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ProfDrAytacSayginGumuskesenAssistantProfDrFahriYemiscioglu
Res.Assoc.OnurOzdikicierler
EgeUniversity,FoodEngineeringDept.,Turkey
AlternativeTechniquesforEdibleOilRefining
Oils&FatsInternational(OFI)Turkey2014Istanbul,13‐14May2014
CompositionCompositionofofOilsOilsandandFatsFats
MajorComponent(%95‐99)Triglycerides
MinorComponents(%1‐5)
TriglycerideDerivatives
Glycerol
FreeFattyAcids
Mono‐andDiglycerides
Non‐TriglycerideDerivatives
Phospholipids
Sterols
Pigments
Vitamins
Antioxidants
OxidationProducts
TraceMetals
Hydrocarbons
QualitativeQualitativeOObjectivesbjectivesofofOilOilRefiningRefining
• Completeremovalorreductionofundesiredconstituentstotolarablelimitstopreservequalityattributesofoils.
• Removalofcontaminantsforfoodsafety(PAH,pesticides,etc.)
• Maximumretentionoftocopherolsandsterolsinrefinedoils
• Preventionofundesiredreactions(conjugation,transformationetc.)togetherwitheliminationofprocesscontaminants(3‐MCPDandesters)
QuantitativeObjectivesofOilRefiningQuantitativeObjectivesofOilRefining
• Obtainingrefinedoilwithhighyields.
• Lowoverallenergylossforrefiningsystem.
• Reengineeringofrefiningwastesincludingminimisingwaterconsumption
ConventionalConventionalPrinciplesPrinciplesofofRefiningRefiningOperationOperation
• Miscelleformation–Centrifugation
• Saponification–Centrifugation
• Adsorbtion‐Filtration
• SteamDistillation
BackdrawsBackdrawsofofConventionalConventionalRefiningRefiningApplicationsApplications
• HighEnergyConsumption
• Excessivewaterneedandwasteproduction
• Contactwithchemicals
• HighTemperatureApplication
NovelNovelTechniquesTechniques
• NovelTechniques
– Newtechnologies/modifications
– Newapproaches
EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques
• EnzymaticDegumming
• EnzymaticDeacidification
EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques
• EnzymaticDegumming– Specifiedenzymesbreakphospholipids(phosphatidylcholine(PC)andphosphatidylethanolamine(PE))intowater‐solubleandoil‐solublefragments,reducingtheirabilitytoformanemulsion.Lessemulsionmeanslessoillossduetoentrainedoil,andlowergumcontentenablescleanerseparationofoilandheavyphases,withmoreefficientremoval.
EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques
• EnzymaticDegumming
EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques
• Deacidification
(Makascietal.1996)
MembraneMembraneTechniquesTechniques
• PhospholipidRemoval–Micro‐nanofiltration
• Deacidification– Removalofformedsoapstock
– Liquid‐liquidextraction
• Removalofpigmentsandwaxes
ClassificationofMembraneSeparation
MembranApplicationinOilrefining
RefinedOil
Crude Oil
Seed Preperation
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Recovery
Water/Phosphoric acid Degumming
Deacidification
Bleaching Dewaxing
Deodorization
Phospholipids
Soap StockAlkaline
Pigments
Hexane
Distillate
Seed Preperation
UF
NF/RO
RO
Solvent Extraction
RO
Phospholipids
Oil + Solvent
FFA + Solvent
FFA
Deodorization
Refined Oil
Solv
ent
Solv
ent
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
• Definition:Nanotechnology(sometimesshortenedto"nanotech")isthemanipulationofmatteronanatomic,molecular,andsupramolecularscale.(Wikipediadefinition)
NanotechnologyNanotechnologyininOilOilRefiningRefining
Deacidification
•Generatedbypassageofaliquidthroughaconstriction.
Mechanicalandchemicaleffects
‐Formationofveryfineemulsions
‐Increasedsurfacearea
‐Strongshearforces
‐Activationofatoms,molecules
‐Formationofradicals
‐Initiationofchemicalreactions
Nano-reactor
NaOH
Greytatal.,2011,102nd,AOCSAnnualMeeting,Cincinnati,OH
SupercriticalSupercriticalFluidFluidExtractionExtraction
Examplesontheuseofsupercriticalfluidsinvegetableoilrefininginclude;a)Refiningofpalmoil(Ooietal.1996)b)Refiningofoliveoil(Brunettietal.1989;Gonçalvesetal.1991;Bondiolietal.1989)c)Degummingofsoybeanoil(Listetal.1993)d)Deacidificationofricebranoil(Dunfordetal.2000;Dunfordetal.2003)e)Extraction‐fractionationanddeacidificationofwheatgermoil(Zacchietal.2006)
Supercriticalfluidscanbeusedtoextractanalytesfromsamples.Themainadvantagesofusingsupercriticalfluidsforextractionsisthattheyareinexpensive,extracttheanalytesfasterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanorganicsolvents.ForthesereasonssupercriticalfluidCO2isthereagentwidelyusedasthesupercriticalsolvent.
MolecularMolecularDistillationDistillation
• Deacidificationprocessinoilrefiningwasinvestigated;– Physicalrefiningusingmoleculardistillation;
• specifiedvaluesofphosphorus,peroxidesandFFAcontent,withgoodtocopherolpreservation.
MinimizationMinimizationofofEnergyEnergyLossLoss
• Exergy:Exergyistheportionofenergythatcanbeconvertedintousefulwork.Itisanewdevelopedconceptswhichaimstodistinguishbetweenquantityofenergyandqualityofenergy.Quantityofenergyisabasictoolthatcanbemonitoredthroughbasiccalculationsconsideringfirstlawofthermodynamics.Qualityofenergyisanewconceptthatcanbedefinedbyusingsecondlawofthermodynamics.
WasteWasteTreatmentTreatment
• Recoveryofpigmentsfromspentearth,– Afewstudiesusingmembranetechnology
• Recoveryofwaxesfromcoldneutralisationsoaporwinterizationwaste
• Recoveryofbioactivecompounds(phytosterols,squalene,tocopherolsetc.)fromdeodorizerdistillates.– Somedevelopmentsforsqualenerecoveryandstudiesespeciallyusingsupercriticalfluidextractionandmoleculardistillation.
FUTUREPROJECTIONS
• Processdesignwithlimiteduseofchemicals/lessenergyconsumption
• Environmentfriendlyprocesses
• Focusonprocesscontaminantsandfoodsafety
• Moreeconomicandsafepackagingmaterialsandtechnologies
• Coldpressedoils/SCFEoils
Thank you for yourattention…
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