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Europe in AD 998Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas

of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 53

thethe OttonianOttonianthe the OttonianOttonian

the Ottonian

division of Charlemagne’s empire 843g p

temporary reunion 885-8

raids of the Magyars &c C10thraids of the Magyars &c, C10th

Germany regains territory in the Netherlands and Belgium, 925

Germany annexes northern Italy 951-961

Otto creates the German Empire, 962

Germany defeats the Magyars, 985

S Maria, Mittelzell, Reichenau, 819, 991-6 &c: interiorHoward Saalman, Medieval Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), fig 45

S Maria, Mittelzell: planSaalman Medieval Architecture fig 44Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fig 44

S Maria, Mittelzell: westwork 1030 1048westwork, 1030-1048

K J Conant Carolingian andK J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture

[Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]

1959), pl 8

St Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 961 onwards and C12thJohn Beckwith, Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque (London 1964), p 88

St Cyriakus, Gernrode:, 971

onwardswest end

Lewis, Architectura, p 271271

St Cyriakus: drawingsHenry Stierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 141

St Cyriakus: interiorSt Cyriakus: interiorBeckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89

St CyriakusH Demetrios, Salonika, late C5th

Beckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89ec , a y ed e a , p 89Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 23

St Michael, Hildesheim, 1001-1033: plan

Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), p 59

St Michael, Hildesheim: isometricStierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture, I, p 143

St Michael, Hildesheim: restoration viewConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 72

St Michael, Hildesheim: views of nave & north transeptAltet, The Early Middle Ages, p 157; Künstler, Romanesque Art, pl 141

St Mi h lSt Michael, Hildesheim

detail of block capitalcapital

Pevsner Outline of EuropeanPevsner, Outline of European Architecture [1968], p 67

block capital from Klein-Komburg, near Swabisch HallCichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 239

the revival ofthe revival ofthe revival of the revival of vaultingvaultingvaultingvaulting

THE REVIVAL OF VAULTING

the barrel vault (semi-cylindrical)

the intersecting or groin vault

th d d ltthe domed-up vault

barrel vault, showing thrustAfter Lewis, Architectura, p 22

S S iSt.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, France,

1075 onwards1075 onwards

MUAS 9894MUAS 9894

barrel and intersecting vaultsCichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 429y, g , p

comparison of intersecting and barrel vaultingMUAS 24,604

intersecting vaulting, without, and with wall and transverse ribsCecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 139

a definition of Romanesque architecture

the architecture of Romanised, Christianised Europe, as it developed round about AD 1000developed round about AD 1000

influenced by surviving Roman buildings in Europe, and y g g ponly secondarily by the Byzantine world

h t i d b b l d i lticharacterised by barrel and groin vaulting

shows important links between the different countries ofshows important links between the different countries of Europe

shows considerable regional variations

i il hit t f h h d li iprimarily an architecture of churches and religious buildings

Ravenna & SyriaRavenna & SyriaRavenna & SyriaRavenna & Syria

Ravenna & Syriasources of the ‘First Romanesque’

blind arcadingmachicolation

the corbelled shaftthe corbelled shaftthe corbel tablethe pilaster strip

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425Miles Lewis

Sant' Apollinare in Classe Ravenna cClasse, Ravenna, c

532-549

clerestorysouth flank

Miles Lewis

Palace of Diocletian,

Spalato: theSpalato: the Porta Aurea or north gateway: reconstr ctionreconstruction

view

Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman ArchitectureRoman Architecture

(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528

St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, Syria, c 460-480elevations of the nave wall and apse exterior

Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 109

St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, c 460-480: apse detailKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 24

Palace of Diocletian, the Porta Aurea th t t ti ior north gateway: reconstruction view

'Palace of the Exarchs' ['CalchiPalace of the Exarchs [ Calchi Palace'], Ravenna, possibly C6th

Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528

Ed A Longo, Ravenna, Rip Vietata

‘Palace of the Exarchs’: detailMiles Lewis

the appearance of the arcaded corbel table & pilaster strip

Orthodox Baptistery, Ravenna: detail of upper walls, probably c 450

Miles Lewis

RavennateRavennate influenceinfluenceRavennateRavennate influenceinfluence

Ravennate influence

Lombard control of northern Italy 568-750

guild of magistri commacini or comacini by 643guild of magistri commacini, or comacini by 643

brick buildings with arcaded corbel tables and pilaster strips

triple apses

raking corbel tablesg

arcaded galleries

stone buildings similarstone buildings similar

Lombard or Lombardus – a stonemason

Baptistery at Lomello, C8thC8th

view & plan

Miles LewisPaolo Verzone, From Theodoric to

Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 128

St Peter, Mistail (Grisons), possibly(Grisons), possibly C8th (tower later)

Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fi 14 Sti li E l di ffig 14; Stierlin, Encyclopædia of

World Architecture, I, p 137

S Giorgio, Valpolicella, C8th or 10th?: plan

Raffaele Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London 1896), p 101

San Salvatore Brescia early C9th: view down naveSan Salvatore, Brescia, early C9th: view down naveAbbey Church of Santa Maria, Pomposa, nave possibly pre-1000: nave looking west

Donald Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (London 1965), p 21Eva-Maria Wagner, Pre-Romanesque Art (London 1966 [Frankfurt am main 1965]), pl 155

emergence of theemergence of theemergence of the emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’‘First Romanesque’First RomanesqueFirst Romanesque

emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’

brick buildings

triple apses

pilaster strips

arcaded corbel tablesarcaded corbel tables

raking corbel tablesraking corbel tables

arcaded gallery around the apse

San Vincenzo in Prato, Milan, c 833:

east end

Miles Lewis

San Vincenzo in Prato: naveMiles Lewis

San Vincenzo in Pratonave arcadingnave arcading

Miles Lewis

the First Romanesque in Italythe First Romanesque in Italy

S Vincenzo in Prato MilanS Vincenzo in Prato, MilanS Pietro, Agliate

B ti t A li tBaptistery, AgliateDuomo & campanile, TorcelloSta Maria Maggiore, Lomello

S Michele LomelloS Michele LomelloCampanile of S Satiro, Milan

S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan

S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan (with baptistery)Miles Lewis

Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy, p 257

Baptistery, Agliateview & detail

Miles Lewis

Abbey Church of Sta Maria, Pomposa with the campanile of 1063François Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 182 ; Brian Lewis

Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068view across the lagoon

Miles Lewis

Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta FoscaBrian Lewis

Duomo, Torcello: plan

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 31

Duomo, Torcelloview of nave; engraving of synthrononview of nave; engraving of synthronon

MUAS 6,786James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 498

Duomo, Torcello: detail of arcadingMiles Lewis

Santa Maria Maggiore, Lomello, c 1025

view from southnave

Miles Lewis

Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello view of roofMiles Lewis

San Michele, Lomello, C11thMiles Lewis

S Michele, Lomello: pier details

Miles Lewis

San Satiro, Milan, campanile, mid-C11th view & detail

Miles Lewis

the spread of the First Romanesque

FranceBell tower Puissalicon HéraultBell tower, Puissalicon, Hérault St-Guilhem-le-Desert, Hérault

St Martin du Canigou near PradesSt-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades

SpainSpainSta Cecilia, Montserrat

S Cli t T h llS Climente, TahullSt Jaime de Frontanyá

bell tower, Puissalicon,

Hérault, ?lateHérault, ?late C11th

elevation

Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la

France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xxxix

St-Guilhem-le-Desert HéraultDesert, Hérault, C11th & C12th

east elevationview

Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la

France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xl

Country Life CLVII 4045Country Life, CLVII, 4045 (9 January 1975), p 75

St-Martin-du-Canigou nearCanigou, near

Prades (French Catalonia), 1001-

10261026

Daryl McFall

St-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades 1001-1026: view & isometric

Gantner, L'Art Monumental Romane en France, pl 112

Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 62

St-Martin-du-Canigou: interiorHenri Focillon, The Art of the West in the Middle Ages (2nd ed, 2 vols, London 1969 [1963]), II, pl 4

Europe in 1092McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 63

spread of the First RomanesqueMiles Lewis

Sta Cecilia, Montserrat, 957 or later, view from the eastConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 29

S Climente, Tahull, 1132,, ,from the east

Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 214g , p

St Jaime de Frontanyá, 1070J J M Timmers, A Handbook of Romanesque Art (London 1969), pl 178

Cathedral of Sankt-Maria-und-StephanSpeyer, Germany, 1030-1062

reconstruction

Speyer CathedralSpeyer Cathedraleast end

(gable and apse 1082-1182)

MUAS 14,837

Speyer Cathedralplan

reconstruction plan of original crypt

Kü tl R A t i E 102Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, p 102H F Kubach, Romanesque Architecture (London

1988 [Milan 1978]), p 53

Speyer Cathedralcryptcrypt

MUAS 14,839

Speyer Cathedral, crypt detailsMiles Lewis

Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310MUAS 12,610

Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061, and modern viewKubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57

Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 101

Intersecting & domical vaultsStewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 143