air pollution dispersionclass.atmos.ucla.edu/as2/scrns/web notes (turco... · air parcel mechanics...
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Air Pollution Dispersion
• Dispersion Processes
• Convective Dispersion
➔ Air Parcel Dynamics
➔ Adiabatic Process
➔ Lapse Rate
➔ Equilibrium and Stability
➔ Atmospheric Stability
➔ Stability and Dispersion
• Temperature Inversions
➔ Stability
➔ Formation/Types
➔ Mixing Height
• Application: Chimney Plumes
➔ Plume Type vs. Stability
➔ Enhancing Plume Dispersion
DispersionProcesses
TemperatureInversion
ChimneyPlumes
Buoyancy
Lapse Rates
AdiabaticProcesses
Stability
Diffusion
Turbulence
Convection
StableUnstableNeutral
RadiationAdvectionSubsidence
MixingHeight
Air Pollution Dispersion
Air ParcelMotion
TemperatureInversions
RegionalLarge-scale
TypesRadiationAdvectionSubsidence
Sinking air
Winds
Nighttimecooling
Seasonal
VentilationFactor
Mixing Height Chimney PlumesTypes
DispersionEnhancement
TurbulenceExit VelocityExit Temperature
Air Pollution Dispersion
TallStacks
Dispersion Processes
Defn.: A substance mixes in andbecomes diluted within alarger volume of anothersubstance.
Molecular Diffusion
Turbulence
Convection/Advection
Molecular Diffusion
➪ Molecules drift from regions ofhigh concentration to regions oflower concentration
Larger concentration gradient→ higher diffusion rate
Length scale of motion = molecular
— Slow!!
Turbulence
➪ Bulk air motion in random directions
Pollution
Wind
x
yPlumeCore
PlumeEdge
Strong, gusty windsgenerate the mostturbulence
Plume}
Convection/Advection
Mass transport of pollutantsby winds
➔ Advection: horizontal motion
➔ Convection: vertical motion
Air Parcel Mechanics
• A specified volume ofair (ex.: bubble, bal loon)
• Constraints:
Pout
Pin
➔ P inside = P outside atall times
➔ No mixing of air
Parcel Buoyancy
AirParcel
Gravity
• Buoyancy: up- or downward forcefrom combination of atmosphericpressure and gravity
Pressure
?Up- or downwardmotion of airparcel depends onbuoyancy
Air Density vs. Temperature
ρ ∝ for P = constantT1
Cold air is more dense than warm air
Buoyancy in Fluids
Negativebuoyancy
Positivebuoyancy
ρ > ρ
Parcelcolder
than envir.
parcel envirρ < ρ
Parcel
warmerthan envir.
parcel envir
Adiabatic Process➜ No heat exchanged between a
system and its surroundings
Compression: P ↑, T ↑Expansion: P ↓, T ↓
Heat
Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
Lapse rate = γ or Γ(“gamma”)z
z1 T1
z2 T2T – T2 1
z – z2 1– =
∆T
∆z–
= γ
T ↓ as z ↑ : positive γ
Defn.: Rate of temperature decrease asaltitude increases.
Atmospheric Stability
• Describes behavior of air after ithas been disturbed
• Indicates atmosphere’s ability tomix vertically
• Related to air parcel buoyancyafter perturbing parcel
Stabil ity Behavior
➜ Behavior after disturbance ofequilibrium characterizes stability
Stable
Stabil ity Behavior
➜ Behavior after disturbance ofequilibrium characterizes stability
Unstable
Stabil ity Behavior
➜ Behavior after disturbance ofequilibrium characterizes stability
Neutral
Making Air Parcels Buoyant• Need: parcel temp. ≠ envir. temp.
➔ Heat up air parcel at the ground
➔ Or, force parcel upward so it losestemp. via adiabatic expansion
z
T
z
T
ParcelEnvironment
γ = 0
Γ (= 10°C/km)
γ < 0γ > 0
z
T
ParcelEnvironment
Γ Γ ΓStableγ < Γ
Unstableγ > Γ
Neutralγ = Γ
Stability Criteria
Unstable: γ > Γ
Neutral: γ = Γ
Stable: γ < Γ
Stability vs. Dispersion
• Turbulence gives parcel initial push
• Stabil ity vs. mixing:
➔ Stable—vertical motion suppressed—vertical dispersion discouraged
➔ Unstable—vertical motion encouraged—vertical dispersion enhanced
Temperature Inversions➜ Defn: Temp. increases with
increasing altitude (γ <0)
z
T
• I nversions are extremely stable
Temperature Inversion Aloft
z
T
Γ γ < 0
Inversionbase
• Radiation Inversion
• Advection Inversion
• Regional Subsidence Inversion
• Large-scale Subsidence Inversion
Radiation Inversion
Infrared radiation from ground to space
Ground cools offat night; cools airnext to it
Shallow
Advection Inversion
Cool ocean
Warm airinland
Cool marine air
Cool air flowsunderneath warm air
➜ Occurs as Marine Layer alongSoCal coast
Regional SubsidenceInversion
N.E. Deserts
S.W. CoastS.W. Coast
Weak SantaAna Wind
Air flows fromhigh altitudeto low altitude
Air compressesadiabaticallywhile descending
Large-Scale SubsidenceInversion
H
Air aloft sinks (subsides) and warms fromadiabatic compression
➜ L.A. has semi-permanentsubsidence inversion
Mixing Heights
T
zInversion or stable layer
NeutralMixedLayer Mixing Height
Pollutionconcentration ∝ Mixing
Height
1
Mixing Height vs. Season
MH ∝ ground temperature
Winter: low temp. Summer: high temp.
z
T(Morning, calm air)
Summer γ
Winter γ
MHW
MH S
Ventilation Factor∝ Volume
Mixingheight
Wind speed
VF = MH × WS
Chimney Plume Dispersion
Γd
γ
Fanning
(Top view)
Γd
γ Looping
Γd
γ Coning
γ
Γd Lofting
γ
Γd
Fumigation
Dispersion Enhancement
Turbulence generated inflow around buildings
Top
Wake Eddy
Downwash
• T all smokestacks
Larger volume formixing pollutant
Taller chimney → lower smokeconcentration at ground
Inversion Layer
Fumigation Plume
Fanning plume
Inversion base
Fumigation PlumeInversion Layer
Fanning Plume
Lofting Plume
Inversion top
Increase Exit Velocity
Low Vexit
Higher exit velocity→ lower pollution
concentration atground
High Vexit
How to Increase ExitVelocity
Pump out faster with fan
Fan usesenergy
$$
Reduce diameterof chimney tip
Restricted flow
Increase Exit Temperature
➜ Hotter smoke is more buoyant
Cool plume
Hot plume
How to Increase ExitTemperature
Heat up smoke
Hotter combustion
Uses energy
$$ for energy,maintenance
Uses energyAlters smokecomposition
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