by implying the language is not valued and has little status within society (Reh
2004, Landry & Bourhis, 1997). Therefore, the LL may target a specific portion
of people. To construct meaning from the LL, a process of interpretation and
discursive negotiation is required. Individuals make meaning from print based on
their prior experiences. The interpretations, therefore, will differ according to the
perspectives of those who observe them. Leeman & Modan (2009) pay special
attention to the symbolic functions of language and their role in the assembly of
social spaces.
The use of symbols within the LL is necessary to analyze. Some
symbols are universal, and not dependent on written text to define them. The
power that is displayed by use of language through written text must also be a
consideration for people whose languages do not have a written script.
10
3. Sign
3.1 Definition of Sign
Signs are written texts that describe information in a particular place.
According to Backhaus (2007), ―sign is defined as any piece of written text,
including anything from the small handwritten sticker attached to a lamp-post to
huge commercial billboard s outside a department store‖. Conveying the messages
of general public interest, such as topographic, information, directions, warnings,
instruction, and so on are the function of signs.
Signs on the LL can also play a symbolic role wherein appropriation,
aspiration, transgression and hybridity are found to be indicators of changes in the
social milieu‖ (Backhaus 2007). In addition, the placement of signs is also
important for understanding spatial "ownership", power relations and
interpretation of gaps and contradictions in social structures. The public space
according to Shohamy ―…streets, parks, billboards, shops, stores and offices.
The core of the public space in the era, however, consists principally of areas
designated as ‗center‗ or ‗downtown‗, i.e. the groups of streets and squares where
one sees ‗a crowd‗ when most people are not at work‖.
3.2 Types of Signs
Signs are generally consisted into two types, there is Top Down and
Bottom Up, Cenoz and Gorter‗s 2006 stated ―that top-down, the government or
related institutionrefer to the official signs while bottom-up signs refer to the
nonofficial signs put by commercial enterprises or by private organizations or
11
persons‖. In other words, government sign or top-down or official sign intended to
sign produced by public authorities such as being a government, city or public
institution, and sign produced by individuals, organizations or companies or less
autonomous in official regulations limiting personal do downward or unofficial
marks.
'Top-down' items include those issued by national public
bureaucracies, public signs, public announcements and street names. 'Bottom-up'
items, on the other hand, include those issued by owners of social actors and
companies such as names and signs and business announcements. Although the
use various terminologies to distinguish top-down from bottom-up signs, they still
refer to the same basic understanding of top-down as government and bottom-up
as commercial.
Based on Spolsky and Cooper, they stated that―classify the signs into
the different criteria to build the sign languages taxonomies. The signs taxonomies
based on the function and the use of the signs (such as direction signs, advertising
signs, warning notices, building names, informative signs, graffitti, and slogan),
b). The signs taxonomies based on the materials used in the signs or based on the
physical form of the signs (such as metal, tile, poster, wood, stone), and c). The
signs taxonomies based on the languages used and the number of languages in the
signs (such as monolingual sign, multilingual sign, and bilingual sign).
12
3.3 Direction Sign
According to Spolsky and Cooper, a directional sign is a sign
containing directions information about a public place owned or operated by the
government, state, or institution. In public place has provided direction signage
and directions for various uses. Indoor and outdoor directional signage is used for
directions or information such as parking signs, signs leading to a specific
location such as directions to ATM Gallery, prayer room, toilet, etc. Directions
can also be used to inform important safety information or identify key areas. In
other hand, direction sign is the concept of directing the readers with signage.
3.4 Advertising Sign
Advertising sign is one of the outdoor media that has the purpose of
conveying a message about a product or service even individuals who want to
boost popularity. Advertising sign as a Media (Promotion) is a variety of
communication tools used by business people or companies to convey and
disseminate messages to the intended target market. Billboard signs also have a
quite large role as do other forms of promotion such as sales promotion, direct
marketing, public relations, personal selling and publicity.
3.5 Warning Notice and Prohibition
Warning notice is one type of short functional text that contains
information in the form of warnings or directives that are shown to many people
and usually associated with something that is quite dangerous. Warning sign is
usually placed in strategic places in order to facilitate and attract the attention of
13
readers. Notice is one type of short functional text that contains a short and simple
information in the form of text / images / signs / symbols to provide information,
instructions or warnings to the public and is usually in the form of signs. A
prohibition sign is a safety sign prohibiting behaviour likely to cause a risk to
health and safety. These health & safety signs are required to be red show only
what or who is forbidden. Prohibition safety signs generally depicted a black
safety symbol in a red circle with a diagonal cross through.
3.6 Building Name Sign
Building name is a sign that has a function as the name of a place,
location, or room in a public place. Usually, this sign is found in front of the door
of a room or above the building. This sign is made to make it easier for readers to
get information that the sign is a place or room, and the name of a building. So,
the readers do not enter the wrong place in a public place.
3.7 Informative Sign
The meaning of informative sign is a sign to announce things that
need to be known by many people. Within the scope of the station building,
informative signs are usually placed where they can be seen and read well by
passengers, such as in the ticket counter, which contains train departure and
arrival schedules, information for pregnant passengers, baby passengers, and
others. An informative sign is a very legibly printed and very noticeable placard
that informs people of the purpose of an object.
14
3.8 Graffiti Sign
Graffiti is a name for a picture or letter scratched, written, painted or
marked in any way on the property. Graffiti is writing or drawing made on walls
or other surfaces, usually as a form of artistic expression. Graffiti ranges from
simple written words to complicated wall paintings such as pictures, writings, etc.
Graffiti is an art creation expressed by artists through wall or wood wall media
that can be painted in the form of letters, images that have certain meanings as an
outpouring of the heart that makes it poured in the form of writing and drawing in
such a way that usually uses paint.
3.9 Slogan Sign
According to Oxford Dictionary, slogan is (i) a short and striking
or memorable phrase used in advertising. (ii) a motto associated with a political
party or movement or other group. Slogan is a motto that is made in a series of
words that are relatively short and interesting, where the aim is to convey
information to the public.
There is also a mention that the meaning of the slogan is a series of
words or sentences that are relatively short, made interesting, striking, and
easy to remember by people who read or hear them, where the aim is to convey
information to the public. Although made with short sentences, in general a slogan
contains broad meanings. The main purpose of a slogan is to invite others to do
something in accordance with the contents of the slogan.
15
4. Semiotic
4.1 Definition of Semiotic
Saussure defines "semiotics" in the Course in General Linguistics as
"the science that examines the role of signs as part of social life". Implicit in the
definition is a relation, that if the sign is part of the prevailing social life. There is
a sign system and there are social systems which are both interrelated. In this case,
Saussure talked about social conventions that regulate the use of signs socially,
namely the choice of combining and using signs in a certain way so that it has
social meaning and value (Alex Sobur, 2016).
4.2 Concept of Semiotic
According to Halliday, 1989, ―the concept of semiotic derives
initially from the concept of the sign; and the modern word harks back to the
terms semainon, semainomenon (signifier, signified‗) used in ancient Greek
linguistics by the Stoic philosophers.‖ The first to evolve a theory of the sign, in
the 3rd – 2nd century BC were the Stoics; and their conception had of the
linguistic signs was already well advanced along the lines in that was developed
two thousand years later in the work of Ferdinand de Saussure.
Linguistic is a kind of semiotics. It is an aspect of the study of
meaning. There are many other ways of meaning, other than through language. it
is hard to say exactly how the languages, in some rather vague, undefined sense,
the most comprehensive, the most all-embracing, the most important;. But there
are a lot of other modes of meaning, in any cultures, which are outside the realm
16
of languages. Visual semiotic framework, argue that visual images form their
meaning based on their position or location in the world.
4.3 Social-Semiotic
Halliday stated that social-semiotic refers to the definition of social
system, or a culture, as a system of meanings. And he also intend a more specific
interpretation of the word social‖, to indicate that he concerned particularly with
the relationships between language and social structure, considering the social
structure as one aspect of the social system. Languages displayed in signs can not
separate from the environment in around of society. The meaning of the signs
itself must be suitable with the location placed. So, it based on the context of the
situation.
4.3.1 Context and Text
Context and Text can not be separated as a reminder that these are
aspects of the same process. There is text and also there is other text that
accompanies it: text that is with‗, namely the con-text. This notion of what is
‗with the text‗ however, belong what is said and written: it included other non-
verbal goings-on—the total environment in which a text unfolds.So it functions to
create a bridge between the situation and the text where the texts actually occur.
4.3.2 Context of Situation
All use of languages has a context. The 'textual' feature allows
discourse to blend not only with itself but also with the context of the situation.
This kind of language was very much pragmatic language. According to Halliday
17
there are three components that enable him to display the redundancy between
text and situation-how each serves to predict the other. The three components are:
(a). Field of discourse: the ‗play‗-the kind of activity, as recognized in the culture,
within which the language is playing some part. The field of discourse refers to
what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is happening: what is
being done by the participants, where does language play an important
component?
(b). Tenor of discourse: the ‗players‗-the actors , or rather the interacting roles,
that are involved in the creation of the text; The tenor of discourse refers to who
takes part, to the nature of the participants, their status and roles. The whole group
of socially significant relationships in which they are involved?
c). Mode of discourse: 'Parts' - special functions assigned to language in this
situation. Discourse mode refers to what part of the language is playing. What
participants expect language to do for them in the situation: the symbolic
organization of the text, its status, and its function in context, including channels
(spoken or written or a specific combination of the two?) And rhetorical mode,
what is achieved by text in terms of categories such as persuasive, expository,
didactic, and the like.
4.3.3. Text
The text is made of the words, and sentences, it is really made of
meanings. Meaning must be expressed, or coded, in words and structure. it must
be coded in something to be communicated; but as something in itself, text is
18
basically a semantic unit.Halliday stated that ―one method of describing a text is
by exegesis, or explication de texte, a kind of running commentary on the product
that reveals something of its dynamic unfolding as a process. This problem for
this approach is that the researcher need to look beyond the words and structures
so as to interpret the text as a process in a way that relates it to the language as a
whole.
Semantic is the study of word meaning and sentence meaning. A
related meaning point is that one can know a language perfectly well without
knowing its history (Griffiths, 2006). Linguistic signs are words, similar in certain
respects with natural and conventional signs. They do not 'have meaning' but are
better able to convey meaning to those who can understand, interpret and identify.
―Words go together to form sentences which in turn are capable of conveying
meanings—the meanings of the individual words and the meaning that comes
from the relation of these words to one another‖ (Kreidler, 2002).
The analysis of Linguistic landscape must determine more than
inheritance (through the position and visibility of signs), but identify in terms of
meaning according to the context of the situation around public places. It can be
about whether there are certain reasons so that the sign was made, is there a
problem that ever existed around a public place so that the sign was finally there,
whether the sign was also made because of complaints from the surrounding
community and others. In this way the LL analysis is useful in making a deeper
understanding of this diverse environment through visual representations on
signage.
19
5. Tourism Place
5. 1. Definition of Tourism Place
Tourism destinations are defined as the geographical space where co-
producing actors, the local community and tourists interact around tourism related
activities, goods and services, and where tourists create their own perception and
holiday experience. Geographical space is understood as a city, region or country.
In the case of this dissertation the geographical space is the city of Malaga. This
definition is proposed based on the aforementioned definitions by Saraniemi and
Kylänen (2011), and Haugland et al. (2011). From the proposed definition,
tourism activities, goods and services refer to every action that directly or
indirectly affects the performance of tourism in the destination, whether these are
institutional strategies, marketing, general infrastructures, resources and image of
the destination.
Picture 2 : Maimoon Palace
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Maimoon Palace or Maimun Palace (Indonesian: Istana Maimun) is an
istana (royal palace) of the Sultanate of Deli and a well-known landmark in
Medan, the capital city of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Today, it serves as a
museum. Built by Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamsyah in years 1887–
1891, the palace was designed by the Dutch architect Theodoor van Erp and
covers 2,772 m² with.a.total.of.3. rooms. The Palace has become a popular tourist
destination in the city, Not solely because of its historical heritage status but also
because of its unique interior design of the palace combining elements of Malay
cultural heritage, Islamic and Indian architecture, with Spanish and Italian
furniture and fittings
Picture 3 : Great.Mosque.of.Medan
Great Mosque of Medan or Masjid Raya Al Mashun is a mosque
located in Medan, Indonesia. The mosque was built in the year 1906 and
completed in 1909. In beginning of its establishment, the mosque was a part of the
Maimun palace complex. Its architectural style combines Middle Eastern, Indian
and Spanis elements. The mosque has an octagonal shape and has wings to the
south, east, north and west. Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alam as a leader of
21
Sultanate of.Deli started the development of Masjid Al Mashun on 21 August
1906 (1 Rajab 1324 AH). The.entire development was completed on 10
September 1909 (25 Sha'ban 1329 AH) and marked by the.implementation of the
first Friday prayers at the mosque. The overall development budget was one
million. The Sultan developed the Mosque according to his principle that it should
be more important than his own grand palace, the Maimoon Palace. Construction
of the mosque was financed by the Sultanate of Deli, the Deli Maatschappij, and
Tjong A Fie, the wealthiest businessman in Medan.
At.first, the Mosque was designed by the Dutch architect Theodoor
who also designed. The Maimoon Palace, but was then handed over to JA
Tingdeman at that time was called to Java by the.Dutch government to join in the
process of restoring the Borobudur temple in Central Java. The construction
required the import of different building materials such as : marble from Italy,
Germany and China and the stained glass from the chandelier imported from
France. JA Tingdeman designed the mosque with an octagonal symmetrical
layout style, combining elements from Morocco, Europe and the Middle East. The
eight square floor plan produced a unique inner chamber, unlike most
conventional mosques. A.black, high vaulted roof porch is constructed in each of
the four corners of the mosque, and complements the main dome on the roof of
the main building of the mosque. Each is equipped with a main door and stairs
between the courts of the main floor of the mosque is elevated, except building
the porch on the side of the mihrab.
22
The mosque is divided into the main room, ablution, entry gates and
towers. The main room, a place of prayer, does not hare the same octagonal
theme. On the opposite side is smaller, there is a 'porch' small porch attached to
and protrudes out. The windows surrounding the veranda doors made of wood
with glass-precious stained glass, remnants of the art nouveau period 1890-1914,
combined with Islamic art. The entire ornamentation in the mosque either in walls
ceilings, pillars, arches and rich surfaces with decorative flowers and plants in
front of each porch stairs there. Then, earlier octagon, on the outside appear with
four aisles on all four sides, which surround the main prayer hall.
The aisles have a row of bare windows shaped arches which stand on the beam.
Both porch and arched windows of the building design reminiscent of Islamic
kingdoms in Spain in the Middle Ages. While the dome of the mosque following
the Turkish model, the shape of the octagonal broken. The main dome surrounded
by four other domes on top of each porch, with a smaller size. Dome shape is
reminiscent of the Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh. On the inside of the mosque,
there are eight main pillar diameter of 0.60 m tall to support the main dome in the
middle. The mihrab is made of marble with a pointed dome roof. This mosque
gate flat-roofed square. While the ornate minaret blend between Egyptian, Iranian
and Arabian.
23
Picture 4: Merdeka.Walk
Merdeka Walk is a culinary center in Medan, the capital of Sumatera
Utara Province Indonesia. Its location is in the center of Medan, inside Merdeka
Square. This place is known as a hangout that provides a center for food,
entertainment, and even arena shows. Merdeka Walk is open 24 hours a day.
As a food center, dozens of food outlets are available here. Starting
from Western food, Asian food to Medan special food. In addition to providing
dishes on various menus, Merdeka Walk also provides a comfortable spot with the
beauty of trees called. Center Piece. This place is usually filled with various
entertainment such as live music, events for families and youth creativity events,
such as performance bands, rapping, breakers, and other entertainment at the
Center Piece.
24
Picture 5 : Tjong A Fie Mansion
Tjong A Fie Mansion is a two-story mansion in Medan, North
Sumatra, built by Tjong A Fie (1860–1921) a Hakka merchant who came to own
much of the land in Medan through his plantations, later becoming 'Majoor der
Chineezen' (leader of the Chinese') in Medan and constructing the Medan-
Belawan railway. Tjong A Fie is said to be related to Cheong Fatt Tze, who built
the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion in Penang, Malaysia. The building is constructed in
Chinese-European.-Art Deco style, and was completed in 1900, and said to have
been modeled on the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion.
25
Picture 6 : State Museum of Sumatera Utara
State Museum of North Sumatera Province is a museum which shows the history
of Sumatera Province. It is located on Gedung Arca street, behind the Teladan
Stadium. It has the history of Sumatera Province from pre-history period until the
reformation period. This museum has many forgeries of statues, daily life stuffs of
pre-history and post history, the pictures of governors of North Sumatera, the
replica of traditional houses, traditional clothes, and many more. This museum has
shaped like Batak traditional house and it has two floors. This museum is open for
public, from Monday until Saturday, start from 8 a.m until 3 p.m. The price of the
ticket is Rp 2000,-. The museum was inaugurated on April 9th
1982 by Dr, Daoed
Joesoef, Minister of Education and Culture. However, the first collection was a
stone of Makara inducted in 1954 by the first president of Republic of Indonesia,
Ir. Soekarno. The museum is also kwon as the Gedung Arca (Stone Statue
Building). The Makara came from the site of Padang Lawas. Since it‘s early
establishment until 1999, the State Museum of North Sumatera Province was a
technical unit which was managed under the directorate general of culture,
26
Ministry of Education and Culture. Following of the implementation of legend
autonomy in 2000, the management of the Museum has fully handed to the
provincial government as the Technical Unit of Culture and Tourism of North
Sumatera Province.
B. Previous Relevant Studies
Several studies related to the researcher‗s study had been conducted
before. One of them is a study by Hurrotul Firdausiyah (2019) entitled ―A
Linguistic Landscape Study In Pondok Pesantren Putri Mambaus Sholihin Gresik,
which was found in her study that she discovered English, Arabic, and Indonesia
languages that presented in monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual signs. And
there are the functions of the signs itself. She described the signs construction in
Ponpes Putri Mambaus Sholihin are there are some steps in the signs creation;
discussion, vocabularies collection, and vocabularies & grammar correction
(tashih).
Another study was conducted by Robin Atilano (2014) entitled
Language.of.order : English.in.the.Linguistic.Landscape of Two Major Train
Station in Philippines.. And the result of his study was the signs that he found was
76 signs in two stations. English dominated as there were overwhelmingly more
signs in English only than in Filipino only. English was used to exact two forms
of ―order one that makes readers ―follow order‖ such as proper behaviors in
train stations, and another that encourages readers to make order like buying of
food in commercial establishment in the areas.
27
Another study was conducted by Said and Rohmah (2018). It
investigates Arabic language in Andalusian LL by focusing on linguistic
repression and endurance. This study uses theories of ethnolinguistic vitality,
language economy and power, and collective identity to investigate the data.
Rohmah and Said conclude that the official language in Andalusia is Spanish.
Arabic language is not encountered in the signs but it still exists in the toponyms
apparent of the road signs as the borrowing words. The apparent of Arabic
language is purposed for economic reasons and building collective identity among
the Muslim society.
Another study was conducted by Erna Andriyanti ( 2019). This paper
focuses on sign patterns in school linguistic landscape and what they represent in
term of language situation in multilingual context. The data consist of 890 signs
collected from five senior high schools in Yogyakarta. Based on the number and
kinds of languages used, the data were categorised into their lingual patterns. The
language situation was interpreted based on the main functions of language as a
means of communication and representation.
Another study was held by Jūratė Ruzaitė ( 2017). The paper title is
The linguistic landscape of tourism: Multilingual signs in Lithuanian and Polish
resorts. The present study provides a snapshot of Polish and Lithuanian linguistic
landscapes (LLs) in several resort cities situated in the border areas of the two
countries. The data consists of 515 digital pictures of multilingual signs collected
in the central and thus the most touristic parts of the cities. The main objectives in
this research are to identify the authorship of multilingual signs, determine the
28
types of establishments that employ multilingual signage, and analyse which
languages coexist in popular tourist destinations. The interpretation of the results
is grounded on the interrelation between multilingual signage, tourism as an
important economic factor, and official language policies
C. Conceptual Framework
Linguistic Landscape is studying the visibility of the written languages
form in the signs at the public space. These places include public areas such as
tourism places, hospital, police station, government office, campus, school, and
so on. And the focus in this study is Linguistic Landscape at Tourism Places in
Medan that take whole the signs that realized there. In those signs there are two
languages there, Bahasa Indonesia and English. Multilingualism and bilingualism
influence the language diversity. It is a common things nowadays. Different of
languages vitality land Languages diversity have the important involvement to the
individuals and the societies. Signs are generally divided into two types, there is
Top Down and Bottom Up. LL 'Top-down' items include those issued by national
public bureaucracies, public signs, public announcements and street names.
'Bottom-up' items, on the other hand, include those issued by owners of social
actors and companies such as names and signs and business announcements. The
following diagram explains the conceptual framework of this study.
29
Picture 7 : Conseptual Framework
30
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The research was employed descriptive qualitative methods. It mainly
aimed to understand the phenomena of what is happening to the research subject.
For instance perception, behavior, act and etc. Holistically, in a descriptive form
of words and languages, in nature and specific contexts using various natural
methods. This research design was intended to investigate the type of language
and the types of sign in the linguistic landscape at tourism places in Medan.
B. Source of Data
The data of this research is the text displayed on the linguistic
landscape such as on pamphlet, building names, shop name, billboard and etc. The
whole data were gotten from Tourism places in Medan such as : State Museum of
Sumatera Utara, Tjong A Fie Mansion, Merdeka Walk, Great Mosque of Medan
or Masjid Raya Al Mashun, Maimoon Palace.
C. Technique of Data Collection
The data of this research was collected through several steps. They
were observation, documentation, and interview.
31
1. Observation
The first step in collecting data in this study was observation.
Observation conducted to look around at the tourism places of Medan and to find
out its linguistics landscape such as direction signs, advertising signs, building
names, warning notices and prohibitions, informative signs, slogans, and graffiti.
2. Documentation
The researcher collected the data through taking a photograph of all
linguistic landscape around the tourism places of Medan by using camera.
3. Interview
Interviews conducted with two informants from the station authority
for having deep information as commonly called as triangulation. Triangulation
was interpreted as a data collection technique that is combining the various
techniques of collecting data and data sources that already exist. The researcher
used observation, in-depth interviews and documentation for the same data
source.
D. Technique of Analysis Data
According to Miles and Huberman (1994:10), analysis can be define as consisting
as three current flows of activity that is data reduction, data display, and
conclusion drawing/verification. The researcher did the data analysis in some
steps to answer of each formulation of problems. For the first one was about the
type of languages realized in Tourism places in Medan. The researcher counted
32
the signs based on monolingual, bilingual into table. Below is the table of
languages displayed.
Total Groups Languages Number Percentage
… Monolingual Indonesian … …%
English … …%
Bilingual Indonesian- … …%
English
Table 1. Languages displayed at tourism places of Medan
To analyze the second of formulation problems, the researcher categorized
the signs based on categories of the sign (direction signs, advertising signs,
warning notices and prohibitions, building names, informative signs, slogan, and
graffiti).
And the last it was transcribed the interview recording. After that, it was
formulated the results into narrative paragraphs to be presented in the conclusion
to answer the third research question about the reason linguistic items realized in
Tourism places in Medan
33
CHAPTER IV
DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. Data
This research focused on the form of languages which were used in
signs at tourism places. The form of language were taken from the signs which
photographed by the researcher. There were 82 signs which was classified in
monolingual and bilingual sign. And there were 6 categories of signs discovered
in this study, they were direction sign, advertising sign, building name,
informative sign, and slogan sign. And the result interview conducted with
informant.
B. Data Analysis
After collected the data, the researcher classified the data based on the
type of languages at tourism places in Medan. It deals with the first research
question, the types of language were used in signs in monolingual, and bilingual.
Monolingual refers to the signs that contain only one language realized, bilingual
refers to the signs that contain two languages realized. In this study, researchers
counted the number of signs that use monolingual and bilingual and calculated
with percent numbers.
The research question answer by the researcher with classified the data
based on types of signs itself based on the function and the use of the signs. There
were 7 categories of signs: direction signs, advertising signs, warning notices and
34
prohibitions, building names, informative signs, graffiti, and slogan. And each of
these types counted with percent number.
The researcher analyzed the language policy in tourism place in
Medan. It deals with interview that the researcher have done by giving some
questions to the city authority to answer the question about the reason linguistic
items realized includes the purposes and regulations of signs construction. There
are three main questions that researcher interviewed, a) purposes of the signs
itself. b) the regulation of sign.
1. Types of Language on Signs
This study conducted observation to find out the language used on the
signs at tourism places which are Grand Mosque Al-Mashun ( Mesjid Raya Al-
Mashun), Istana Maimoon,Merdeka Walk, State Museum of Sumatera Utara and
Tjong A Fie Mansion. There were 82 signs that have been photographed that were
used as data from this study.
In this study there were two languages displayed, they were Indonesian
language and English. The researcher used quantitative method of the study, it
contained the number of types of languages realized at tourism places in Medan
were examined.
Total Groups Languages Number Percentage
63 (76,83%) Monolingual Indonesian 48 76,19%
English 13 20,63%
Others 2 3,17%
19 (23,17%) Bilingual Indonesian- 18 94,73%
English
English- 1 5,26%
Indonesian
35
Others - -
- Multilingual - - -
Table 2: Percentage of types language at tourism places in Medan
The table above indicated that Indonesia language as the national
language has percentage of 76,19% as the dominant language at tourism places in
Medan. English used in the sign was 20,63%. Moreover, the table above shows
that the number of monolingual signs was much larger than bilingual. All of
monolingual signs had amount 82 signs include Indonesian and English.
1.1. Monolingual Signs
There were 63 signs in monolingual from total 82 signs. It shows that
monolingual signs was the largest number of the signs realized in tourism places
in Medan. Based on the table above, Indonesian language found 45 signs
(77,59%) as the dominant language used in monolingual sign. Most Indonesian
monolingual signs were used for providing particular information.
Picture 8 : Monolingual Signs in maimoon
The sign in picture 8 above is monolingual because it contained one
language, it was Indonesian language. The meaning of sign to inform the people
36
not to sell anything there. This sign was taken at Istana Maimoon. And this sign
served to avoid cleanless or unwanted things. The prevalent use of Bahasa
Indonesia in tourism environment is understandable since it is the official
language in education, for example used as language of instruction and in giving
orders. In Bahasa Indonesia, communications through signs in LL can be
relatively effective because everyone understands the language.
This sign in picture 9 contained only one language, Indonesian. The
proverb of the city was "Bangun bersatu Medan terpadu". The sentence is for
society . This sign made because government want to society to work together,
keep the unity and make Medan become peaceful. This language is like being
adopted from the Malay language rules because it has the same suitability at the
end. This sign was found at main gate of Merdeka walk. This sign placement was
very appropriate.
Picture 9: Merdeka Walk
This sign in picture 10 contained one language which is Indonesian only.
The meaning of sign was prohibiting the visiters not to meal and drink inside the
mosque. This was located in Grand Mosque of Al-Mashun and it was made
37
because it was hoped that there are no more action affecting cleanless the mosque.
This was related to effective situation inside.
Picture 10: Signs in Grand Mosque
The red colour on the sign in picture 11 indicates that there was a
strict prohibition for visiters to see this warning. The writing of a very large sign
fills all of these signs. The sign indicates that the administrators really did not
want action happend. Below are the examples of monolingual in English
Picture 11: Signs in Maimoon Palace
The sign above was monolingual because it just contained one
language which is English. The meaning of sign to give directions to passengers
38
that the way in and out. This sign was used at the Istana Maimoon because the
direction was very important. It was made by administrators so that if at any time
there is visiters, this sign served as a notification and direction to the visiters to
pass in the direction in order to go in and out of the building.
Based on the regulation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings
and also Government Regulation No. 36 of 2005 concerning Buildings states that
"Every building, except a single dwelling house and a simple row house, must
provide an evacuation facility which includes a hazard warning system for users,
emergency exits and evacuation routes that can guarantee the ease of building
users. to evacuate from inside buildings safely in the event of a disaster or
emergency‖. The article states that emergency exits and evacuation routes must be
equipped with directions that are easy to read and clear.
1.2 Bilingual Signs
There were 3 signs in bilingual from total 19 signs. The languages
displayed in this study was Indonesian – English. The percentage is 100%.
Bilingual signs found at the tourism places in Medan used translation, it means
that the first language was translated into the second language, the text on sign
had the same meaning. For more specific, see the picture below.
39
Picture 12: Bilingual in Maimoon Palace
The sign above is bilingual because it contained two languages which
is Indonesian language as the first language and English as the second language.
The meaning of sign to introduce the name of the building. This sign was found
after entering the main gate of Istana Maimoon.
Picture 13 : Bilingual in Grand Mosque
This sign was bilingual information that used Indonesia as the first
language and English as the second language. This sign found in side of the Grand
Mosque, more precisely at the pole close to the visiters. The meaning of this sign
to give information to the visiters about the short history of the Grand Mosque. It
40
was made by the administrators because they provided few information. The sign
was found on each pole. With a fairly large font size, it aims to promote the Grand
Mosque that want to known.
2. Categories of Signs
In this study, researcher categorized the signs based on the function of
each of these signs. Based on that, there were 7 categories of signs analyzed in
this study. They were direction signs, advertisement signs, warning notices and
prohibitions, building names, informative sign, graffiti and slogans. To find out
more clear information, look at the table below. For more info, see the table below
:
Tourism Places in Medan
Categories Number Percentage
Direction signs 5 6,09 %
Advertising signs 7 8,53%
Warning notice or prohibition 35 42,68%
Building names 12 14,63%
Informative signs 32 39,02%
Graffiti 0 0
Slogan 1 1,21%
Total 82 100%
Table 3: The Number Categories Of Sign
The table above was summed based on overall monolingual and
bilingual signs, most of the signs used at tourism places in Medan warning notices
and prohibitions as much 35 signs (42,68%), informative signs were 32 signs
41
(39,02%), building names were 12 signs (14,63%), direction signs were 5 signs
(6,09%), advertising sign were 7 signs (8,53%), slogan sign was 1 sign (1,21%),
and the last was graffiti sign was 0 sign (0%).
2.1 Informative Sign
There were 32 signs (39,02%) informative signs was discovered of this
study. It showed that these signs were used at tourism places in Medan.
Informative signs included history of the building, schedule of the event, etc. The
target of these signs were the visiters to read about information at tourism places.
Below is the example of informative sign
Picture 14 (a): Informative Signs in Maimoon Palace
This sign was monolingual, because it consisted one language which
is in Indonesian. The sign was intended for know about the founder of Istana
Maimoon. This sign was found in the entry gate. It could be that it attracts
attention to visiters to spend time in this place.
The relations of the sign to the location where this sign was found, (in
this case Istana Maimoon) was the visiters who spend the time has a sense of
awareness to know who has responsibility in the past.
42
Picture 14 (b): Informative Signs in Grand Mosque of Medan
This sign was monolingual because there was a language appeared. It
informed the visiters about whoever breaks the rules will get the administrative
sanctions based on the laws. It was made because in the place has cultural heritage
especially in the field side.
2.2 Direction Sign
Next is direction signs, totaling 5 signs (6,09%). These signs have the
function in giving directions to certain places. See the figure below.
Picture 15: Direction Signs in Great Mosque of Medan
43
The sign above was monolinguall because it clearly seen that there was a
language there. It included the direction sign because it direct the visiters to the
certain places. This sign placed in front of main gate because in order to give
directions to visiters who have just arrived at the Grand Mosque that the way to
put shoes/slipper turns the righ. It was made because there were many places
realized at Grand Mosque which is if there were no direction signs appeared, it
confused visiters to the location they were looking for. With this sign visiters can
easily get the location or place they want to find. Below is the other example,
Picture 16: Direction Signs in Maimoon Palace
This sign contained one language which is Indonesian. This sign
located beside the main building. In that written, it uses symbols (+ and -) to
indicate distance a specific place which means more or less. Besides that, it also
uses abbreviations such as ―Telp‖ which should be a telephone. However,
because it was common then people easily understood.
2.3 Building Names
44
Building names discovered as much 12 signs (14,63%), included the
names of certain buildings and places. For example the name of a room at tourism
places in Medan below:
Picture 17: Buildings names in Great Mosque of Medan
This sign realized in a language which is Indonesia. This sign served
as the name of a place or room at the Grand Mosque. It was made because the
object of this study which a Grand Mosque, so it is needed to make visiters know
that it was the place to take ablution.
2.4 Warning Notices and Prohibition
Warning notices and prohibition signs as the most used with a total of
35 signs (42,68%). This sign serves as a warning sign and prohibition for visiters
to be known. Figure below as the example:
45
Picture 18 : Warning notices and prohibition in Merdeka Walk
This selling ban was applied at Lapangan Merdeka. Prohibition of
selling at the Lapangan Merdeka did not only apply in the field, main gate, even
in the back gate passengers were prohibited from selling. The written stated the
basis for instructions on selling and following sanctions derived from the field for
violators. It was made because Lapangan Merdeka is a public area where many
people were there. This sign prohibited selling because it can disturb other visiters
and avoid cleanless of this fiel. Cleanless related to the trash and trash affected to
people‘s health. Because not all visiters were in good health, this was evidenced
by the existence of a sign for people with special needs. Prohibitions were
imposed for the convenience of train visiters.
2.5 Advertising Sign
Next, advertising signs encountered 7 signs (8,53%). It included
products sold around, events, sponsors that were promoted around the place. What
dominates in this sign were advertising promoted.
46
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
47
(e)
Picture 19 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) : Advertising Signs in Merdeka Walk
At the tourism places in Medan especially Lapangan Merdeka there were
food shops available.
Because Lapangan Merdeka is a large place in Medan which have
large enough area to open shops around, there were several restaurants and food
stores available there. Starting from local products such as Srikandi , Nelayan etc.
And from abroad, such as Mc Donald, Starbucks etc.. Food stores were also in
great demand by visiters at the place.
2.6 Slogan Sign
The last sign was the slogan sign which amounts to 1 sign (1,21%).
The slogan means the motto that contains a series of words or sentences that
appeared in around the place. See the example below.
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Picture 20 : Slogan Sign in Merdeka Walk
This sign contained only one language, Indonesian. The proverb of the
city was "Bangun bersatu Medan terpadu". The sentence is for society . This sign
made because government want to society to work together, keep the unity and
make Medan become peaceful. When I asked a short question to the worker at
Medan gardening service about the reason why this quote dispayed above. They
told about the history since the Mayor is held by Mr Zulmi Eldin. His utterance
―Medan is our home, our future and a place to live that will be given to our
children and grandchildren. So, we must build together by continuing to hold
hands, united as one family. This sign was found at main gate of Merdeka walk.
This sign placement was very appropriate.
3. Signs Construction
To answer the last research question regarding linguistic landscape
construction in some tourism places, researcher came to there and interviewed
with place authority about reason for realization of linguistic items at that place.
3.1 The Reason Linguistic Items Realized in Tourism Places in Medan
49
The linguistic landscape that found at tourism area in medan has
significantly provided two kinds of information, there are: informative function
and symbolic function. It can be clearly seen from the following data:
1. The Informational Function
Informative function indicates the borders of the territory of linguistic
group. It shows that a specific language or languages for communication or to sell
products. Below is the examples of informational function:
(a)
50
(b)
Picture 21 (a) (b) : Informational Function in Chong A Fie
Both of figures introduce product of Peranakan Works. It offers
jewelry with a good quality. It is known from Living Passion and Endless
Perfection. The characteristic is include of Informational function of linguistic
landscape.
2. The Symbolic Function
On the other hand, the symbolic function refers to the value and status
of the languages as perceived by the members of a language group in comparison
to other languages. Below is the examples of Symbolic function.
51
(a)
(b)
Picture 22 (a) (b) : Symbolic Function in Chong A Fie
Both of figures indicates to symbolic function of linguistic landscape.
These are showed by using another language.
According to interview with informant of place authority, linguistic
items realized in Tourism Places of Medan because it was made for visiters to get
information by reading the written language in the signs. It based on interview
result with Mr. Parada as organizer‗s explanation:
“…in There were several purposes for establishing a linguistic landscape there:
Based our country we have national language, that is Indonesian. If there are
foreigners from abroad or stayed in Indonesia and they are more understand
English, so we used English”.Those visiters are our main priority. Both local and
52
international visiters who do not use Indonesian, but also use English as an
international language. Actually the function of the writing is to provide
information to visitors about matters relating to Tjong A Fie, products which are
historical objects here. As for why there are other foreign languages besides
English, the reason is because this place has existed since the Dutch era and is a
role model of the Chinese tribe.
53
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After having analyzed on the previous chapter. The complete
conclusion could be portrayed as the following:
1. It can be seen clearly there were five types of language realized at linguistic
landscape at tourism places in Medan, they were Indonesian, English, Arabic,
Dutch and Mandarin that were realized by monolingual and bilingual signs.
2. The total number of signs were 82 signs. Direction signs consisted 5 signs
(6,09%), Advertising signs consisted 7 signs (8,53%), Warning notices and
prohibitions consisted 35 signs (42,68%), Building names consisted 12 signs
(14,63%), Informative signs consisted 32 signs (39,02%), Graffiti and Slogan
consisted 1 signs (1,21%).
3. The realization of linguistic landscape at tourism places in Medan is
functionally as informative function and symbolic function which were mainly
aimed to easier the visitors to get the core information of the place or the things.
B. Suggestion
The researcher fully hoped this study would give a positive linguistic reference to
the reader who attracted in language policy and linguistic landscape analysis. And
the researcher wished this study could give the high appreciation to the linguistic
54
itself. In relation to the study, the researcher suggested some of expectations that
staged as the following :
1. The researcher suggested to students who interested landscape linguistics
research, it must have a really good understanding of the theories that have
been suggested previously
2. If interest to analyze in certain company, it must get permission first from the
location that will be analyzed. For example research in government-owned
buildings must prepare a considerable amount of time. So, researcher must
accept some consequences.
3. Landscape linguistics has a very broad scope to be investigated again. For
further research, the researchers suggest examining the language attitudes of
the language policy, for example color, size, type of writing, placement of
writing, and others.
55
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