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Food Security:
Agrobiodiversity
data for
Development Elizabeth Arnaud
Bioversity International
www.bioversityinternational.org
African Rising
19-22 May 2015, Cape Town, South Africa
includes all components of biological diversity relevant to food and agriculture as well as the components of biological diversity that constitute the agro-ecosystem (Frison et al. 2011).
Contribute to farmers’ Resilience to climatic events provides options for adaptive strategies to environmental
and economical changes. Support the restoration of ecosystem services,
It is a genetic reservoir of new traits that can be selected by farmers.
Focus on diversity crop and wild relatives
Agrobiodiversity
Agrobiodiversity: focus on
crop diversity Is the foundation of agriculture : 950 species of cultivated
plants are threatened globally (Khoshbakht and Hammer,
2007).
Trees are sources of food, fuel wood and livelihoods . Used for medicine, as fodder for livestock, shade, and
watershed maintenance, + paper products and
construction materials
Traditional knowledge and culture often based on local species diversity and its us
Contributes to health and nutrition
7,000 plant species in the world that are edible, but over 50% of our plant-derived calories come from only 3 species: rice, wheat and maize (FAO, 1997).
A healthy diet includes multiple food groups, made of diverse foods.
Nutrient content varies among species and among varieties within a species.
Agrobiodiversity
Sustains soil health, food & habitat for pollinators
: pollinators contribute to the production of over
80% of crops traded on the world market (Klein et al,
2007).
Natural pest predators: estimated 10-16% of
global harvests are lost /year due to plant
disease (Strange & Scott, 2005; Oerke, 2006).
Agrobiodiversity
Neglected and Underutilized
species = promising species
NUS are plant species and varieties of importance for the rural communities but to which little or no attention is paid by agricultural researchers, plant breeders and policymakers
NUS are not widely traded (Padulosi et al, 2013)
NUS are represented by wild, semi-domesticated or local varieties and many non-timber forest species, adapted to local and often marginal areas
Occurrence of neglected and
underutilized species
list of species compiled by M. Delêtre; map: H. Gaisberger
Crop Wild Relatives
Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant species closely related to crops, including wild ancestors
They have an indirect use as gene donors for crop improvement due to their relatively close genetic relationship to crops
They are an important socio-economic resource that offer novel genetic diversity required to maintain future food security
CWR are neglected and threatened in the wild
Not taken into account in environmental policy planning
Partnership between Environment and agriculture is key
Diversity of crop wild relatives
Occurrence data points of crop wild relatives.
From
the project ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: collecting, protecting and
preparing crop wild relatives’ (authors: CIAT, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Millenium Seedbank Kew, University Birmingham.)
Identify the areas for collect
Conserve, characterize, evaluate
Hotspots of geneflow between 16 crops and their
wild relatives: : creating new diversity
Maps by Hannes Gaisberger (Bioversity), July 2012,
with the data of Meike S. Anderson
Aderson M.S., De Vincente C. ‘Gene Flow between Crops and Their Wild
Relatives’ (2009)
A global in situ monitoring
System for Agrobiodiversity
focus on crops and wild
relatives
What functions? Monitor the status of Agrobiodiversity in situ and on
farm to support conservation strategies (national,
regional, global) and red list when threathened
Plan Interventions for restoration and management
of agrobiodiversity
Eco-geographic studies to Identify promising varieties
of crops to address climatic changes
Secure access to seeds for needs (infrastructure)
Contribution to the implementation of Article 17 of the
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources on Food and
Agricuture, in accordance with Nagoya Protocol
Water Atlas and Availability
Afsys – African soil Atlas
Earth Institute
Challenges for Agrobiodiversity
monitoring system
More difficult and complex than dealing with ex situ genebank data.
No global system at the infra-species level exist
take into account many drivers which influence
diversity on farm and in situ.
Information is more scattered and usually poorly
described and organized.
Unstructured data, multimedia
Require a very broad global collaboration
ensure fair sharing of data and knowledge, avoiding
any charges of misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge (TK) – Nagoya Protocol
Existing information systems
and mechanisms to be
harnessed for monitoring
Country level Information State of the World of PGRFA - 113 Country reports
State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources
State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and
Agriculture (SoWBFA) – on going
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
(NBSAPS) - 180 (93%) Parties developed NBSAPs
Country Report
• Field observations, surveys, metrics sent to
National Focal Points
• Monitoring = time series
• National Focal Points to Global Registries,
catalogues
• Statistics, predictive models
Community Biodiversity Registries
a system of Community Biodiversity Registries and
seedbanks
farmers and community-based organizations regularly provide information to community biodiversity registers
e.g. Ethiopia, Nepal and India.
CBRs connected to a central seed registry housed at
the competent national partner institution.
Jogimara community seed bank & LI-BIRD staff
Photo: Ronnie Vernooy/Bioversity Intl., Nepal Geregera Community Seedbank, Amhara region, Ethiopia Photo: Carlo Fadda, Bioversity Intl., Kenya
Collecting mission database & collectors’ fieldbook repositories
• over 225,000 plant samples collected in more than 500
collecting expeditions worldwide
• Samples of approximately 4,300 different species
Collaborative Development of a core set of
Indicators
Repeatable
Cost effective
Adequate Scale
High Value for Information
Collecting new data
Data Collect technologies
• What technology could be used to get useful, reliable data for ABD monitoring?
• What technology for what objective and scale?
• How to collectively analyze large amount of data ?
Crowdsourcing farmer’s preferences in Ethiopia & Kenya Contact: Jeske van de Gevel & Jacob van Etten
Crowdsourcing concept for farmers preferences
Evaluation card
Unique code: 8181
Germination:______
_
Yield:___________
Etc. _____________
________________
________________
________________
1
2
3
8181
1
2
3
Registration card
Unique code: 8181
Name:____________
GPS:_____________
________________
________________
________________
________________
• Ask simple questions by phone- sms based:
Which one yields most?
Which one is more drought tolerant?
• Farmer like to participate: curiosity, access to
seed
• Most farmers are ready to answer by phone,
but some problems with access
• Data quality is good enough
• The method is easy to implement but is (still)
paper intensive
• Women can be involved through women
groups
Some conclusions
Data Fitness for Use
Bring enough data on Agrobiodiversity, of
comparable scale and granularity
Confirm the Diversity managed in the field: Genetic
identification
Identify gaps, find proxys and interpolate data
Develop metadata and controlled vocabularies for
describing data sets (taxon, traits, etc)
Multilingual and multidisciplinary knowledge
In situ Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives in
three ACP countries of SADC Region
‘In situ conservation and use of crop wild relatives in three ACP countries of the SADC region’ (short name - SADC Crop Wild Relatives) is a three-year project (2014-2016) co-funded by the European Union and implemented through the ACP-EU Co-operation Programme in Science and Technology (S&T II) by the ACP Group of States. Grant agreement no. FED/2013/330-210.
Contact: Ehsan Dulloo, Bioversity International
Southern African Development
Community (SADC) http://www.cropwildrelatives.org/sadc-cwr-project/
Angola
Botswana
Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC)
Lesotho,
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Swaziland
United Republic of
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Objectives of SADC CWR project
Overall objective:
Enhance link between conservation and use of Crop Wild Relatives in three ACP countries within the SADC region
Key Results:
• Capacity of at least 30 people from SADC Member States in in situ conservation and use of CWR has improved by the end of project
• A tested toolkit for conservation and use of CWR published and shared
• Detailed Checklist and inventory of CWR in each of the three pilot countries – Mauritius, Zambia, South Africa
• baseline information on diversity, conservation status and threat of targeted CWR
• Regional assessment of CWR within SADC region
• Three Exemplar CWR SAPs developed and published
31
Mauritius 2014 - 26 participants from 14 SADC countries
Pretoria, South Africa , 13-16 April 2015
Objectives
Develop countries’ species checklists and inventories
Prioritization of CWR for conservation
Conservation status assessment of priority CWR
Plans for implementation of conservation priorities
Relevant policy for the conservation of CWR
To strengthen capacities in the SADC region in predictive characterization of CWR
To strengthen capacities in the SADC region in pre-breeding of CWR
To outline actions that promote the use of CWR diversity for inclusion into National Strategic Plan for the conservation and use of CWR.
Regional training workshops on in situ
conservation of CWR
Regional Analysis of CWR in SADC Region
• create a regional CWR checklist ;
• undertake CWR prioritization;
• develop a regional CWR inventory;
• carry out diversity analyses (complementarity,
ecogeographic and/or a combination of approaches);
• undertake in situ gap analyses (within and between
taxa);
• carry out ex situ gap analysis
• undertake climate change analysis ; and
• establish conservation priorities and actions
identify regional (and national) in situ CWR hotspots and priority
sites for in situ conservation and ex situ collection validated
through expert interviews and field visits using innovative GIS
technology.
Mobilizing data together
Through GBIF, SANBI and other partners:
• To carry out regional analysis, occurrence data of CWR within the SADC will be required.
• To complete and compile lists from potential sources of occurrence data:
• GBIF data from the 14 countries of the SADC region.
• SANBI herbaria,
• SABONET network
• GCDT data on CWR
• Can GBIF, SANBI help in accessing these data ?
• SADC project will contribute data to the inventory of wild plant species and to decision-making
• December 2015: International conference hosted by ARC and department of Agriculture, forestry nd fisheries 0Min of agriculture, South Africa.
Agrobiodiversity based Restoration of
Agroecosystem services in Ethiopia
Water, Land and Ecosystem CGIAR Research
Programme
Restoration project in Ethiopia
Land degradation has a severe impact on
how ecosystems function.
many of the benefits that ecosystems provide
to local communities and agricultural
production are also degraded.
Our project aims to leverage the potential of plant and agricultural diversity to support the restoration of three degraded landscapes in the Ethiopian highlands from the northern Tigray region to the southern Oromia region.
Targeted Ecosystem services: Soil Degradation
Pest and disease control
Seeds availability
Nutrition-functional diversity
Restoration project in Ethiopia
Ethiopian Government plan:
Building a climate-resilient
green economy Ethiopia is planning to develop the green economy
strategy based on
four pillars Improving crop and livestock production practices
to increase food yields, hence food security and farmer income, while reducing emissions
Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks
Expanding electric power generation from renewable sources of energy fivefold over the next five years for markets at home and in neighbouring Countries
Leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industry, and buildings
Objectives Provide a restoration toolkit to support decision making
of local authorities
Identification of a mix of plant species and varieties, maximizing the diversity for the traits matching the needs of the restoration strategy along with information on the seeds availability.
well-established participatory and gender-sensitive evaluation programmes with farming communities to validate the most relevant species and varieties.
Results of this community-led assessment need be added to the collective knowledge about the seeds’ performances : prefered traits, nutritional value, long term maintenance
Expansion to the Blue Nile Region and beyond
Key information needed for
restoration
A Species and varieties database with agronomic,
nutrition and ecological/functional traits useful for
the targeted restoration and nutrition-functional
diversity
A geospatial web site for visualization of the species
and varieties distribution and abundance with
adequate layers for soil and water,
Standards fieldbooks for surveys and monitoring
a model workflow for guiding communities in the
production of predictive mix of species and varieties
with traits useful for the targeted ecosystems
Data Fitness for Use
Bring enough data on Agrobiodiversity, of
comparable scale and granularity
Confirm the Diversity managed in the field: Genetic
identification
Identify gaps, find proxys and interpolate data
Develop metadata and controlled vocabularies for
describing data sets (taxon, traits, etc)
Multilingual and multidisciplinary knowledge
Workshop on Crop diversity
monitoring
March 2015, Montpellier
Agropolis Foundation supported
Key projects on crop diversity and adaptive
traits, GBIF
Compile wealth of existing data, compare
and share, analyse for decision-making
Identify indicators that could be tested at
several sclaes and in selected obsveration
sites
New Task Group Data Fitness
For Use by Agrobiodiversity
Task group composed
Survey to community between June and July
Intermediary report for the GBIF GB, October
Final report November
Task Group members: Elizabeth Arnaud, Bioversity International, France - Chair
Ebrahim Jahanshiri, Crop for the Future, Malaysia
Jean Ganglo Cossi, Univ. Abomey-Calvi, Benin
Dag Terje Endresen, Norway
Nora Patricia Castañeda Álvarez, CIAT, Colombia
Yves Vigouroux, Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopment (IRD), France
Dmitry Schigel, GBIF, Denmark
Contribute Agrobiodiversity
data to Open Data Africa opendataforafrica.org/
African Development Bank Group (AfDB)
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