advances in diesel fuel technology jim macneil drd drd additives llc
Post on 24-Jan-2016
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Advances in Diesel Fuel Technology
Jim MacNeil
DRDDRD ADDITIVES LLC
Agenda
• Why is diesel fuel interesting?
• What is diesel fuel?
• What are the problems with diesel fuel?
• What is biodiesel?
• New technology
Why is diesel fuel interesting?
• 2006 US diesel fuel consumption was 190 billion liters (50 billion gallons)
• Major consumption in trucking industry
What is diesel fuel?
• Hydrocarbon petroleum fraction
• Main component is cetane (C20H42)
Petroleum refining
Composition
• 40-50% cetane• 20-40% aromatic compounds• Remainder saturated cyclic compounds, shorter
and longer aliphatic species, others• Additives
– Cetane improvers– Detergents– Lubricity additives– Pour point depressants
Sulfur
• In 2006, Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) became mandatory– Sulfur content reduced from 300+ ppm to <15
ppm by 2010• Refiners receive tax credits for early compliance
– Reduces major cause of acid rain– Corresponding reduction in lubricity
What problems are associated with diesel fuel?
• Freezes at low temperatures– Special winter blends available
• Emissions– Nitrogen oxides– Hydrocarbons– Particulates
Combustion
• C20H42 + O2 H2O + CO2
• Fuel + air H2O + CO2 + CO + NOx + particulates + hydrocarbons
• NOx and hydrocarbons cause smog
• Particulates linked to cancer
Smog
Particulates
Biodiesel
• Methyl ester of fatty acids known as B100– Made from natural oils and greases– Renewable resource– Considered a fuel additive– Used as a blend with conventional diesel fuel
• Levels range from 2-20% (B2-B20)
– Reduces particulate emissions– Improves lubricity– Freezes in cold weather– Increases NOx emissions– Lowers output horsepower
Other Additives
• Cetane improver– 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate
• 2-EHN• Improves energy output of fuel
Other Additives
• Detergents– Aromatic compounds and other impurities
cause deposits on internal engine components and fuel injectors
– Deposits reduce air flow, reduce efficiency of air-fuel mixing
– Long-chain hydrocarbons with polar end groups
Other Additives
• Lubricity additives– Lard oils and fatty acids
• Pour point depressants– Complex polymers– Enable use of diesel fuel at low ambient
temperatures– No technology currently available for B100
• B100 biodiesel frozen in storage tanks throughout winter
Combustion
• Fuel + air H2O + CO2 + CO + NOx + particulates + hydrocarbons
• Can combustion process be changed to reduce byproducts?
New Technology
Catalysis
• What can selectively catalyze the reaction of oxygen with fuel?
• Catalyst must not cause additional environmental problems– MMT was a choice for replacement of lead
compounds (TEL) but caused increased manganese levels
• Proprietary new catalyst technology avoids these issues
Effect
• With proprietary catalyst technology:– 3% improvement in fuel economy– 6% reduction in NOx emissions– 12% reduction in particulates
• A 500 unit fleet will contribute 250 TONS less NOx per year and 6000 pounds less particulates
• A single school bus will emit 30 pounds less particulates.
• Compatible with biodiesel blends– Overcomes biodiesel performance limitations
DRDDRD ADDITIVES LLC
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