active transport in plants and animals. in photosynthesis… the proton pump also sets up the proton...

Active Transport in plants and animals

In Photosynthesis…

The proton pump also sets up the proton _______ that allows ATP synthase to make ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

In Cellular Respiration…

____________ transport helps set up the proton (H+) ______________ which will then ultimately allow for ATP synthesis

In Cellular Respiration…

The proton pump actively moves ______ across a membrane; then H+ ___________ back through ATP synthase (which makes the ATP) -- ANIMATION

In the Immune System…

Macrophages are one type of white blood cell; their job is to destroy foreign particles by engulfing them through ______________________

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Specialized ____________ are found in different regions of the body.

In the Immune System…

Neutrophils are another type of white blood cell that uses ___________ to _________ and destroy foreign materials

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In the Excretory System…

Kidneys clean and ___________ the blood to produce urine.

Kidneys + ureters + urinary bladder + urethra = urinary system

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In the Excretory System…

To purify the blood, the kidneys utilize both _________ and _________ transport

In the Excretory System… Kidneys are a pair of bean-

shaped organs. Filtration, ______________,

and ______________ are the 3 parts of blood “cleaning” that occur in the kidney

Kidneys have three basic functions in maintaining _______________________: Remove waste from blood Help maintain electrolyte, pH,

and fluid balances Release key hormones

In the Excretory System… Reabsorption involves

the _____________ of substances from the nephron back into the capillaries / bloodstream 99% of the water that is

initially filtered out gets reabsorbed by ____________ transport

The amount of glucose and salts that get reabsorbed by _____________ transport varies with diet and health

In the Excretory System…

_______________ is the process by which substances move from the blood back into the nephron – it is almost like reabsorption in reverse

Most substances entering the nephron by secretion travel across the membranes by _____________ transport

In the Excretory System…

Substances secreted are ______________ ions (H+), _____________ ions (K+), ____________ (NH3), and certain ______________.

These substances then mix with water and other wastes urine.

Secretion plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance.

In the Nervous System…

The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the ________________ system

In the Nervous System…

Dendrites ________________ information

The cell body contains the nucleus

The axon sends a signal ______ from the cell body

The myelin sheath, made of Schwann cells, insulates the axon and helps speed up the transmission of the signal

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath

The axon (aka synaptic) terminals are branched ends of the axon

In the Nervous System…

A neuron uses an ______________ signal to transmit messages down its axon

A neuron uses a ____________ signal – neurotransmitters – to transmit messages across the synapse (either to another neuron or to a muscle / gland)

In the Nervous System… Active transport establishes the concentration

____________ of ions needed in order for neurons to send an electrical signal down the axon

The ions that need to be moved from low to high concentration are:____________(Na+)____________(K+)

In the Nervous System…

When a neuron is at rest, the inside is ______________ compared to the outside. This is because…There are more _________ (Na+) ions outside.There are more ___________ (K+) ions inside.

In the Nervous System…

The sodium-potassium pump allows the neuron to set up its resting potential by ____________ 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ it pumps in

Remember, active transport requires an input of energy (in the form of ATP) because it is pumping substances against the concentration gradient (from low high concentration)

In the Nervous System…

An action potential is a moving ______________ impulse. It is generated by a

stimulus. Na+ enters, and cell

becomes positively charged. K+ leaves, and the area of

positive charge moves. An _____________________

only travels one-way down the axon (from dendrites / cell body toward terminals / synapse).

In the Nervous System… As ____+ ________

the neuron, the inside becomes more positive

As ____+ ________ the neuron, the inside becomes negative again (when compared to the outside)

In the Nervous System…

________________ – the form of bulk transport that carries substances out of a cell – is the process used to release ________________ into the synapse

In the Nervous System…

When the action potential reaches the axon / synaptic terminals, the electrical signal cannot jump the _____________ (the tiny gap between one neuron and the next).

A chemical signal – in the form of a ________________ – passes from one neuron to another (or onto a muscle or gland).