abstract - icrisatoar.icrisat.org/6297/1/soil_fertility_atlas_2011.pdf · 2012-12-11 · , dp surxg...

Citation: Wani SP, Sahrawat KL, Sarvesh KV, Baburao Mudbi, and Krishnappa K (eds.) 2011. Soil Fertility Atlas for Karnataka, India. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 312 pp. ISBN 978-92-9066-543-4. Order code: BOE 055.

Abstract

use of fertilizers supplying various nutrient elements. This Atlas comprises of results from

productivity of rain-fed systems in the state of Karnataka by adopting science-led approach with technical backstopping from ICRISAT-led consortium. The recommendations on nutrient

Following a soil sampling methodology standardized earlier, 92904 soil samples were collected from 30 districts of Karnataka in India. The soil samples were processed and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) as a measure of salts, organic carbon (as a proxy for available nitrogen), and available phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, boron and zinc using standard methods.

Soil samples were prepared showing the category of soil sample per nutrient or soil fertility

results at the Taluka or Block level of each of the 30 districts.

The results showed that soil reaction was in the neutral range with a few soil samples in the acid

results on available sulfur, boron and zinc were most revealing. Considering the mean values of

or farmers. The results presented in the maps are made web-based for easy access and practical

© International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2011. All rights reserved.

ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clari cation, please contact the irector of Communication at icrisat@cgiar.org. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice.

Soil Fertility Atlas for Karnataka, India

Department of AgricultureGovernment of Karnataka

Bengaluru 560 001, Karnataka, India

Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Editors

Suhas P Wani, KL Sahrawat, KV Sarvesh, Mudbi Baburao, and K Krishnappa

ii

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the Government of Karnataka for its bold and innovative initiative to adopt science-led approach for development in the state. This is possible largely because of examplery leadership shown by the leaders and policy makers in the state. We sincerely acknowledge support of Mr Sandeep Dave, Commissioner of Watershed and currently Principal Secretary, Principal Secretary to Government, Department of Agriculture, who initiated the soil fertility mapping in six districts of Karnataka under Sujala-ICRISAT initiative at the pilot for scaling-up productivity enhancement measures to cover 3700 ha. Based on the results of the pilot initiative in 2009, Dr KV Raju, Economic Advisor to Hon. Chief Minister of Karnataka, Additional Chief Secretary and Development Commissioner

Directors of Agriculture - Organic Farming, Crop Development and Planning; Joint Directors of Agriculture - Inputs, Development; Deputy Directors of Agriculture - Soil Health and Food Crops; All District Joint Directors of Agriculture; All Assistant Director of Agriculture;

Universities; ICRISAT, Patancheru; NBSS&LUP, Nagpur; Farm Facilitators and Farmers).

assistance provided by the Government of Karnataka to ICRISAT is gratefully acknowledged.

ICRISAT who undertook the analysis and Soil analytical laboratory in the state of Karnataka who have undertaken the analysis. We also acknowledge ICRISAT’s GIS Lab, Communication

iii

List of Project Team

Project Leader

Suhas P Wani

Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISAT

Members

Additional Chief Secretary and Development Commissioner, Govt. of KarnatakaAdditional Directors of Agriculture - Organic Farming, Crop Development and Planning, GoK

All Agriculture Assistants of ICRISAT and Govt. of Karnataka

All Assistant Directors of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka All District Joint Directors of Agriculture. Govt. of Karnataka Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of KarnatakaDeputy Directors of Agriculture - Soil Health and Food Crops, Govt. of Karnataka Director of Agriculture, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Govt. of KarnatakaEconomic Advisor to Hon’ble Chief Minister, Govt. of Karnataka Farm Facilitators and Farmers

Joint Directors of Agriculture - Inputs, Development, Govt. of Karnataka Kishnappa K, Visiting Scientist, Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISAT

Principal Secretary to Government, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka

Sahrawat KL, Consultant, Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISATVice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka Vice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, KarnatakaVice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka

Contents

Messages ........................................................................................................................ vii-xiv

Introduction ............................................................................................................................1

...........................................................1

References ...............................................................................................................................2

Karnataka Soil Fertility Status at a Glance .........................................................................3

District-wise Soil Status Maps ............................................................................................23

Appendix: Chemical characteristics of Karnataka soils ...............................................265

vii

Message

Agriculture is the main stay for survival of all civilization as it is the

Therefore, the fertility of our soils is an indicator of the health condition of the

Krishi Karman Award

viii

William D DarDirector GeneralICRISAT

Message

The Soil Fertility Atlas of Karnataka

ix

Message

x

Message

xi

Message

Intensive agriculture has led to increasing removal of secondary and

xii

Message

Commissioner, Watersheds

xiii

Message

xiv

Message

1

Introduction

soils. However, it is a commonly held belief that at relatively low yields of crops in the

crop production systems. It is duly recognized and emphasized that the productivity of SAT soils is low due to water shortage. Apart from water shortage, low fertility is also an issue because low fertility constrains crop productivity in the SAT regions of India, but in practice

Moreover, the inputs of major nutrients to dryland production systems are meager. Also, due to low productivity of the dryland, it is generally assumed that the mining of micronutrient reserves in soils is much less than in irrigated production systems.

Our past research showed that the SAT soils of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh

states are widespread; and the productivity of these soils can be sustainably enhanced through balanced nutrient management. Our research also demonstrated that soil testing

al. 2010). This report further uses soil testing to cover entire SAT districts of Karnataka and

management in pursuit of sustainable enhancement of agricultural productivity in rain-fed areas of Karnataka.

To characterize the fertility status of soils, 92904 soil samples were collected from farmers’

arable land in watersheds varied along with land holding size and cropping systems. Soil sampling strategy was based on taking samples to represent the entire watershed. The soil

2

sampling units were decided on the basis of crop, area covered by the crop and number of

category. For soil sampling, we randomly selected 20% farmers in each position on the

sample.

The soil samples were air-dried and powdered with wooden hammer to pass through a 2-mm sieve. For organic carbon analysis, the soil samples were ground to pass through a 0.25-mm sieve. Prepared samples were analyzed for various fertility characteristics using methods

using soil to water ratio of 1:2 organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black method. Exchangeable or available potassium was determined using the ammonium acetate

2) as an extractant;

3) test. Available zinc was extracted by DTPA reagent and available boron was extracted by hot water.

References

Sahrawat KL, Rego TJ, Wani SP and Pardhasaradhi G. 2008. Stretching soil sampling to watershed: Evaluation of soil-test parameters in a semi-arid tropical watershed. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39:2950-2960.

Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pardhasaradhi G and Murthy KVS. 2010. Diagnosis of secondary and

semi-arid tropics. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 41:346-360.

Karnataka Soil Fertility Status at a Glance

5

Figure 1. Soil orders of Karnataka state

➣

N

Source: NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, India

6

Figure 2. pH status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

7

Figure 3. Electrical conductivity status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

8

Figure 4. Organic carbon status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

9

Figure 5. Available phosphorus status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

10

Figure 6. Available potassium status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

11

Figure 7. Available sulphur status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

12

Figure 8. Available zinc status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

13

Figure 9. Available boron status of Karnataka soils

➣

N

14

Figure 10. Karnataka soil status - pH

3958

2

15

Figure 11. Karnataka soil status - Electrical conductivity

96

3

C

C

16

Figure 12. Karnataka soil status - Organic carbon

5248

D

17

Figure 13. Karnataka soil status - Available phosphorus

4159

D

18

Figure 14. Karnataka soil status - Available potassium

23

77

D

19

Figure 15. Karnataka soil status - Available sulfur

5248

D

20

Figure 16. Karnataka soil status - Available zinc

5545

D

21

Figure 17. Karnataka soil status - Available boron

6238

D

District-wise Soil Status Maps

24

Figu

re 1

8. p

H s

tatu

s in

Bag

alko

t dis

tric

t

➣

N

25

Figu

re 1

9. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in B

agal

kot d

istr

ict

➣

N

26

Figu

re 2

0. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in B

agal

kot d

istr

ict

➣

N

27

Figu

re 2

1. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Bag

alko

t dis

tric

t

➣

N

28

Figu

re 2

2. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Bag

alko

t dis

tric

t

➣

N

29

Figu

re 2

3. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in B

agal

kot d

istr

ict

➣

N

30

Figu

re 2

4. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in B

agal

kot d

istr

ict

➣

N

31

Figu

re 2

5. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s Ba

galk

ot d

istr

ict

➣

N

32

Figure 26. pH status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

33

Figure 27. Electrical conductivity status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

34

Figure 28. Organic carbon status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

35

Figure 29. Available phosphorus status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

36

Figure 30. Available potassium status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

37

Figure 31. Available sulphur status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

38

Figure 32. Available zinc status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

39

Figure 33. Available boron status in Bengaluru Urban district

➣

N

40

Figure 34. pH status in Belgaum district

➣

N

41

Figure 35. Electrical conductivity status in Belgaum district

➣

N

42

Figure 36. Organic carbon status in Belgaum district

➣

N

43

Figure 37. Available phosphorus status in Belgaum district

➣

N

44

Figure 38. Available potassium status in Belgaum district

➣

N

45

Figure 39. Available sulphur status in Belgaum district

➣

N

46

Figure 40. Available zinc status in Belgaum district

➣

N

47

Figure 41. Available boron status in Belgaum district

➣

N

48

Figu

re 4

2. p

H s

tatu

s in

Bel

lary

dis

tric

t

➣

N

49

Figu

re 4

3. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in B

ella

ry d

istr

ict

➣

N

50

Figu

re 4

4. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in B

ella

ry d

istr

ict

➣

N

51

Figu

re 4

5. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Bel

lary

dis

tric

t

➣

N

52

Figu

re 4

6. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Bel

lary

dis

tric

t

➣

N

53

Figu

re 4

7. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in B

ella

ry d

istr

ict

➣

N

54

Figu

re 4

8. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in B

ella

ry d

istr

ict

➣

N

55

Figu

re 4

9. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Bel

lary

dis

tric

t

➣

N

56

Figu

re 5

0. p

H s

tatu

s in

Ben

galu

ru R

ural

dis

tric

t

➣

N

57

Figu

re 5

1. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in B

enga

luru

Rur

al d

istr

ict

➣

N

58

Figu

re 5

2. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in B

enga

luru

Rur

al d

istr

ict

➣

N

59

Figu

re 5

3. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Ben

galu

ru R

ural

dis

tric

t

➣

N

60

Figu

re 5

4. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Ben

galu

ru R

ural

dis

tric

t

➣

N

61

Figu

re 5

5. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in B

enga

luru

Rur

al d

istr

ict

➣

N

62

Figu

re 5

6. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in B

enga

luru

Rur

al d

istr

ict

➣

N

63

Figu

re 5

7. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Ben

galu

ru R

ural

dis

tric

t

➣

N

64

Figu

re 5

8. p

H s

tatu

s in

Bid

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

65

Figu

re 5

9. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in B

idar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

66

Figu

re 6

0. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in B

idar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

67

Figu

re 6

1. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Bid

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

68

Figu

re 6

2. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Bid

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

69

Figu

re 6

3. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in B

idar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

70

Figu

re 6

4. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in B

idar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

71

Figu

re 6

5. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Bid

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

72

➣

N

73

➣

N

74

➣

N

75

➣

N

76

➣

N

77

➣

N

78

➣

N

79

➣

N

80

Figu

re 7

4. p

H s

tatu

s in

Cha

mar

ajan

agar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

81

Figu

re 7

5. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in C

ham

araj

anag

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

82

Figu

re 7

6. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in C

ham

araj

anag

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

83

Figu

re 7

7. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Cha

mar

ajan

agar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

84

Figu

re 7

8. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Cha

mar

ajan

agar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

85

Figu

re 7

9. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in C

ham

araj

anag

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

86

Figu

re 8

0. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in C

ham

araj

anag

ar d

istr

ict

➣

N

87

Figu

re 8

1. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Cha

mar

ajan

agar

dis

tric

t

➣

N

88

Figu

re 8

2. p

H s

tatu

s in

Chi

kaba

llap

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

89

Figu

re 8

3. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in C

hika

ball

apur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

90

Figu

re 8

4. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in C

hika

ball

apur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

91

Figu

re 8

5. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Chi

kaba

llap

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

92

Figu

re 8

6. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Chi

kaba

llap

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

93

Figu

re 8

7. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in C

hika

ball

apur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

94

Figu

re 8

8. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in C

hika

ball

apur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

95

Figu

re 8

9. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Chi

kaba

llap

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

96

Figu

re 9

0. p

H s

tatu

s in

Chi

kam

agal

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

97

Figu

re 9

1. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in C

hika

mag

alur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

98

Figu

re 9

2. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in C

hika

mag

alur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

99

Figu

re 9

3. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Chi

kam

agal

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

100

Figu

re 9

4. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Chi

kam

agal

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

101

Figu

re 9

5. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in C

hika

mag

alur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

102

Figu

re 9

6. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in C

hika

mag

alur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

103

Figu

re 9

7. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Chi

kam

agal

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

104

Figure 98. pH status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

105

Figure 99. Electrical conductivity status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

106

Figure 100. Organic carbon status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

107

Figure 101. Available phosphorus status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

108

Figure 102. Available potassium status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

109

Figure 103. Available sulphur status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

110

Figure 104. Available zinc status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

111

Figure 105. Available boron status in Chitradurga district

➣

N

112

Figu

re 1

06. p

H s

tatu

s in

Dak

shin

a K

anna

da d

istr

ict

➣

N

113

Figu

re 1

07. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in D

aksh

ina

Kan

nada

dis

tric

t

➣

N

➣

N

114

Figu

re 1

08. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in D

aksh

ina

Kan

nada

dis

tric

t

➣

N

115

Figu

re 1

09. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Dak

shin

a K

anna

da d

istr

ict

➣

N

116

Figu

re 1

10. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Dak

shin

a K

anna

da d

istr

ict

➣

N

117

Figu

re 1

11. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in D

aksh

ina

Kan

nada

dis

tric

t

➣

N

118

Figu

re 1

12. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in D

aksh

ina

Kan

nada

dis

tric

t

➣

N

119

Figu

re 1

13. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Dak

shin

a K

anna

da d

istr

ict

➣

N

120

Figure 114. pH status in Davangere district

➣

N

121

Figure 115. Electrical conductivity status in Davangere district

➣

N

122

Figure 116. Organic carbon status in Davangere district

➣

N

123

Figure 117. Available phosphorus status in Davangere district

➣

N

124

Figure 118. Available potassium status in Davangere district

➣

N

125

Figure 119. Available sulphur status in Davangere district

➣

N

126

Figure 120. Available zinc status in Davangere district

➣

N

127

Figure 121. Available boron status in Davangere district

➣

N

128

Figu

re 1

22. p

H s

tatu

s in

Dha

rwad

dis

tric

t

➣

N

129

Figu

re 1

23. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in D

harw

ad d

istr

ict

➣

N

130

Figu

re 1

24. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in D

harw

ad d

istr

ict

➣

N

131

Figu

re 1

25. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Dha

rwad

dis

tric

t

➣

N

132

Figu

re 1

26. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Dha

rwad

dis

tric

t

➣

N

133

Figu

re 1

27. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in D

harw

ad d

istr

ict

➣

N

134

Figu

re 1

28. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in D

harw

ad d

istr

ict

➣

N

135

Figu

re 1

29. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Dha

rwad

dis

tric

t

➣

N

136

Figure 130. pH status in Gadag district

➣

N

137

Figure 131. Electrical conductivity status in Gadag district

➣

N

138

Figure 132. Organic carbon status in Gadag district

➣

N

139

Figure 133. Available phosphorus status in Gadag district

➣

N

140

Figure 134. Available potassium status in Gadag district

➣

N

141

Figure 135. Available sulphur status in Gadag district

➣

N

142

Figure 136. Available zinc status in Gadag district

➣

N

143

Figure 137. Available boron status in Gadag district

➣

N

144

Figu

re 1

38. p

H s

tatu

s in

Gul

barg

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

145

Figu

re 1

39. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in G

ulba

rga

dist

rict

➣

N

146

Figu

re 1

40. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in G

ulba

rga

dist

rict

➣

N

147

Figu

re 1

41. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Gul

barg

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

148

Figu

re 1

42. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Gul

barg

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

149

Figu

re 1

43. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in G

ulba

rga

dist

rict

➣

N

150

Figu

re 1

44. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in G

ulba

rga

dist

rict

➣

N

151

Figu

re 1

45. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Gul

barg

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

152

Figu

re 1

46. p

H s

tatu

s in

Has

san

dist

rict

➣

N

153

Figu

re 1

47. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in H

assa

n di

stri

ct

➣

N

154

Figu

re 1

48. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in H

assa

n di

stri

ct

➣

N

155

Figu

re 1

49. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Has

san

dist

rict

➣

N

156

Figu

re 1

50. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Has

san

dist

rict

➣

N

157

Figu

re 1

51. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in H

assa

n di

stri

ct

➣

N

158

Figu

re 1

52. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in H

assa

n di

stri

ct

➣

N

159

Figu

re 1

53. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Has

san

dist

rict

➣

N

160

Figu

re 1

54. p

H s

tatu

s in

Hav

eri d

istr

ict

➣

N

161

Figu

re 1

55. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in H

aver

i dis

tric

t

➣

N

162

Figu

re 1

56. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in H

aver

i dis

tric

t

➣

N

163

Figu

re 1

57. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Hav

eri d

istr

ict

➣

N

164

Figu

re 1

58. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Hav

eri d

istr

ict

➣

N

165

Figu

re 1

59. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in H

aver

i dis

tric

t

➣

N

166

Figu

re 1

60. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in H

aver

i dis

tric

t

➣

N

167

Figu

re 1

61. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Hav

eri d

istr

ict

➣

N

168

Figure 162. pH status in Kodagu district

➣

N

169

Figure 163. Electrical conductivity status in Kodagu district

➣

N

170

Figure 164. Organic carbon status in Kodagu district

➣

N

171

Figure 165. Available phosphorus status in Kodagu district

➣

N

172

Figure 166. Available potassium status in Kodagu district

➣

N

173

Figure 167. Available sulphur status in Kodagu district

➣

N

174

Figure 168. Available zinc status in Kodagu district

➣

N

175

Figure 169. Available boron status in Kodagu district

➣

N

176

Figure 170. pH status in Kolar district

➣

N

177

Figure 171. Electrical conductivity status in Kolar district

➣

N

178

Figure 172. Organic carbon status in Kolar district

➣

N

179

Figure 173. Available phosphorus status in Kolar district

➣

N

180

Figure 174. Available potassium status in Kolar district

➣

N

181

Figure 175. Available sulphur status in Kolar district

➣

N

182

Figure 176. Available zinc status in Kolar district

➣

N

183

Figure 177. Available boron status in Kolar district

➣

N

184

Figu

re 1

78. p

H s

tatu

s in

Kop

pal d

istr

ict

➣

N

185

Figu

re 1

79. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in K

oppa

l dis

tric

t

➣

N

186

Figu

re 1

80. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in K

oppa

l dis

tric

t

➣

N

187

Figu

re 1

81. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Kop

pal d

istr

ict

➣

N

188

Figu

re 1

82. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Kop

pal d

istr

ict

➣

N

189

Figu

re 1

83. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in K

oppa

l dis

tric

t

➣

N

190

Figu

re 1

84. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in K

oppa

l dis

tric

t

➣

N

191

Figu

re 1

85. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Kop

pal d

istr

ict

➣

N

➣

N

192

Figu

re 1

86. p

H s

tatu

s in

Man

dya

dist

rict

➣

N

193

Figu

re 1

87. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in M

andy

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

194

Figu

re 1

88. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in M

andy

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

195

Figu

re 1

89. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Man

dya

dist

rict

➣

N

196

Figu

re 1

90. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Man

dya

dist

rict

➣

N

197

Figu

re 1

91. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in M

andy

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

198

Figu

re 1

92. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in M

andy

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

199

Figu

re 1

93. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Man

dya

dist

rict

➣

N

200

Figu

re 1

94. p

H s

tatu

s in

Mys

ore

dist

rict

➣

N

201

Figu

re 1

95. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in M

ysor

e di

stri

ct

➣

N

202

Figu

re 1

96. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in M

ysor

e di

stri

ct

➣

N

203

Figu

re 1

97. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Mys

ore

dist

rict

➣

N

204

Figu

re 1

98. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Mys

ore

dist

rict

➣

N

205

Figu

re 1

99. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in M

ysor

e di

stri

ct

➣

N

206

Figu

re 2

00. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in M

ysor

e di

stri

ct

➣

N

207

Figu

re 2

01. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Mys

ore

dist

rict

➣

N

208

Figu

re 2

02. p

H s

tatu

s in

Rai

chur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

209

Figu

re 2

03. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in R

aich

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

210

Figu

re 2

04. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in R

aich

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

211

Figu

re 2

05. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Rai

chur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

212

Figu

re 2

06. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Rai

chur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

213

Figu

re 2

07. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in R

aich

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

214

Figu

re 2

08. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in R

aich

ur d

istr

ict

➣

N

215

Figu

re 2

09. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Rai

chur

dis

tric

t

➣

N

216

Figure 210. pH status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

217

Figure 211. Electrical conductivity status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

218

Figure 212. Organic carbon status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

219

Figure 213. Available phosphorus status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

220

Figure 214. Available potassium status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

221

Figure 215. Available sulphur status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

222

Figure 216. Available zinc status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

223

Figure 217. Available boron status in Ramanagara district

➣

N

224

Figu

re 2

18. p

H s

tatu

s in

Shi

mog

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

225

Figu

re 2

19. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in S

him

oga

dist

rict

➣

N

226

Figu

re 2

20. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in S

him

oga

dist

rict

➣

N

227

Figu

re 2

21. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Shi

mog

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

228

Figu

re 2

22. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Shi

mog

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

229

Figu

re 2

23. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in S

him

oga

dist

rict

➣

N

230

Figu

re 2

24. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in S

him

oga

dist

rict

➣

N

231

Figu

re 2

25. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Shi

mog

a di

stri

ct

➣

N

232

Figure 226. pH status in Tumkur district

➣

N

233

Figure 227. Electrical conductivity status in Tumkur district

➣

N

234

Figure 228. Organic carbon status in Tumkur district

➣

N

235

Figure 229. Available phosphorus status in Tumkur district

➣

N

236

Figure 230. Available potassium status in Tumkur district

➣

N

237

Figure 231. Available sulphur status in Tumkur district

➣

N

238

Figure 232. Available zinc status in Tumkur district

➣

N

239

Figure 233. Available boron status in Tumkur district

➣

N

240

Figure 234. pH status in Udupi district

➣

N

241

Figure 235. Electrical conductivity status in Udupi district

➣

N

242

Figure 236. Organic carbon status in Udupi district

➣

N

243

Figure 237. Available phosphorus status in Udupi district

➣

N

244

Figure 238. Available potassium status in Udupi district

➣

N

245

Figure 239. Available sulphur status in Udupi district

➣

N

246

Figure 240. Available zinc status in Udupi district

➣

N

247

Figure 241. Available boron status in Udupi district

➣

N

248

➣

N

249

➣

N

250

➣

N

251

➣

N

252

➣

N

253

➣

N

254

➣

N

255

➣

N

256

Figu

re 2

50. p

H s

tatu

s in

Yad

gir d

istr

ict

➣

N

257

Figu

re 2

51. E

lect

rica

l con

duct

ivit

y st

atus

in Y

adgi

r dis

tric

t

➣

N

258

Figu

re 2

52. O

rgan

ic c

arbo

n st

atus

in Y

adgi

r dis

tric

t

➣

N

259

Figu

re 2

53. A

vail

able

pho

spho

rus

stat

us in

Yad

gir d

istr

ict

➣

N

260

Figu

re 2

54. A

vail

able

pot

assi

um s

tatu

s in

Yad

gir d

istr

ict

➣

N

261

Figu

re 2

55. A

vail

able

sul

phur

sta

tus

in Y

adgi

r dis

tric

t

➣

N

262

Figu

re 2

56. A

vail

able

zin

c st

atus

in Y

adgi

r dis

tric

t

➣

N

263

Figu

re 2

57. A

vail

able

bor

on s

tatu

s in

Yad

gir d

istr

ict

➣

N

Appendix: Chemical characteristics of

Karnataka soils

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

Mea

n 5.

8 0.

37

0.71

24

.3

107

7.0

1.23

0.

33

Mea

n 6.

2 0.

30

0.63

23

.4

119

13.1

0.

97

0.36

De

cien

t el

ds

30

18

8 68

48

89

284

285

286

287

288

Mea

n 6.

8 0.

29

0.56

13

.5

102

42.0

0.

49

0.61

289

290

291

292

Mea

n 5.

9 0.

10

0.61

12

.8

133

17.8

1.

05

0.76

293

Mea

n 6.

8 0.

18

0.37

4.

0 83

5.

6 0.

85

0.32

294

295

296

About ICRISAT

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Contact Information

The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-pro t, non-political organi ation that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million s uare kilometers of land in 55 countries, the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion people, and 644 million of these are the poorest of the poor. ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger, malnutrition and a degraded environment through better and more resilient agriculture.

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596-2011ISBN: 978-92-9066-543-4 rder code: B 055