academic-reading
Post on 13-Dec-2015
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Academic Reading
Elias Sukardi
Decide your purpose of reading
For overview For in-depth study For specific information
Main contents of Academic Writing
Factual information Terminology Concepts Principles Tables (find out the message) Figures (find out the message) Evidence (scientific evidence)
Scanning versus skimming
• To scan To look through it quickly
• To skim To read through it quickly
Scanning
• Scan for main (principal) idea (thought)
• Scan for tables, diagrams, illustrations, graphical representations
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Skimming
• Skimming for key words, concepts, and principles
• Skimming for main messages in the tables, diagrams, illustrations or graphical representations
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Figures
Tables
What are the messages?
Paragraph Reading
• A paragraph is a section or subdivision of a piece of writing; it always begins on a new line and contains at least one sentence.
• Topic sentence
• Types of paragraphs: deductive & inductive
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Types of Paragraph
Deductive Inductive
General
General
Specific
Specific
• Paragraph
• Identify the topic sentence(s) and find out the important message (idea, thought)
• Deductive XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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• Inductive XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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What is a concept?
• Information about objects, events and processes, allowing us to differentiate various things and classes (e.g. identifying axamples and non-examples!)
• Lack of understanding of concepts leads to lack of clarity in thinking
• Example of concepts: mammal, primate, equity, justice, value, democracy, etc
Concept
An abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances
Bacteria
Acidosis, alkalosis Risk Neurotransmitter, receptor Coma, consciousness, etc
What is a principle?
The combining in relationship of two or more concepts in a statement or sentence.
Principle
A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption
Scientific principle is general scientific law which explains how something happens or works
Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with greater risk for cardiovascular events.
What is scientific evidence?
Any important &reliable information or data;
main outcomes or conclusions of a study/research Source of evidence: textbook, monograph, review article, and research e.g. experimental studies and clinical trials. Important characteristics of scientific evidence: up-to-datedness, validity, and applicability (best available evidence)
Why evidence is so important?
Explain events Predict consequences Infer causes Control situations Solve problems
Some examples of evidence
When a physician believes a drug to be effective in the management of a disease despite strong scientific evidence to the contrary, this represents irrational prescribing (peresepan). Nonscientific factors can or do influence physician prescribing even though the physician may be unaware of their presence and effort.
…evidence
It is an obvious truism that long-term consequences of new drugs are generally not known when they are introduced; the physician and patient should balance the uncertainty with the potential advantages of using a new drug.
Scan Title of passage
Sections Paragraph title References
Skim Main thought/idea in each paragraph Figures and tables Introduction Conclusions/summary
Read & re-read the whole article/passage Reflect on what you've read and connect with
what you have known
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