amphibians i. adaptations necessary for survival on land

AMPHIBIANSAMPHIBIANS

I. Adaptations necessary for I. Adaptations necessary for survival on landsurvival on land

A.A. FinsFins to to Limbs Limbs

--------->

B. Scales toB. Scales toThin, moist skinThin, moist skin

--------->

C. GillsC. Gills to toLungsLungs

----->

Path of respiration:Mouth -> Glottis -> Larynx -> Lungs

1. Uncovered eyes1. Uncovered eyes toto EyelidsEyelids-glands for -glands for

cleaningcleaning-tear ducts-tear ducts

------>

D. Sense organs that function in D. Sense organs that function in air and water: air and water:

2.2. Nose connected by nasal passages Nose connected by nasal passages to mouthto mouth

3. Eardrum and sound 3. Eardrum and sound transmitting bones transmitting bones formed:formed:

E.E. Sticky protrusible tongue for catching Sticky protrusible tongue for catching prey:prey:

F. Circulatory system with double circulation:F. Circulatory system with double circulation:

2-chambered heart 2-chambered heart with with single path of single path of to tocirculation.circulation.

3-chambered heart with3-chambered heart withdouble circulationdouble circulation

---->

Path of Circulation:Right atrium -> Ventricle -> Lungs ->Left atrium -> Ventricle -> Body ->Right atrium, etc.

Water organisms Water organisms Land Land organisms mustorganisms musthave toxic ammonia to have toxic ammonia to have less toxic waste have less toxic waste waste with high water waste with high water of urea of urea with lower with lower content. content. water water content.content.

G. Development of less toxic waste:G. Development of less toxic waste:

Path of urine through excretory system:Kidneys -> Ureters -> Bladder -> Cloaca -> Anus

H. Despite many adaptations to H. Despite many adaptations to life on land,life on land,

Amphibians are limited Amphibians are limited by:by:

1. Cutaneous (skin) 1. Cutaneous (skin) respirationrespiration

2. Inability to produce 2. Inability to produce concentrated concentrated

urine. (lose too much urine. (lose too much water throughwater through

excretion)excretion) 3. Eggs that can easily 3. Eggs that can easily

dry outdry out

Reproduction:

Males grasp females in amplexus. Females lay eggs and as they are passing from her body , the male releases sperm onto eggs.Male system:

Testes -> Vas eferens -> Cloaca

Female system:Ovaries -> Oviduct -> Cloaca

II. Three orders II. Three orders of of Amphibians:Amphibians:

A. Gymnophiona - A. Gymnophiona - caecilians (legless amphibians)caecilians (legless amphibians)

B. Caudata - (have tail)B. Caudata - (have tail)salamanders and newtssalamanders and newts

C. Anura - (tail-less) C. Anura - (tail-less) frogs and toadsfrogs and toads

Phylobates terribilis

Dendrobates azureus

Dendrobates fantasticus

Epipidobates tricolor

Dendrobates pumilio-Blue jeans poison dart frog

Surinam toad – Pipa pipa

Rheobatrachus silus –gastric brooding frog

Conraua goliath

Nyctribatrachus minimus -Indian night frog

Bufo americanus

Rana pipiens –Northern leopard frog

Rana draytonii –California red leg

Rana baylii –foothill yellowleg