an examination of emotion socialization dynamics in mother ......an examination of emotion...

An Examination of Emotion Socialization Dynamics in Mother-Daughter Dyads using

Grid-Sequence AnalysisJessica P. Lougheed1, Miriam Brinberg2,

Nilam Ram2, & Tom Hollenstein3

1Purdue University, 2The Pennsylvania State University, 3Queen’s University

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Emotion Socialization Dynamics

• Emotion socialization: the process by which primary caregivers directly or indirectly teach children about the appropriate expression and control of emotions

• Emotion socialization plays a role in children’s and adolescents’ developing psychosocial adjustment

• Emotion socialization is a dynamic process and bi-directional

2Eisenberg et al., 1998; Fussner et al., 2014; Katz et al., 2014

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Emotion Socialization in Adolescence

• Adolescent development: new emotional experiences, changing parent-adolescent relationships

• Emotion socialization may become more bi-directional, with adolescents becoming increasingly able to effect change in their parents’ emotions

• A small number of studies have “zoomed in” on dynamics of unfolding parent-adolescent interactions

Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007; Main et al., 2016; Moed et al., 2015; Smetana et al., 2006; van Bommel et al., in press

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• Examined complex, multistep sequences in parent-adolescent interactions in five different emotion contexts using grid-sequence analysis

• Research question 1: Are there interdyad differences in patterns of mother-daughter emotion expressions in each interpersonal emotion context?

• Research question 2: Are interdyad differences in emotion patterns associated with mothers’ and daughters’ psychosocial adjustment (symptoms of depression, anxiety, and social anxiety)?

The Current Study

Brinberg et al., 2017; 2018; Eisenberg et al., 1998

Participants • 96 mother-daughter dyads• Typically-developing community sample• Adolescents aged 13-16 years old

Procedure• Lab visit• Emotional Rollercoaster task: Five 3-minute discussions, ABABA

design

Design

Happy/ Excited

Worried/ Sad

Proud Frustrated/ Annoyed

Grateful

5Lougheed & Hollenstein, 2016

Psychosocial Adjustment• Depression, General Anxiety, Social Anxiety

Expressed Emotions• Coding with five-code SPAFF

Measures

Code ExpressionsExternalizing Negative Emotions Anger, ContemptInternalizing Negative Emotions Sadness, WorryNeutral Expressions neither negative

nor positiveInterest/ Curiosity Active interest, validationPositive Emotions Humor, Joy, Affection

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Data Preparation: Dyadic time series to state space grid

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ID Time Discussion Daughter Mother

3 0 Happy/ Excited Neutral Neutral

3 1 Happy/ Excited Neutral Neutral

3 2 Happy/ Excited Neutral Neutral

3 3 Happy/ Excited Neutral Neutral3 4 Happy/ Excited Neutral Neutral

3 5 Happy/ Excited Neutral NeutralD

augh

ter

Mother

Positive

Interest

Neutral

Internalizing

Externalizing

Externalizing Internalizing Neutral Interest Positive

… OM MN C E

Mother

A B C D E

F

K

P

U

G H I

L M N

J

O

T

Y

Q

V W X

R S

Daug

hter

Exte

rnal

izing

Inte

rnal

izing

Neut

ral

Inte

rest

Posit

ive

Externalizing Internalizing Neutral Interest Positive

C E C E C E

C E C M O M

R U RM O M

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Sequence 3

LCS12 = 3

LCS23 = 3

LCS13 = 0

A

B

C

Method:(A) Grids (one per dyad per

discussion)(B) Each grid unfolded into a

sequence (wide data set, one row per dyad)

(C)Distances between sequences calculated

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Data Preparation: Grids to sequences

Brinberg et al., 2017; 2018

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Data Analysis: Interdyad differences in dyadic sequences

Time within discussions

Multidimensional scaling• Data reduction method used to identify primary dimensions along which

sequences differ• Identified two dimensions in each discussion• Identified subsequences (i.e., multistep dyadic expressions) that best

discriminated dyadic patterns at high and low end of each dimension

de Leeuw & Mair, 2009; Hout et al., 2013

Results: Research Question 1

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Interdyad Differences in Emotion Patterns: Description of Sequence Dimensions Dimension Most discriminating subsequence

Discussion 1 (Happy/ Excited)(1) Mother regulating mutual positive

to daughter regulating positive(E>C)-(E>C)-(C>M)-(M>C)

(2) Mother regulating positive (M)-(M>O)-(O>M)-(O>M)-(O>M)Discussion 2 (Worried/ Sad)

(1) Daughter down-regulating mutual positive

(E>O)

(2) Daughter regulating positive (C>M)-(M>C)-(M>C)

Are there interdyad differences in sequences?

Results• Research question 2: Are interdyad differences in emotion

patterns associated with mothers’ and daughters’ psychosocial adjustment (symptoms of depression, anxiety, and social anxiety)?

• Linear regressions predicting internalizing symptoms from dyadic dimensions, controlling for sequence entropy

• Entropy: predictability of each dyadic sequence; most common metric of sequence characteristics

11Gabadinho et al., 2011; Hollenstein, 2013

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Results for Linear Regressions Examining Relation Between Symptoms and Interdyad Differences in Mother-Daughter Sequences in Discussion 1 (Happy/Excited)

DaughterDepression

B (SE)Anxiety B (SE)

Social Anxiety B (SE)

Intercept -0.45 (0.55) -0.85 (0.44) 0.97* (0.23)Entropy -0.96 (1.67) 0.30 (1.34) -0.13 (0.69)Mother regulating mutual positive to daughter regulating positive(E>C)-(E>C)-(C>M)-(M>C)

-0.02 (0.27) -0.35 (0.22) -0.02 (0.11)

Mother regulating positive (M)-(M>O)-(O>M)-(O>M)-(O>M)

0.42* (0.21) 0.12 (0.17) 0.23* (0.09)

Note. * p < 0.05.

Results: Research Question 2

Are interdyad differences in sequences associated with internalizing symptoms?

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Results for Linear Regressions Examining Relation Between Symptoms and Interdyad Differences in Mother-Daughter Sequences in Discussion 2 (Worried/ Sad)

DaughterDepression

B (SE)Anxiety B (SE)

Social Anxiety B (SE)

Intercept -0.76 (0.39) -0.57 (0.32) 0.79* (0.16)Entropy 0.00 (1.45) -0.70 (1.17) 0.52 (0.59)Daughter down-regulating mutual positive(E>O)

-0.03 (0.26) 0.02 (0.21) -0.11 (0.11)

Daughter regulating positive(C>M)-(M>C)-(M>C)

-0.34 (0.28) -0.15 (0.22) -0.29* (0.11)

Note. * p < 0.05.

Results: Research Question 2

Are interdyad differences in sequences associated with internalizing symptoms?

Discussion• We conceptualized emotion

socialization as a bidirectional process in terms of multi-step sequences of expressed emotions

• We identified interdyad differences in these patterns in different emotion contexts; pertained to positive and neutral emotions (not negative)

• These interdyad differences may be related to psychosocial adjustment

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Limitations and Future Directions• Homogenous sample

• What about… • Gender differences? • Age differences? • Clinical samples?

• Age-related changes in who leads and who follows in dyadic patterns?

• Use multiple burst designs

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Grant 386479-2011 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada held by Tom Hollenstein

Thank you!jlougheed@purdue.edu

@jp_lougheed

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