an engine of commerce? play with your fancies, and in them behold upon the hempen tackle ship- boys...
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An Engine of Commerce?An Engine of Commerce?
Play with your fancies, and in Play with your fancies, and in them beholdthem behold
Upon the hempen tackle ship-Upon the hempen tackle ship-boys climbing;boys climbing;
Hear the shrill whistle which Hear the shrill whistle which doth order givedoth order give
To sounds confused; behold To sounds confused; behold the threaden sails,the threaden sails,
Borne with th’invisible and Borne with th’invisible and creeping wind,creeping wind,
Draw the huge bottoms Draw the huge bottoms through the furrowed sea,through the furrowed sea,
Breasting the lofty surge.Breasting the lofty surge.
Steam Technology and Global Steam Technology and Global Maritime Trade, 1860-1910: Maritime Trade, 1860-1910:
Studies in Success and FailureStudies in Success and Failure
British Shipping – Total Net TonnageBritish Shipping – Total Net Tonnage
SailSail SteamSteam
18351835 2,750,0002,750,000 - - -- - -
18501850 3,618,0003,618,000 275,000275,000
18701870 4,876,0004,876,000 1,819,0001,819,000
18901890 3,127,0003,127,000 8,240,0008,240,000
19101910 1,205,0001,205,000 17,264,00017,264,000
19211921 - - -- - - 19,320,00019,320,000
Steam Tonnage Entering/Clearing UK Steam Tonnage Entering/Clearing UK PortsPorts
18601860 20.1%20.1%
18701870 41.1%41.1%
18801880 63.4%63.4%
18901890 83.0%83.0%
19001900 91.7%91.7%
Increases in Steam Pressure (lbs/sq Increases in Steam Pressure (lbs/sq inch)inch)
18201820 55
18501850 2525
18701870 5050
18801880 100100
18901890 200200
19001900 250250
The North Atlantic Passenger The North Atlantic Passenger TradeTrade
Blue Riband of the Atlantic HoldersBlue Riband of the Atlantic Holders
YearYear ShipShip OwnerOwner Avg Avg SpeedSpeed
GrtGrt
18518500
EuropaEuropa CunardCunard 11.8 11.8 knotsknots
1,8001,800
18618600
PersiaPersia CunardCunard 13.1 13.1 knotsknots
3,3003,300
18718700
ScotiaScotia CunardCunard 14.5 14.5 knotsknots
3,9003,900
18818800
GermanicGermanic White White StarStar
15.4 15.4 knotsknots
5,0005,000
18918900
City of ParisCity of Paris InmanInman 20.1 20.1 knotsknots
10,70010,700
19019000
Kaiser Wilhelm der Kaiser Wilhelm der GrosseGrosse
N D N D LloydLloyd
22.3 22.3 knotsknots
14,30014,300
19119100
MauretaniaMauretania CunardCunard 26.1 26.1 knotsknots
32,00032,000
RMS RMS MauretaniaMauretania, 1907-, 1907-19351935
BuiltBuilt – 1907 – 1907On launchOn launch – largest moving man-made object – largest moving man-made object
(16,000 tons) yet built(16,000 tons) yet builtService tonnageService tonnage – 31,500 gross tons – 31,500 gross tonsDimensionsDimensions – 790 ft long x 88 ft wide – 790 ft long x 88 ft wideEnginesEngines – 4 x direct drive steam turbines – 4 x direct drive steam turbinesDaily coal consumptionDaily coal consumption – 1,320 tons – 1,320 tonsPassengers Passengers – 563 1– 563 1stst, 464 2, 464 2ndnd, 1,138 3, 1,138 3rdrd
Crew Crew – 816– 816Fastest crossingFastest crossing – 4 days, 17 ½ hours (27.2 knots) – 4 days, 17 ½ hours (27.2 knots)Total careerTotal career – 318 Atlantic voyages, 1.5 m nautical – 318 Atlantic voyages, 1.5 m nautical
milesmiles
Mauretania & LusitaniaMauretania & Lusitania
11stst liners to exceed 700 ft in length liners to exceed 700 ft in length
11stst liners to exceed 30,000 gross tons liners to exceed 30,000 gross tons
11stst liners to cross Atlantic in less than 5 liners to cross Atlantic in less than 5 daysdays
11stst liners to cross Atlantic at more than 25 liners to cross Atlantic at more than 25 & 26 knots& 26 knots
Mauretania – the last steam-driven liner Mauretania – the last steam-driven liner to hold the Blue Riband 1907-1929to hold the Blue Riband 1907-1929
Allan Line Losses, 1957-Allan Line Losses, 1957-18641864
DateDate ShipShip LocationLocation Lives Lives LostLost
1/6/18571/6/1857 Canadian (I)Canadian (I) QuebecQuebec 00
21/11/185921/11/1859 IndianIndian Cape RaceCape Race 2727
19/2/186019/2/1860 HungarianHungarian Cape SableCape Sable 237237
4/6/18614/6/1861 Canadian (II)Canadian (II) Belle IsleBelle Isle 3434
5/11/18615/11/1861 North BritonNorth Briton Mingan IslandMingan Island 00
27/4/186327/4/1863 Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon Cape RaceCape Race 238238
14/6/186314/6/1863 NorwegianNorwegian St Paul’s IslandSt Paul’s Island 00
22/2/186422/2/1864 BohemianBohemian Portland, MePortland, Me 2020
Staggering Along with the State LineStaggering Along with the State Line
IncarnationIncarnation FloateFloatedd
Target CapitalTarget Capital Final CapitalFinal Capital DissolvedDissolved
11stst 18721872 £1m£1m -- 18721872
22ndnd 18721872 £600k£600k £400k£400k 18761876
33rdrd 18761876 £300k£300k £150k£150k 18911891
The Antipodes – A Tale of Gold & SheepThe Antipodes – A Tale of Gold & Sheep
Failure & Success in the Antipodes-UK Failure & Success in the Antipodes-UK TradeTrade
11stst steamsteam
FateFate
The FailuresThe Failures
Australian Royal Mail Steam Nav CoAustralian Royal Mail Steam Nav Co 18521852 Folded 1860Folded 1860
General Screw Steam Shipping CoGeneral Screw Steam Shipping Co 18531853 Folded 1862Folded 1862
Australasian Pacific Mail Steam Australasian Pacific Mail Steam Packet CoPacket Co
18541854 Folded 1855Folded 1855
European & Australian Royal Mail Co European & Australian Royal Mail Co LtdLtd
18551855 Folded 1858Folded 1858
The SurvivorsThe Survivors
Orient Steam Nav Co LtdOrient Steam Nav Co Ltd 18781878 Extant 1914Extant 1914
New Zealand Shipping Co LtdNew Zealand Shipping Co Ltd 18831883 Extant 1914Extant 1914
Shaw, Savill & Albion Co LtdShaw, Savill & Albion Co Ltd 18821882 Extant 1914Extant 1914
Aberdeen Line (Geo Thompson & Co)Aberdeen Line (Geo Thompson & Co) 18821882 Extant 1914Extant 1914
Cutty Sark – Freight Loaded, Cutty Sark – Freight Loaded, Sydney NSW for UK, 1885Sydney NSW for UK, 1885
WoolWool 4,454 bales4,454 bales
Cobalt OreCobalt Ore 2,342 packages2,342 packages
Nickel OreNickel Ore 1,345 bags1,345 bags
HornsHorns 29,77229,772
Shank BonesShank Bones 122 cwt122 cwt
HoofsHoofs 76 cwt76 cwt
Sheep SkinsSheep Skins 6 bales6 bales
PithPith 1 cwt1 cwt
Romance & Ruin in the China Tea TradeRomance & Ruin in the China Tea Trade
Glen Line, Ship Investment & Return, 1873-Glen Line, Ship Investment & Return, 1873-18811881
GlenfallochGlenfalloch GlenartneyGlenartney GlenearnGlenearn
CompletedCompleted 18731873 18731873 18731873
CostCost £49,900£49,900 £55,136£55,136 £55,324£55,324
VoyagesVoyages 1515 1515 1616
Total EarningsTotal Earnings £57,134£57,134 £71,575£71,575 £69,467£69,467
Per VoyagePer Voyage £3,809£3,809 £4,678£4,678 £4,341£4,341
Credit Credit BalanceBalance
£7,234£7,234 £16,379£16,379 £14,137£14,137
Breakeven Breakeven VoysVoys
1414 1212 1414
Freight Rates, Far East-UK Freight Rates, Far East-UK (shillings/ton)(shillings/ton)
18741874 18791879
ShanghaiShanghai
TeaTea 70-8070-80 3030
Waste SilkWaste Silk 75-8075-80 4040
BristlesBristles 9090 4545
Hong KongHong Kong
TeaTea 8080 6060
Waste SilkWaste Silk 9090 8080
JapanJapan
TeaTea 105105 6060
Waste SilkWaste Silk 108 ½108 ½ 5050
General General merchandisemerchandise
108 ½ 108 ½ 62 ½ 62 ½
Tonight’s QuizTonight’s Quiz
A 2,800 ton/compound-engined steamer A 2,800 ton/compound-engined steamer arrives at the entrance to a British port arrives at the entrance to a British port with a cargo of cotton from Galveston with a cargo of cotton from Galveston some time between 1897 and 1910 … some time between 1897 and 1910 …
Can You Guess….Can You Guess….
1. When she was built:1. When she was built:(A)(A) 1860s1860s(B)(B) 1870s1870s(C)(C) 1880s1880s(D)(D) 1890s1890s
2. Where she was 2. Where she was owned/managedowned/managed
(A)(A) Bilbao/LiverpoolBilbao/Liverpool(B)(B) Brisbane/LondonBrisbane/London(C)(C) Boston/LeedsBoston/Leeds(D)(D) Buenos Aires/LlanelliBuenos Aires/Llanelli
3. What she was called:3. What she was called:(A)(A)NileNile(B)(B)NagoyaNagoya(C)(C)NankingNanking(D)(D)NicetoNiceto
4. Where she was arriving:4. Where she was arriving:(A)(A)LondonLondon(B)(B)LiverpoolLiverpool(C)(C)ManchesterManchester(D)(D)GlasgowGlasgow
Coal Out – Grain HomeCoal Out – Grain Home
T Dunlop & Sons – Ship Acquisition T Dunlop & Sons – Ship Acquisition CostsCosts
VesselVessel BuiltBuilt Grt/NrtGrt/Nrt CostCost Cost/NrtCost/Nrt 6464thth ShareShare
Clan Clan BuchanaBuchanann
18871887 2,140/2,0722,140/2,072 £18,057£18,057 £8.71£8.71 £282.14£282.14
Queen Queen MargaretMargaret
18901890 2,678/1,7322,678/1,732 £35,421£35,421 £20.45£20.45 £553.45£553.45
Clan Clan GalbraithGalbraith
18941894 2,149/1,9832,149/1,983 £16,876£16,876 £8.51£8.51 £263.69£263.69
Queen Queen MaryMary
18971897 3,564/2,2623,564/2,262 £33,110£33,110 £14.64£14.64 £517.34£517.34
T Dunlop & Sons – Profitability, Sail vs SteamT Dunlop & Sons – Profitability, Sail vs Steam
Clan GalbraithClan Galbraith Queen OlgaQueen Olga
Bt 1894, 1,983 Bt 1894, 1,983 NrtNrt
Bt 1894, 2,146 Bt 1894, 2,146 NrtNrt
CostCost £16,876£16,876 £31,248£31,248
6464thth Share Share £263.13.9£263.13.9 £488.5.1£488.5.1
8 Voyages8 Voyages 10 years10 years 5 years5 years
Earnings/64Earnings/64thth £197.10.0£197.10.0 £385.7.2£385.7.2
ROC per annumROC per annum 7.5%7.5% 29.5%29.5%
Cardiff – Fixture List, 15 June 1904Cardiff – Fixture List, 15 June 1904
DestinationDestination ShipShip GrtGrt BuiltBuilt OwnerOwner
Hong KongHong Kong AlgomaAlgoma 2,9332,933 18851885 Eeles & Ruston, CardiffEeles & Ruston, Cardiff
SantosSantos MelbridgeMelbridge 2,8682,868 18911891 J Temperley & Co, LondonJ Temperley & Co, London
Buenos AiresBuenos Aires Llanthony Llanthony AbbeyAbbey
2,4252,425 18901890 Pyman, Watson & Co, Pyman, Watson & Co, NewportNewport
ConstantinoplConstantinoplee
TrevethoeTrevethoe 2,0972,097 18951895 E Hain & Son, St lvesE Hain & Son, St lves
TricomaleeTricomalee BrightonBrighton 3,4633,463 18981898 R Chapman & Son, R Chapman & Son, NewcastleNewcastle
Diego SuarezDiego Suarez CandleshoeCandleshoe 3,7993,799 18991899 Bennetts & Co, GrimsbyBennetts & Co, Grimsby
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone CairngowanCairngowan 1,1811,181 18831883 Cairns, Noble & Co, Cairns, Noble & Co, NewcastleNewcastle
Rio de JanieroRio de Janiero GlengoilGlengoil 2,9632,963 18821882 Lindsay, Gracie & Co, LeithLindsay, Gracie & Co, Leith
AdenAden Baron Baron InnerdaleInnerdale
3,3443,344 18961896 H Hogarth & Sons, H Hogarth & Sons, ArdrossanArdrossan
SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (1)(1)
StartStart EndEnd DaysDays Av SpeedAv Speed DistanceDistance
TeesTees BombayBombay 34.7934.79 7.557.55 6,6106,610
BombayBombay KarachiKarachi 2.292.29 517517
KarachiKarachi BristolBristol 34.5234.52 9.179.17 5,9645,964
BristolBristol CardiffCardiff 0.140.14 1818
Coal/dayCoal/day 9.75 tons9.75 tons % Ballast% Ballast 4.254.25
CardiffCardiff ColomboColombo 33.3333.33 8.078.07 6,4486,448
ColomboColombo CuddaloreCuddalore 2.452.45 648648
CuddaloreCuddalore MarseillesMarseilles 29.7729.77 9.429.42 5,7215,721
MarseillesMarseilles CarthagenCarthagenaa
2.082.08 377377
CarthagenCarthagenaa
TeesTees 9.209.20 1,8451,845
Coal/dayCoal/day 9.71 tons9.71 tons % Ballast% Ballast 7.307.30
SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (2)(2)
StartStart EndEnd DaysDays Av SpeedAv Speed DistanceDistance
TeesTees TyneTyne 0.160.16 1616
TyneTyne SavonaSavona 11.7511.75 8.728.72 2,3652,365
SavonaSavona SerphoSerpho 3.893.89 860860
SerphoSerpho RotterdamRotterdam 13.5813.58 10.2710.27 2,9402,940
RotterdamRotterdam CardiffCardiff 2.312.31 692692
Coal/dayCoal/day 10.21 tons10.21 tons % Ballast% Ballast 29.029.0
CardiffCardiff LivornoLivorno 10.0610.06 7.617.61 1,8901,890
LivornoLivorno IbrailIbrail 7.227.22 1,4581,458
IbrailIbrail RotterdamRotterdam 20.4720.47 9.049.04 3,6893,689
RotterdamRotterdam CardiffCardiff 2.682.68 692692
Coal/dayCoal/day 9.33 tons9.33 tons % Ballast% Ballast 38.538.5
UK Grain Imports (million tons)UK Grain Imports (million tons)
OriginOrigin 18601860 18701870 18801880 18901890 19001900
BalticBaltic 0.510.51 0.930.93 0.890.89 0.120.12 0.810.81
W W EuropeEurope
0.770.77 0.400.40 0.350.35 0.180.18 0.750.75
Black Black SeaSea
0.540.54 1.071.07 0.450.45 1.481.48 0.460.46
Medi’terMedi’ternn
0.020.02 0.080.08 0.060.06 0.120.12 0.070.07
N N AmericaAmerica
0.600.60 0.950.95 3.803.80 2.372.37 5.005.00
Aus/IndiaAus/India 0.390.39 0.610.61 0.200.20
S S AmericaAmerica
0.030.03 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.940.94
PacificPacific 0.350.35 0.600.60 0.530.53
TotalTotal 2.44/2.82.44/2.811
3,40/3.73,40/3.711
6.37/6.76.37/6.711
5.63/7.75.63/7.788
8.26/9.48.26/9.488
Tramp Steamers – Size & Carrying Tramp Steamers – Size & Carrying CapacityCapacity
NameName BuiltBuilt NrtNrt GrtGrt RatioRatio DwtDwt RatioRatio
NetoNeto 18821882 1,0731,073 1,6961,696 1.581.58 2,2802,280 2.122.12
SamaraSamara 18891889 1,0531,053 1,6231,623 1.541.54 2,5852,585 2.452.45
PersisPersis 18901890 1,2031,203 1,8501,850 1.541.54 3,0043,004 2.502.50
TurretTurret 18921892 1,2651,265 1,9701,970 1.561.56 3,2003,200 2.532.53
ChelstoChelstonn
19041904 2,3892,389 3,6873,687 1.541.54 6,4806,480 2.742.74
Bulk Freight Rates Bulk Freight Rates (shillings/ton)(shillings/ton)
TradeTrade RouteRoute YearYear MinMin MaxMax
CoalCoal S Wales/GenoaS Wales/Genoa 19001900 8/-8/- 12/312/3
19051905 5/-5/- 8/-8/-
19101910 5/15/1 8/38/3
CoalCoal S Wales/P SaidS Wales/P Said 19001900 10/-10/- 14/314/3
19051905 4/84/8 8/18/1
19101910 4/94/9 8/38/3
GrainGrain USA/UKUSA/UK 19001900 15/615/6 24/-24/-
19051905 8/68/6 12/112/1
19101910 7/97/9 13/613/6
GrainGrain River Plate/UKRiver Plate/UK 19001900 17/-17/- 29/629/6
19051905 11/111/1 20/-20/-
19101910 6/96/9 14/914/9
Freight Rates & Building Freight Rates & Building CostsCosts
PeakPeak TroughTrough AverageAverage SpreadSpread
Freight, Freight, 1883-1883-19131913
HomewardHomeward 125125 5858 91.591.5 7777
OutwardOutward 119119 5050 84.584.5 6969
Cost, Cost, 1898-1898-19131913
7,500 dwt7,500 dwt £60k£60k £36k£36k £46k£46k £24k£24k
Tonight’s Quiz AnswersTonight’s Quiz Answers
1. 1. (C)(C) Built 1884 Built 18842. 2. (A)(A) Owned in Bilbao/Managed in Liverpool Owned in Bilbao/Managed in Liverpool3. 3. (D)(D) Named Niceto Named Niceto4. 4. (C)(C) Entering the Manchester Ship Canal Entering the Manchester Ship Canal
Closing Closing ThoughtsThoughts
Romantic but Wrong; Repulsive but Romantic but Wrong; Repulsive but RightRight
As o’er the moon, fast fly the amber veils,As o’er the moon, fast fly the amber veils,For one dear hour let’s fling the knots behind,For one dear hour let’s fling the knots behind,And hear again, thro’ cordage and thro’ sails,And hear again, thro’ cordage and thro’ sails,The vigour of the voices of the wind.The vigour of the voices of the wind.
They’re gone, the Clyde-built darlings, like a dream,They’re gone, the Clyde-built darlings, like a dream,Regrets are vain, and sighs shall not avail,Regrets are vain, and sighs shall not avail,Yet, mid the clatter and the rush of steam,Yet, mid the clatter and the rush of steam,How strangely memory veers again to sail!How strangely memory veers again to sail!
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