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Structural Fasteners in Structural Fasteners in WoodWood--toto--Wood ConnectionsWood Connections
“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be
t d t AIA/CES f AIA b C tifi t f C l ti freported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professionalThis program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials methods and services will beQuestions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
di t ib ti di l d f th t tidistribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© The Wood Products Council 201
Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1 A ti l t h d ti l di di ti d d l b i t th1. Articulate how wood properties, loading direction and dowel bearing strength
affect the strength of wood connections.
2. Understand the features and strength properties of traditional nails, screws,g p p , ,
lags and bolts and the newest fastener- Structural Wood Screws.
3. Understand the procedures involved in determining the imposed loads and
selection of the appropriate fastener.
4. Locate and understand the code requirements for specific wood-frame
structural connectionsstructural connections.
WelcomeWelcome
IntroductionsIntroductions
WelcomeWelcome
Introductions Introductions
Mark GuthrieMark GuthrieTechnical ManageTechnical ManageTesting and Code Development Testing and Code Development
WelcomeWelcome
IntroductionsIntroductions
WelcomeWelcome
Introductions Introductions Who’s in the Room?Who’s in the Room?
Inspectors Plan ReviewInspectors Plan ReviewInspectors, Plan ReviewInspectors, Plan ReviewArchitects, EngineersArchitects, EngineersBuilders, Contractors, DevelopersBuilders, Contractors, DevelopersOtherOther
Today’s TopicsToday’s TopicsToday s TopicsToday s Topics
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesFastener BasicsFastener BasicsThe “Evolution of Fasteners” The “Evolution of Fasteners” New Category of Structural Wood Screws New Category of Structural Wood Screws g yg y
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
NDSNDS National Design Specification for WoodNational Design Specification for WoodNDS NDS –– National Design Specification for Wood National Design Specification for Wood Construction Construction –– the “Bible”the “Bible”
Wood PropertiesWood Properties –– Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etcWood Properties Wood Properties Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etcFastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
IRCIRC –– Residential CodeResidential CodeIRC IRC Residential Code Residential Code IBC IBC –– Commercial Building CodeCommercial Building Code
Your State Code Your State Code
Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced
AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualCode compliant prescriptive methodCode compliant prescriptive methodSame authors as NDSSame authors as NDSSame authors as NDSSame authors as NDS
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravityMoisture ContentMoisture ContentLoading DirectionLoading DirectionLoading DirectionLoading DirectionDowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravityThe “floatability” factorThe “floatability” factor
Ipe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksIpe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksWood Species SG
Ipe 1 00DF Larch floats 50% aboveDF Larch floats 50% above
Higher SG = DenserHigher SG = DenserDenser Stronger WoodDenser Stronger Wood
Ipe 1.00
Red Oak 0.67
Southern Pine 0.55Denser = Stronger WoodDenser = Stronger WoodSpecific Gravity is the #1 Specific Gravity is the #1 determinant of connection determinant of connection
Douglas Fir Larch 0.50
SCL / Engineered 0.50
Douglas Fir South 0 46strengthstrength Douglas Fir South 0.46
Hem Fir 0.43
SPF 0.42
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific GravityHow does SG effect connection strength?How does SG effect connection strength?
Shear Strength of 1/2" Lag Screw in Different Woods*Strength
Species SG Lbs./Lagg
Difference
Oak 0.67 280 +22%
SYP 0.55 230
DFL 0.50 200 -13%
SPF 0.42 150 -35%
* Assumes a 2x attached to a 4x
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry WoodWet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry WoodMoisture ContentMoisture Content
If 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineerIf 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineerggIf above 19% = “WET” If above 19% = “WET”
The wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthThe wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthM t b t d f b iM t b t d f b iMust be compensated for by engineer: Must be compensated for by engineer:
Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to wet service conditions in use, reference design values wet service conditions in use, reference design values must be multiplied by the must be multiplied by the wet service factorswet service factors…” …”
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry WoodWet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry WoodHow does it effect connection strength?How does it effect connection strength?
Design Strengths in SYP
Load Type Fastener TypeDry
(Lbs)Wet Service
FactorWet
(Lbs)yp yp ( ) ( )
Shear½” Lag 230 .70 161
16d Nail 154 .70 108
Withdrawal ½” Lag 437 .70 306
16d Nail 75 .25 19
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading Direction
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading Direction Loading Direction Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain
Parallel to Grain Parallel to Grain LoadingLoading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading
L LLL L LLL
Load Load DirectionDirection
GrainGrain G
GL
Which connection is stronger?Which connection is stronger?Grain Grain DirectionDirection
GG
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading Direction
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Loading DirectionLoading DirectionParallel to Grain is actually stronger!Parallel to Grain is actually stronger!
Parallel to Parallel to Grain LoadingGrain Loading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading
Load Load DirectionDirection
GrainGrain
410 lbs.230 lbs.
Grain Grain DirectionDirection
( Design Shear of ½” Lag Screw in SYP )
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing StrengthAbility for the wood Ability for the wood aboveabove the fastener to the fastener to support the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastener
¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”
Which one of these holes supports the least weight? Which one of these holes supports the least weight?
Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties
Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength
5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi 2950 psi2950 psi
¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”
Larger the hole, weaker the wood! Larger the hole, weaker the wood!
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / ScrewsMetal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in WoodEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts Fastener Facts
Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws
Head Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point StyleHead Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point Style
Threads Per Inch (TPI) Minor Thread & Threads Per Inch (TPI) Major Thread Diameter
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties
Shear Strength Shear Strength –– Lbs needed to slice metalLbs needed to slice metalApprox 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screwApprox 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screw
Tensile Strength Tensile Strength –– Lbs to stretch until break metal Lbs to stretch until break metal Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs Approx 2,500 Lbs
Bending Yield Bending Yield –– Lbs to bend metal beyond elasticLbs to bend metal beyond elasticApprox 125,000 psi *Approx 125,000 psi *
Used to compare fasteners onlyUsed to compare fasteners onlyNot suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connection
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Strength PropertiesDesign Strength PropertiesDesign Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties
Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthApprox 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYPApprox 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYPApprox. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYPApprox. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYP
Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthApprox 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *
D i H d P llD i H d P ll Th h St thTh h St thDesign Head PullDesign Head Pull--Through Strength Through Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of wood under headApprox 100 lbs. per inch of wood under head
Takes into account fastener Takes into account fastener and woodand wood interactioninteractionOnly value used by designer/engineerOnly value used by designer/engineerInclude Safety Factor (2 5Include Safety Factor (2 5 5 times)5 times)Include Safety Factor (2.5 Include Safety Factor (2.5 –– 5 times)5 times)
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Safety factor?Safety factor?Safety factor? Safety factor? Who cares about a safety factor?Who cares about a safety factor?
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Ledger Connection
35 people35 people
Stair Stringer Connection1
Handrail ConnectionsAt l t 6 “l ” 1 guyAt least 6 “leaners”
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Quick “Live Load” AnalysisQuick “Live Load” AnalysisQuick Live Load AnalysisQuick Live Load Analysis
Guests weigh 6200 lbs. Deck designed to carry 7700 lbs.
Only 1500 lbs. (7 people + 1 keg) away from anticipated live load.
The safety factor creates a buffer for inconsistencies in materials and usage.
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthMaximum pounds of shear load Maximum pounds of shear load that can be safely applied that can be safely applied beforebeforefastener or wood is displaced fastener or wood is displaced
Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts
Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthMaximum pounds of Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be withdrawal load that can be safely applied safely applied beforebefore threads threads disengaging from the wood disengaging from the wood
Fastener FactsFastener Factsaste e actsaste e acts
Design PullDesign Pull Through StrengthThrough StrengthDesign PullDesign Pull--Through StrengthThrough StrengthMaximum pounds of withdrawal Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be safely applied load that can be safely applied beforebefore head begins to pull through head begins to pull through side memberside member
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wooden DowelsWooden DowelsWooden DowelsWooden DowelsNails and SpikesNails and SpikesWood ScrewsWood ScrewsWood ScrewsWood ScrewsLag ScrewsLag ScrewsTh h B ltTh h B ltThrough BoltsThrough BoltsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wooden DowelsWooden DowelsWooden DowelsWooden DowelsShip buildingShip buildingPost & beamPost & beamPost & beamPost & beamTimber frameTimber frame
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails BenefitsBenefitsNails Nails -- BenefitsBenefitsEasy to install Easy to install –– one tool / no special skills neededone tool / no special skills neededContractor familiarity Contractor familiarity –– common nomenclaturecommon nomenclatureyyPneumatic capability Pneumatic capability –– faster by farfaster by farInexpensive Inexpensive –– cheapest methodcheapest methodAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDS
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails DrawbacksDrawbacksNails Nails -- DrawbacksDrawbacksTough to determine size from headTough to determine size from headDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedCommon disregard for fastening patternsCommon disregard for fastening patterns
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
NailsNails Biggest DrawbacksBiggest DrawbacksNails Nails –– Biggest DrawbacksBiggest Drawbacks#1 #1 –– Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength#2#2 –– Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture#2 #2 Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture
(75% reduction in strength!)(75% reduction in strength!)
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthUnacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications
(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood ScrewsWood ScrewsWood ScrewsDeck screwsDeck screwsNOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!!
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws BenefitsBenefitsWood Screws Wood Screws -- BenefitsBenefitsEasy to install Easy to install
No preNo pre--drillingdrillingNo preNo pre drillingdrillingCordless drills & impact driversCordless drills & impact drivers
Threads add greater Threads add greater withdrawal strength vs. nailswithdrawal strength vs. nailsValues in NDSValues in NDS
Sh & Withd lSh & Withd l
nailsnails
Shear & WithdrawalShear & Withdrawal
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacksWood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacksUnknown qualityUnknown quality
95% imports95% imports95% imports95% importsNo strengths printed on boxNo strengths printed on boxMost not ICC vetted (no report)Most not ICC vetted (no report)
Coating claims uncheckedCoating claims unchecked“ACQ Approved”?“ACQ Approved”?QC Process AccountabilityQC Process AccountabilityQC Process Accountability QC Process Accountability
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacksWood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacksShear strength and ductility dependent on Shear strength and ductility dependent on proper heat treatproper heat treatp pp pMost imported screws are Most imported screws are throughthrough--hardenedhardened
Through HardenedThrough Hardened Case HardenedCase Hardened
Carbon cooked, brittle potential CarbonCarbon cooked, brittle potential Carbon--rich case, ductile corerich case, ductile core
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners
Lag ScrewsLag Screws –– BenefitsBenefitsLag Screws Lag Screws BenefitsBenefitsEasy to find. Available in all sizes.Easy to find. Available in all sizes.Greater strength than screws or nailsGreater strength than screws or nailsggStrengths reported in the NDSStrengths reported in the NDSCode allowed / preferredCode allowed / preferred
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Lag ScrewsLag Screws DrawbacksDrawbacksLag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacksBy code, must preBy code, must pre--drill drill twicetwice
75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length100% of diameter for unthreaded portion 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion
Second preSecond pre--drill step commonly drill step commonly Seco d p eSeco d p e d step co o yd step co o yignored by the installerignored by the installer
Nearly impossible to inspect!Nearly impossible to inspect!
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersDeck Collapse Injures Scores -
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersp j
Ledger splits from faulty lag screw installation
July 30, 2004. Diamond Horseshoe Casino in Polson, Montana.34 i j d 3 iti ll 4 lif th t i34 injured, 3 critically, 4 life threatening
Post-failure inspection found "lag screws were too few and far between, and they were driven through the ledger with a rotary hammer rather than through pre-drilled holes, which induced a splitting force”p g
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersLag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacks
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersgg
By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:C t B d j ki k j i t i i t tC t B d j ki k j i t i i t tCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entryCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entry
Side Main
Threads in shear plane Threads in shear plane -- the weakest part of the the weakest part of the pp ppscrew in the most critical part of the applicationscrew in the most critical part of the application
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts BenefitsBenefitsThrough Bolts Through Bolts –– BenefitsBenefitsBest withdrawal strengths of all Best withdrawal strengths of all Requires preRequires pre--drillingdrilling –– can’t cheatcan’t cheatRequires preRequires pre drilling drilling can t cheatcan t cheatEasy to identifyEasy to identifyAccepted values in NDSAccepted values in NDSpp
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacksThrough Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacksDifficult to installDifficult to install
Drilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling requiredThree tools needed for installationThree tools needed for installationExpensive Expensive –– 4 pieces of hardware4 pieces of hardware
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacksThrough Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacksNegligible benefit in shear strength over Negligible benefit in shear strength over lags lags –– for much more work:for much more work:gg
Wood 1/2" Lag 1/2" BoltSPF 170 170
Design Shear Strength Perpendicular to Grain
SPF 170 170Doug. Fir 200 220South. Pine 230 250
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?Comments?Comments?Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts?
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s
Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsStrength equal or greater than lag screwsStrength equal or greater than lag screws
Supported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reportsVersatility of deck screwsVersatility of deck screws
No predrillingNo predrillingNo predrillingNo predrillingComplete InspectabilityComplete Inspectability
Head markingsHead markingsggInformation provided on box / literatureInformation provided on box / literature
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
A d Alt tiA d Alt tiApproved as an AlternativeApproved as an AlternativeAs with all nonAs with all non--commodity products, commodity products, allowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materials allowable under the Alternative Materials provision R104.11 (IRC & local code).provision R104.11 (IRC & local code).
Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)( )( )Third party, peer reviewed reports (ICCThird party, peer reviewed reports (ICC--ES)ES)Demonstrate equivalency to code Demonstrate equivalency to code
Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)
D b kD b kDrawbacksDrawbacksNew: Contractors need better instructionNew: Contractors need better instructionN t dit S ll diffN t dit S ll diffNot a commodity. Small differences Not a commodity. Small differences between competitors.between competitors.New: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officials
Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws
What To Look ForWhat To Look ForNational Code Report (ICCNational Code Report (ICC--ES or IAPMO) ES or IAPMO)
Documented Metal Strength PropertiesDocumented Metal Strength PropertiesSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W dSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W dShear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in WoodShear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in WoodLot Traceability via Head Stamp and PackagingLot Traceability via Head Stamp and PackagingQC Audit ProcessQC Audit Process
Corrosion StatementCorrosion StatementHot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Tested under ICCTested under ICC--ES AC257ES AC257–– Equal to HDGEqual to HDG
Technical LiteratureTechnical Literature
5555
Technical Literature Technical Literature Installation InstructionsInstallation InstructionsApplicationApplication--Specific Technical Bulletins Specific Technical Bulletins
Common SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS Applications Common SWS Applications
M ltiple Pl Engineered Wood BeamsM ltiple Pl Engineered Wood BeamsMultiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams (LVL, LSL, PSL)(LVL, LSL, PSL)Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimRafter & Truss to Top PlateRafter & Truss to Top Plate
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Supported by EW:Supported by EW:II--Level (was TrusJoist)Level (was TrusJoist)Boise, GP, LPBoise, GP, LPRoseburg, OthersRoseburg, Others
In some Design Software In some Design Software Boise (BC Calc)Boise (BC Calc)( )( )KeymarkKeymark
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsCode ComplianceCode ComplianceProper Installation Proper Installation LimitationsLimitationsLimitationsLimitations
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsProper Size SelectionProper Size SelectionMinimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End Distances
Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsFastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Top Loaded Beams Top Loaded Beams Fastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Side Loaded BeamsSide Loaded Beams
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Code HistorCode HistorCode HistoryCode HistoryPrior to 2003 Prior to 2003 –– No direction at allNo direction at all2003 IRC2003 IRC Limited nail useLimited nail use2003 IRC 2003 IRC –– Limited nail useLimited nail use2006 IRC 2006 IRC –– Same: no nails or toe nailsSame: no nails or toe nails
Forced the installer & inspector to Forced the installer & inspector to become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Calculating the LoadCalculating the LoadLive load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5)Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5)Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)C bi d l d 50 fC bi d l d 50 fCombined load = 50 psfCombined load = 50 psfTake half the distance to the 1Take half the distance to the 1stst support (5ft)support (5ft)Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)p y y ( p )p y y ( p )This load (250plf) must be supported at LedgerThis load (250plf) must be supported at Ledger
5 ft.
10 ft.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Calculating the Fastening PatternCalculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim)Calculating the Fastening Pattern Calculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim)
½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)
SWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbsSWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbs210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)
W t h kW t h kWaaay too much workWaaay too much work
5 ft.
10 ft.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2)Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2)Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Requirements and Restriction under one sectionRequirements and Restriction under one sectionAllows for alternative materials and methods Allows for alternative materials and methods Gives actual fastening patterns!!! Gives actual fastening patterns!!!
If you’re not there yet If you’re not there yet –– you will be soon.you will be soon.
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsCode ComplianceCode ComplianceProper Installation Proper Installation LimitationsLimitationsLimitationsLimitations
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsCode compliance statementCode compliance statementACQ testing to ICC information ACQ testing to ICC information
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsMinimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End DistancesPE Approved Fastening PatternsPE Approved Fastening Patterns
Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim
Technical BulletinsTechnical BulletinsInstallation Requirements & RestrictionsInstallation Requirements & Restrictions
Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners Evolution of Fasteners
Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strengthUnacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications
(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2
2007/2009 IRC Code
This section allows Structural wood Screws
Comments by Glenn Mathewson- Building inspector in Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009 PROFESSIONAL DECK BUILDER
“ As written in the code, the lateral connection detail shall be permitted; it isn’t a requirement.
Throughout the International Codes, the phrase shall be permitted is used only to clarify when a d t il i l hibit d b ldetail seemingly prohibited by a general statement is actually permitted in a specific application. pp
He goes on to say:He goes on to say:
Section R104 11 of the IRC even states: The provisionsSection R104.11 of the IRC even states: The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of
t ti t ifi ll ib d b thi dconstruction not specifically prescribed by this code.
Therefore, it’s not necessary to specifically “permit” a design in the code unless it could be confused as being “prohibited." That's obviously not the case for Figure R502 2 2 3 as it’s unlikely that any building official wouldR502.2.2.3, as it s unlikely that any building official would prohibit a connection like it.
ACTUAL ORIGIN OF THIS SECTION IN CODE CYCLE!!
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1
IRC(2x16d)
IBC (3x8d)(2x16d) (3x8d)
NDS Withdrawal Value 26 21 lbs/inch/nail Embedment Depth 2.5 1.5 inchesToe Nail Factor 0.67 0.67Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6 1.6Amount of Nails 2 3
140 100 lbs/connection140 100 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Truss Truss -- Code RequirementsCode RequirementsqqTrusses shall be connected to wall plates by Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by the use of approved connectors having a the use of approved connectors having a resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175 resistance to uplift of not less than 175 pounds and shall be installed in accordance pounds and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.with the manufacturer’s specifications.33--16d commons will accomplish this, getting 16d commons will accomplish this, getting 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss Plate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural Building Plate Institute & Structural Building Component Association).Component Association).
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread
Embedment Depth 2.0 inches
Toe Nail Factor 0
Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6
Amount of Screws 1
420420 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
100 140 365 420
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
IBC IRC
Loads in SPF
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Four ways to evaluate for substitution:Four ways to evaluate for substitution:-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane
prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! -- Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1-- Where ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loadsWhere ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loads-- Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread
Embedment Depth 2.0 inches
Toe Nail Factor 0
Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6
Amount of Screws 1
420420 lbs/connection
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate
Connection Design Uplift Lateral Shearg pH2.5 365 130 130H3 320 105 140H4 235 140 135H4 235 140 135H5 265 100 170
TimberLok 420 320 320
Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateSHEAR or BRACED WALLS
You are basically building a two story shear wall!
USE STRUCTURAL WOOD SCREWS INSTEAD OF LAGS THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60dINSTEAD OF LAGS, THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60d SPIKES
Next Step in the Evolution ofFasteners!
CRAZY SCREW GUYS!GUYS!
WHAT WILL THEY
THINK OFTHINK OF NEXT?
CARRYING BEAM
Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?
Wh t th h ll dWh t th h ll dWhat other challenges do you What other challenges do you see out there?see out there?
Questions?This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
Wood Products Council 866.966.3448 info@woodworks.org
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