an international arctic vegetation databasemany vegetation scientists around the world use an...

CAFF Strategy Series Report nr. 5December 2011

An International Arctic Vegetation DatabaseA foundation for panarctic biodiversity studies

ConCept paper

CAFF Designated Agencies:

• DirectorateforNatureManagement,Trondheim,Norway

• EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa,Canada

• FaroeseMuseumofNaturalHistory,Tórshavn,FaroeIslands(KingdomofDenmark)

• FinnishMinistryoftheEnvironment,Helsinki,Finland

• IcelandicInstituteofNaturalHistory,Reykjavik,Iceland

• TheMinistryofDomesticAffairs,NatureandEnvironment,GovernmentofGreenland

• RussianFederationMinistryofNaturalResources,Moscow,Russia

• SwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Stockholm,Sweden

• UnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Anchorage,Alaska

CAFF Permanent Participant Organizations:

• AleutInternationalAssociation(AIA)

• ArcticAthabaskanCouncil(AAC)

• Gwich’inCouncilInternational(GCI)

• InuitCircumpolarCouncil(ICC)–Greenland,AlaskaandCanada

• RussianIndigenousPeoplesoftheNorth(RAIPON)

• SaamiCouncil

Thispublicationshouldbecitedas:Walker,D.A.andM.K.Raynolds.2011.AnInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase:afoundationforpanarcticbiodiversitystudies.ConceptPaper.CAFFInternationalSecretariat,CAFFStrategySeriesReportNr.5.ISBN:978-9935-431-12-7.

Withcontributionsby:KenBaldwin,TomBarry,AmyBreen,HelgaBültmann,MilanChytrý,FredDaniëls,SteffiIckert-Bond, Stephan Hennekens, Catherine Kennedy, Patrick Kuss, Nadyezhda Matveyeva, Stephen Talbot, Robert Peet,ValodyaRazzhivin,LubomirTichý,MarilynWalker

Coverphoto:AtigunR.Canyon,Alaska/by:MarthaRaynolds

Back coverphoto: Blackbiological soil crust communities coveringmarine-alluvial sands,Hayes Island, Franz JosefLand/SkipWalker

Formoreinformationpleasecontact:CAFF International SecretariatBorgir, Nordurslod600 Akureyri, IcelandPhone: +354 462-3350Fax: +354 462-3390Email: caff@caff.isInternet: www.caff.is

Editing:D.A.WalkerandM.K.RaynoldsLayout:CourtneyPrice

Acknowledgements

___CAFFDesignatedArea

3

Summary

This paper proposes an International ArcticVegetation Database (IAVD), an essential first step indeveloping a panarctic ecological information system for use in research, nature conservation,educationandpolicymaking.Thiswouldbethefirstvegetationdatabasetoencompassanentireglobalbiome.ThisisachievablebecausetheArcticistheonlybiomethathasitsentirelistofknownplants, including about 2870 vascular plants, 900 mosses and 1600 lichens, documented in up-to-date flora checklists developed by taxonomistswithin the CAFF Flora Group.The IAVDwouldprovidea solid foundation forvegetationanalysisandawidevarietyofcircumpolarconservationandbiodiversitystudies.DrivingmotivationsfortheIAVDinclude1)developmentofaninternationalapproach toaddresspressingsciencequestions thathavebeenspurredby the rapidclimateandland-use changes occurring in theArctic, 2) harmonization of theNorthAmerican and EuropeanapproachesforarchivingandclassifyingArcticvegetation,and3)archivinglegacyvegetationdatasetsthatareindangerofbeinglost.Alargebodyofinternationalexperienceinotherbiomeswillhelptomakethetaskfeasible.Herewepresentthehistoryoftheproject,abriefbackgroundinvegetationclassification,howtheprojectfitswithintheCAFFconservationmandates,aconceptualframeworkforthedatabase,howitwillbemade,someofthepotentialproducts,abriefstatementofexpectedfunding requirements, and a preliminary inventory of the existing Arctic vegetation data sets.

Mosspolstercommunity,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/Photo:InaTimling

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Contents

Summary.............................................................................................................................................................3

Introduction:Thenatureofvegetationdata..........................................................................................5

Somehistory......................................................................................................................................................6

IstheArcticanappropriateregionforsuchadatabase?..................................................................9

HowtheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasefitswithintheCAFFmandate..................9

ConceptualframeworkoftheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase................................10

HowwilltheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasebecreated?..........................................12

Web-basedproducts..................................................................................................................................14

FundingfortheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase............................................................14

Timeline...........................................................................................................................................................15

Internationalpartners.................................................................................................................................15

References........................................................................................................................................................16

AppendixA.PreliminarysurveyofArcticrelevés..............................................................................20

AppendixAReferences...............................................................................................................................23

AppendixB.Glossary...................................................................................................................................27

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Introduction: The nature of vegetation data

Anestimated260,000knownvascular-plantspecies,13,000lichens,and16,000bryophytesoccuronEarth(Ravenetal.2006).Thesearedistributedinamyriadofplantcommunities,whichdifferincompositionandspatialstructuredependingonpastandpresentenvironmentalconditions.Thevegetationofaregionreferstotheplantcommunities,whereastheregionalflorareferstotheplantspecies.Plantcommunitiesandtheirconstituentspecieshavetremendousvaluetohumanitybecausetheyprovidefood,medicine,clothingandsheltertotheworld’spopulation;theyhelptoregulatetheEarth’sclimateandcontrolessentialnutrientsandresources,includingwaterandthecompositionoftheairthatwebreathe.Becausevegetationprovidestheprimaryproductionandstructureofthefoodweb,italsocontrolsthedistributionofotherbiotasuchasmammals,birdsandfish.Furthermore,plantcommunitieshaveimportantculturalandspiritualvalues.Becauseofplantcommunities’extraordinarycomplexityandtheiressentialimportancetomankind,vegetationscientistshavedevotedagreatdealofenergytodescribing,classifyingandanalyzingthevegetationoftheEarth(e.g.,Walter1976,Whittaker1978,Ellenberg1988,DeCáceres2011).

Vegetation sampling

DevelopingacomprehensiveandconsistentArcticVegetationClassificationandachecklistofplant-communitytypeswillfirstrequireorganizingthelargeamountofindependentlycollectedplant-communitydatafromaroundtheArcticintoadatabase.ThemostusefulinformationforthisarevegetationdatacollectedaccordingtostandardprotocolsthathavebeenusedinmanypartsoftheArcticfordevelopingvegetationclassifications,suchasthoseusedintheBraun-Blanquetclassificationapproach(WesthoffandvanderMaarel1978)andtheU.S.NationalVegetationClassification(Jenningsetal.2009).Vegetationdataarecollectedfromplantcommunitiesintypicalhabitatsthatrepeatedlyoccuracrossbroadlandscapes.IntheArctic,theseincludesuchexamplesaszonalhabitats,drygravellyhabitats,wetfensandbogs,snowbeds,salinecoastalhabitats,sandydunehabitats,riparianandfloodplainhabitats,springs,talusslopes,calcareousloesshabitats,andmoistrichmeadows.Manyvegetationscientistsaroundtheworlduseanapproachwherebydataarerecordedfromsmallplots(e.g.,5mx5m).Theseplotsarefloristicallyandstructurallyhomogeneousareasthatarerepresentativeofplantcommunitiesthatrepeatedlyrecurinsimilarhabitatswithinaregion.Withineachsampleplot,afulllistofalltheplantspeciesismade,includinganestimateofthepercentagecoverofeachspecies.Oftencharacteristicsofthesitearealsorecorded,suchaselevation,slopeandaspect,landform,bedrock,parentmaterial,soilpH,snowregime,animaluseofthesite,disturbances,andactive-layerdepth.Othervegetationinformationmightincludehorizontalandverticalstructureoftheplantcommunityandplantbiomass.Thisinformationisusuallyorganizedintotwo data matrices: one containing the plant-species-cover data, and one containing the other environmental and vegetation information.Thesedatamatricescanthenbeusedtodescribe,classify,andanalyzeplantspeciesandplantcommunitiesinrelationshiptoenvironmentalcharacteristics.Theinformationinthesedatamatricesistheprincipaldatathatareusedinclassifyingplantcommunitiesandcharacterizinglandsurfacesforvegetationmapping.

Otherapproachestosamplingvegetation,suchaspoint-interceptmethods,belttransects,orrepeatedmeasuresofbiomass,leaf-areaandspectralreflectance,areusefulformonitoringvegetationchanges,butthedatacollectedbythesemethodsrequireseparatedatabaseapproaches.Thesedatawillbearchivedintheproposedprojectbutwouldnotbeincludedinthestandardizedvegetationdatabase.

Sedge,prostrateshrub,moss,lichenplantcommunity,Nuuk,Greenland/Photo:SkipWalker

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Vegetationgenerallyintegratestheecologicalprocessesactingonasiteorlandscapemoremeasurablythananyotherfactororsetoffactorsandisoftenchosenasthebasisfortheclassificationandmappingofterrestrialecosystems.Patternsofco-occurringplantspecieshavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseofothercomponents,suchasfauna,becausetheyareattachedtothesoilandimmobile,thusrelativelyeasytomeasureandmap.Anadditionalbenefitisthatvegetationisoftenusedtoinfersoilandclimatepatterns.VegetationdataareimportantfortheanalysisanddescriptionofecologicalpatternsandprocessesandhavebeencollectedusingstandardizedmethodsfrommuchoftheArctic(seeinsertpanel).

The need for a panarctic vegetation database

ManyArcticenvironmentalproblemsarenolongernationalorregionalincharacterandmustbeaddressedinaglobalcontext.Politicalboundariesseldomcoincidewithbiogeographicboundaries.Thus,managementstrategiesforlong-termmaintenanceofbiodiversitymaybebetterfocusedonthecharacteristicbiotaofmuchlargerregions(Noss1983).Vegetationcharacteristicsareoftenusedinenvironmentalinventories,land-useplanning,environmentalmanagement,andconservationevaluationsbecausethevegetationactsasanintegratorofmanyofthephysicalandbiologicalattributesofecosystems(Specht1975,Austin1991).Severalcountrieshavedevelopedoraredevelopingvegetationdatabasesandclassificationsasinstrumentsforecologicalresearch,natureconservationandpolicymaking(Schaminéeetal.2011).AnArctic-wideapproachtovegetationdatamanagement,classificationandanalysisisparticularlyimportantatthismomentinhistorybecauseglobalclimatechangehasintensifiedeffortstoinventory,classifyandmapthevegetationoftheArcticinmuchmoredetailthanhasbeendonepreviously(Callaghanetal2005).Aninternationalapproachofdescribing,namingandanalyzingplantcommunitiesisneededforawidevarietyofpurposesrelatedtoanticipatedglobalchanges,resourcedevelopment,land-useplanning,studiesofbiotaandbiodiversity,education,andhumansocial-ecologicalinteractions.Vegetationscientistshavemadethefirststepsfromlocalvegetationanalysestopan-Arcticanalyses.

Some history

TheconceptofanInternationalArcticVegetationDatabaseandclassificationwasproposedattheFirstInternationalArcticVegetationClassificationWorkshopin1992atBoulder,CO,USA(M.D.Walkeretal.1994).ThismeetingstronglystimulatedinternationalinterestinArcticplant-communityresearch.TheideawasrevivedattheSecondInternationalWorkshoponCircumpolarVegetationClassificationandMapping,Tromsø,Norway2004(Daniëlsetal.2005)andrecentlyreceivedafavorableresponsefromtheConservationofArcticFloraandFauna(CAFF)FloraGroupatthe4thInternationalCAFFWorkshopinTórshavn,FaroeIslands(Talbot2008,KussandWalker2008).TheproposeddatabasewillbethenextsteptowardtheultimategoalofcreatingaclassificationandProdromus(comprehensivelistofplantcommunities)ofArcticvegetationthatisaccessiblethroughtheworldwideweb.

TheCircumpolarArcticVegetationMapwasamajorsteptowardfulfillingtheideasfromtheBoulder

Salix glauca riparianshrubland,Nuuk,Greenland/Photo:SkipWalker

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Workshop(CAVMTeam2003,Walkeretal.2005)(Figure1).Duringtheprocessofmakingthemap,muchofthecircumpolararcticplant-communityinformationwasreviewedandupdated(Daniëlsetal.2005;Walkeretal.2005).AlthoughtheArcticisarelativelyunder-sampledregionoftheEarth,agreatdealofhigh-qualityplot-levelvegetationinformationhasbeencollected,andaunifiedclassificationframeworkforthevegetationofthebiomeisanachievablegoal.

Figure 1.CircumpolarArcticVegetationMapshowstheextentoftheArctic,definebythenortherntreeline,andthedominantphysiognomicvegetationtypes.

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Two main approaches to vegetation classification in the Arctic

OneoftheprincipalproductsthatwouldeventuallybederivedfromtheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasewouldbeapanarcticvegetationclassification.InArcticregions,twoapproachestovegetationclassificationareprevalent:theEuropeanorBraun-Blanquet(Br-Bl.)approachandtheAmericanapproach.

The European approach:ThetraditiondevelopedbyJosiasBraun-Blanquet(1928,1964;Westhoff&vanderMaarel1978)isthebasisfornumerouscomprehensivetextbooksandtreatmentsofthevegetationofEuropeandotherpartsoftheworld(e.g.,Ellenberg1988,Dierschke1994,Dierssen1996,Klötzlietal.2010).Theapproachisconsideredafloristic-basedapproach:Thatis,alllevelsoftheclassificationhierarchyarebasedprimarilyonspeciescomposition.AreviewofvegetationstudiesfortheCircumpolarArcticVegetationMapshowedthattheBr.-Bl.approachisthemostwidelyusedmethodofvegetationstudyintheArctic,withmanystudiesinEurope,Svalbard,Greenland,Russia,CanadaandAlaska(e.g.Barrett1972,Böcher1963,Bültmann2005,Thannheiser1988,Daniëls1994,Daniëlsetal.2004,Drees&Daniëls2009,Dierssen1992,Dierssen&Dierssen2005,Elvebakk1994,2005,Fredskild1998,Kholod2007,Kadeetal.2005,Kucherov&Daniëls2005,Matveyeva1998,2002,2006,Möller2000,Razzhivin1994,Schickhoffetal.2002,Sieg&Daniëls2005,Siegetal.2005,2006,2009,Sekretareva2003,Talbotetal.2005,Vonlanthenetal.2008,Walkeretal.1994,Zanokha2001,2003).TheBr.-Bl.method,however,hasnotgainedwideacceptanceinNorthAmerica,althoughtherehavebeenscatteredattemptstoapplyitin,forexample,intheColoradoalpine(Komárková1979),theNorthAmericanborealforests(Rivas-Martínezetal.1999),theeasterndeciduousforests(Miyawakietal.1994),andprincipallyintheArctic(referencescitedabove).ThebestsourcesforlearningthemethodareinGerman(e.g.,Braun-Blanquet1964,Dierschke1994,Dierssen1996,Wilmanns1998),andseveraltextsinEnglishhaveprovidedoverviews(e.g.Shimwell1971,Mueller-Dombois&Ellenberg1974;WesthoffandvanderMaarel1978,Kent&Coker1992).

The American approach:TheNatureConservancystartedtheapproachabout35yearsago,whicheventuallyevolvedintotheU.S.NationalVegetationClassification(USNVC)(Grossmanetal.1998,Jenningsetal.2009)andtheCanadaNationalVegetationClassification(CNVC)(Ponomarenko&Alvo2001).TheAmericanapproachusesfloristiccriteriasimilartotheBr.-Bl.approachatthelowestlevel(associationlevel)ofclassificationandavarietyofothercriteriaforhigher-levelunitsincludingvegetationphysiognomy(generaloutwardappearance)andbiogeographiccriteria(Faber-Langendoenetal.2009).In2001,TheNatureConservancytransferredthedevelopmentoftheapproachtoNatureServehttp://www.natureserve.org/aboutUs/index.jsp,whichisundersubcontracttotheU.S.ForestServicetomanagetheclassificationdatabaseandoverseechangesincontent.TheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica(ESA)andtheNationalBiologicalInformationInfrastructure(NBII)ProgramintheU.S.GeologicalSurveyarealsoplayingsupervisoryandpeerreviewrolesfortheUSNVC.TheapproachhasgainedwiderecognitionandacceptanceamonggovernmentagenciesintheU.S.,andseveralcountriesinthewesternhemisphereareusingittoguidetheirnationalvegetationclassifications,includingBolivia,Canada,MexicoandVenezuela(Faber-Langendoenetal.2009).TheCNVCapproachisbeingusedtoincludetheU.S.andCanadianArcticintheCanadianvegetationclassification.

The need for a harmonized approach:TheAmericanandBr.-Bl.approachesaresimilaratthelowestlevel(plant-associationlevel)ofthehierarchies,butthedetailsofthehierarchicapproachesmakeitdifficulttomakethesystemstotallycompatible.PlantassociationsdescribedaccordingtotheBr.-Bl.approachcanbeincludedintheU.S.andCanadianvegetationclassificationsystems;whereas,thereverseisnoteasilyaccomplishedwithoutconsiderableadditionalattentiontothenamingandpublicationoftheplantcommunitiesaccordingtointernationalprotocols(Weberetal.2000).Thereisneed,especiallyintheArctic,forharmonizingtheBr.-Bl.andAmericanapproachesbecausesomuchoftheworldisheavilyinvestedinoneortheothermethod(DeCaceras&Wiser2011).TheArcticvegetationdatabasewouldbeconstructedsothatthedatacouldbeincorporatedintoeitherapproach.

Oxyria digyna,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/InaTimling

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Is the Arctic an appropriate region for such a database?

Ofalltheglobalbiomes,theArcticTundraBiomebestlendsitselftoaunifiedinternationalapproachformanagingitsvegetationinformation.BecauseofitsproximitytotheArcticOceanwithitsrelativelyhomogeneousmaritimeclimate,arelativelysmallfloraandmainlyyounglandscapes,theArcticisfloristicallyandvegetativelythemosthomogeneousofalltheglobalbiomes.Itisalsotheonlybiomethathasitsentirelistofknownplants,includingabout2200vascularplants,900bryophytesand1700lichens,documentedinup-to-dateflorachecklists(Meltofte2011inprep.,Afonina&Czernyadjeva1995,Elvebakk&Prestrud1996,Sekretareva1999,Afonina2004,Kristinssonetal.2011,Elvenetal.2011).TheArcticTundraBiomeisalreadymappedattheglobalscaleaccordingtophysiognomiccategories(CAVMTeam2003),anditisthebestdescribedofallbiomes.Ifsuccessfullyappliedhere,itwouldbeagoodmodelforapplicationtootherglobalbiomessuchastheborealforestbiome(Spribille&Chytrý2002)andtheCAFFCircum-BorealForestMappingeffort(http://caff.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=191).

How the International Arctic Vegetation Database fits within the CAFF mandate

TheConservationofArcticFloraandFauna(CAFF)istheBiodiversityworkinggroupoftheArcticCouncil.ItsmandateistoaddresstheconservationofArcticandborealbiodiversity,andcommunicatefindingstothegovernmentsandresidentsoftheNorth,helpingtopromotepracticesthatensurethesustainabilityofnorthernresources.Themandatealsoincludesworkingtowardsregulationsandpracticesforfloraandvegetation,fauna,habitatmanagement,utilization,andconservation.Tohelpfulfillthisrole,CAFFproducesarangeofstrategiesandplansfordirectlyconservingspeciesandplantcommunitiesandalsoprovidesaframeworkthatfacilitatesmoreeffectiveconservationmeasures.Thesestrategiesprovidescientificandconservationrecommendationsonhowtoimplementandensurethemosteffective

RedBryum rutilans community,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/SkipWalker

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managementresponse.TheyaredevelopedviaintensiveinternationalcooperationbetweencountriesandscientistsacrosstheArcticregion.

WithinCAFFarethreeexpertgroups(Flora(CFG);Seabirds(CBird);andProtectedAreas(CPAN))thatarerelatedtokeyactivitiesofCAFFandservetosynthesize,coordinateandpublishresearchwithintheseareasofactivities.TheArcticVegetationDatabaseisaprojectoftheCFG.TheCFGwascreatedin2004toensurethatscientists,conservationists,andmanagersinterestedinarcticandborealfloraandvegetationwouldhaveaforumtopromote,facilitate,andcoordinateconservation,management,andresearchactivitiesofmutualconcern.TheCFGpromotesthefollowingactivities:

• Internationalopportunitiestosupporttheconservationneedsofthebiodiversityofarcticfloraandvegetation;

• ConservationpartnershipswithintheArcticandneighboringareas;

• Researchandeducationforconservationpartnerships;• Exchangeofpublishedinformationandunpublisheddata

concerningarcticfloraandvegetation;and• DevelopmentofcooperativebotanicalactivitiesfortheCAFF

annualworkplan.

Conceptual framework of the International Arctic Vegetation Database

TheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabaseisaprojectundertakenbymembersoftheCAFFFloraGroup.Theplant-communitydataoftheIAVDwillbeintimatelylinkedtotheplantspecieslistscontainedinthePanarcticFloradatabase(Figure2)theoutputofbothdatabaseswillbemadeavailabletoresearchersandthegeneralpublicthroughtheCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgramme’s(CBMP)DataPortal.Plant Species Lists

AstandardlistofacceptedplantspeciesnamesisanessentialfirststeptowardmakingtheIAVD.TaxonomistswithintheCAFFFloraGroupoftheArcticaredevelopingPanarcticlistsofvascularplants,bryophytesandlichens.Astandardvascularlisthasalreadybeencreated(The PanArctic Flora,PAF),andwasmadeavailableonthewebin2011(Elvenetal.2011).ThelistofarcticlichenshasalsobeenpublishedandisavailableontheCAFFwebsite(Kristinssonetal.2011).Thelistswillbecompiledinadatabaseformatthatcanincludeplantdescriptions,photographs,andinformationongenetics,ecology,habitat,andgeographicdistribution.Sourcesofinformationwillbelistedinareferencebibliography.RedListplantswillbehighlighted,sothatinventoriesanddescriptionsofrareandendangeredplantscanbeeasilygenerated.SpecialistsfromtheCAFFFloraWorking

Aconitum delphiniifolium ssp. delphiniifolium /MarthaRaynolds

If I knew all there is to know about a golden Arctic poppy growing on a rocky ledge in the Far North, I would know the whole story of evolution and creation.

–Sigurd F. Olson. Reflections from the North Country, 1976

Photo:SkipWalker

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Groupwillkeepthedatabasecurrentusingpasswordaccessviatheinternet.Theselistswillbecombinedintoasinglelistforthevegetationdatabase.ManyArcticvegetationsurveyshaveusednomenclatureinotherlistsofspecies(e.g.Hultén1968,Böcheretal.1968,Porsild&Cody1980,Rebristayaetal.1995,Afonina&Czernyadjeva1995,Elvebakk&Prestrud1996,Sekretareva1999,Afonina2004,Elvenetal.2011,Cody2000,Kristinsson2001,Petrovskiyetal.1996,Aikenetal.1999onwards,Talbotetal.1999,Brodo2001,Alsosetal.2005-2010,Lid&Lid2005,UniversityofAlaskaMuseumoftheNorth2001-2010).Synonymousnamesfromtheseandotherlistswillbeincluded,followingprotocolsdevelopedfortheSynBioSysvegetationinformationsystemoftheEuropeanVegetationSurvey,http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/synbiosyseu/.

Plant Community Data

TheArcticVegetationDatabasewillcontainthedetailedspecies-coverinformationcollectedfromsitesintheArcticandassociatedenvironmentalinformationifavailable.Thesedatawillcomefrompublishedstudiesofplantcommunities.ThePlantCommunityDatabasewilllaythefoundationforananalysisofarcticplantcommunitiesandanannotatedlist(Prodromus)ofalldescribedplantcommunitiesintheArctic.ThePlantCommunityDatawillbecompiledusingthePlantSpeciesListtoensureconsistentspeciesnomenclature.

Figure 2.ConceptualdiagramoftheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.

SortingvouchercollectionsandbiomassaboardtheM.Somov,2010/

SkipWalker

Interna'onalArc'c

Vegeta'onDatabase

Environmental

data

Panarc'cSpeciesDatabase

UnifiedArc'cplantspecieschecklist

withacceptedPAFnamesandsynonyms

Otherspecieslistsassociated

withrawspeciesplotdata

Published and unpublished plot data

Images,morphology,biology,

gene2cs,distribu2on,ecology

Species cover

data

Preliminary

prodromus

Plotdata:Original&standardizeddatasets,grouped

byvegeta2ontypes,habitattypes,loca2onsorother

variable

Species pages

Plant community

pages

PDFsof

original

papers

Biodiversity

assessment,

gapanalysis

Interac2ve

database

Checklist

download

Bibliography Plot Pages

Plotdata

download

Google

maps

Vegetation classification

& Prodromus

Metadata

download

CBMPDataPortal:Web‐basedProducts

Vascularplants

Elvenetal.

2011

Mosses

Bellandetal.

2011inprep.

Lichens

Kris'nssenetal.

2010

12

How will the International Arctic Vegetation Database be created?Thisprojectwillassembletheavailablerawplant-communityinformationintoacommondatabase(Fig.3).Thevegetationdatabasewillcontainthedetailedspecies-coverandsupportingenvironmentalinformationfromthestudiesofplantcommunitiesintheArctic.ThedatabasewillbecreatedusingthesoftwareapplicationTurboveg(http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/turboveg;Hennekens&Schaminée2001).ThejustificationforusingTurbovegisthatitisthemostwidelyusedvegetationdatabasetoolandlendsitselfwelltoothersoftwarepackagesdevelopedinEuropeforvegetationclassificationandanalysis,suchasJUICE(Tichy2002)andMULVA-5(WildiandOrlóci1996).Turbovegisanapplicationforfront-endmanagementofvegetationdata.Eventuallythedatawillbestoredinaclientserverdatabasesuchastheopensourcedatabaseobject-relationalsystemPostgreSQLhttp://www.postgresql.org/.AnimportantfirststepindevelopingthedatabasewillbeincorporatingthestandardizedArcticspecieslistintoTurboveg.Wewillusethepan-Arcticchecklists(Elvenetal.2011,Kristinsson2011,Afonina2004,Belland2012inprogress)andcross-referenceallothersnamesassynonyms.TheinformationfromTurbovegcanbereadilyimportedintoVegBank,thedatabaseusedfortheUSNationalVegetationClassificationandIBIS,thedatabaseusedbymanyRussianvegetationscientists(Solomeshch&Mirkin1999).

Figure 3.DataflowfortheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.TheCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgramme’sDataPortalwillbethehostserverforthedatabase.

Datasets

spreadsheetordatabase

formats(Excel,IBIS,

Turboveg,dbsetc.)

Standardized

exchange

format(e.g.

Turboveg,

standardXML

files)

Server

site

soEware

IAVD

PanarcJc

species

list

Russia

datasets

North

America

datasets

Greenland,

Scandinavia

datasets

CentralIAVD

(LocaJontobe

determined)

Analyses

CBMPWeb

DataPortal

Products

Includingspeciesmatrices,

environmentaldata

matrices,specieslists,pdf

ofpublicaJons,metadata,

etc.

DescripJon,classificaJon,

analysisofArcJc

vegetaJon,habitatsand

environment

13

Developmentofastandardizedsetofenvironmentalvariableswillalsobeneeded.Thelistofenvironmentalvariablesformostplotswillbeshortandincludesuchthingsasgeographiccoordinates,elevation,andsitemoisturestatus.Forsomeplotsextensivesoilandenvironmentalinformationisavailableandwillbeincluded.Partofthegoalsoftheprojectwillbetodeveloprecommendationsforfuturecollectionofplot-levelenvironmentaldatatocomplementvegetationinformation.

Duringthefirstyear,aworkshopthatistentativelyplannedtobeheldinWageningen,theNetherlands,willlaythefoundationforthedatabaseandassemblealistofthekeydatasetsthatwillbeincluded.AtrainingsessioninthelatestversionofTurbovegisalsoplanned.WewillinvitescientistswithaninterestorfocusonArcticvegetationsciencetoparticipateandcommentonthiscollaborativecircumarcticproject.WewilldrawontheexperienceofcolleaguesatWageningenUniversity,theNetherlands,andMasarykUniversity,CzechRepublic,whohavelongexperienceinbuildinglargevegetationdatabases(Schaminéeetal.2009).WewillalsosolicitthecooperationandhelpofCanadianswhoarebuildinganArcticvegetationdatabaseinCanada(deGrootetal.2010)andthedevelopersofVegBankfortheUSNationalVegetationClassification.Ourlong-termgoalisaclassificationiscompatiblewiththeAmericanandEuropeansystems.Theprojectwilllikelyrequirethefull-timeattentionofthreepost-doctoralstudentsandanassistanttoenterdatafromsetsofknownvegetationinformationfortheArctic.WewillprioritizethedataentrytofirstincludethebestpublisheddigitaldatasetswithcompletevascularandnonvascularplantspecieslistscollectedaccordingtoBr.-Bl.protocols(seeAppendix1forpreliminarylistofdatasets).Astimepermitswewillenterdatafromunpublishedandnon-digitalsources.Aspecialeffortwillbemadetoretrievecriticallegacydatasetsthatareindangerofbeinglostorwhoseauthorshavedied.Datacollectedwithincompletespecieslistsorbynon-expertswillhavelowpriority.Keyinvestigatorswillworkattheirhomeinstitutionstopreparetheirdataforinclusioninthedatabase.Twoadditionalworkshopsareplannedtohelpcoordinatetheeffort.AbibliographyofvegetationsurveysintheArcticwillaccompanythedatabase.TheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasewillbeaccessiblethroughtheweb.Wewillcreatedownloadoptionssuchthatchecklistsandplantcommunityinformationcanbecustomizedandretrieved,forexampleforspecifiedgeographicareas.

Inthefirstyearoftheproject,aprototypedatabasewillbecreatedusingthemostreadilyavailableArcticvegetationdatasets.Thisprototypewillbedrawontheprotocols,methods,andexperienceusedfortheSynBioSysinformationsystemoftheEuropeanVegetationSurvey,headquarteredinWageningen,theNetherlands,andVegetationDatabaseoftheCzechRepublic(Chytrý2010).

Cushion-forb,lichencommunity,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/SkipWalker

14

Web-based products

OncetheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasehasbeencreated,itcanbeusedforawidevarietyofapplications.Theoriginalplotdatathatwereusedtopopulatethedatabasecanbeexportedintheiroriginalconditionorwithconsistentspeciesnomenclature.Thespeciesdataorenvironmentaldatacanbeexportedforsubsetsofthedatabase,selectedforexampleonthebasisongeographicallocation,orcommunitytype,orresearcher.Listsofspeciesoccurrencecanbecreatedforspecificareasorcommunities,forcomparativeanalysisorbiodiversityassessment.Geographicaldistributionofplotdatacanbeusedforgapanalysis,todetermineareasthatarepoorlysampled.Listsofknownspeciescanbecreatedforgeographicareas,avaluableresourceforbothexpertslookingforrareoroverlookedplants,andresearchersnotfamiliarwiththefloraofanarea.

TheIAVDandtheplantspecieslistswillbeaccessibleviatheCAFFCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgram’sDataManagementPortal.Webpagesforindividualplantspeciesandplantcommunitieswillbeautomaticallygeneratedfromthedatabase,showingphotographsanddescriptionsoftheplantcommunitiesandtheirhabitat(Figure4).Thewebportalwillhaveageographiccomponent,sothatdistributionmapscanbecreated.Plantspecieschecklistscanbegeneratedforspecificareas.Summarystatisticsderivedfromthedatabasewillbeakeyresourceforprovidingup-to-datebiodiversityassessmentsandidentifyingknowledgegaps.OneofthefirstusesofthecompletedDatabasewillbetoconductacommunityanalysis.Theanalysiswillusetheplotdatatoidentifyconsistentrecurringgroupsofspeciesthatformidentifiablecommunities.Thesecommunitiesformthebasisforvegetationmappingandhabitatdescriptions.Alistofthesecommunities,theArcticProdomus,willbeavaluableresourceforresearchersandmanagers.

Funding for the International Arctic Vegetation Database

Wewillrequestfunds,likelyfromavarietyofinternationalagencies,forananticipated5-yearprojectthatmayincludethefollowingscopeofitemsthatwillbemodifiedafterconsultationamongtheparticipantsandreviewersoftheproposal:

1.Threeworkshopsforkeyinvestigators(approximately10-15people)tomeetanddiscusstherequirementsandprogressoftheproject.

2.3full-time3-yrpost-docexpertsinArcticvegetationanddatabasemanagementtoassembletheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.ThiscouldbesplitbetweenexpertsinRussia,NorthAmerica,andGreenland/Scandinavia.

3.1half-timestudentassistanttohelpwithdataentry.4.ConsultingtohelptodesigntheTurbovegandPostgreSQL

databases.5.6-monthsalaryforaweb-sitedevelopertomakeawebsitewhere

alltheinformationwillbeavailable.6.6-monthsalaryforstudentassistantsatthe6institutionsthathavethekeyArcticvegetationdata

sets(UniversityofMünster,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,UniversityofAlaska,USFWSAnchorage,Tromso,YukonGovernmentinWhitehorse)tohelpthekeyinvestigatorspreparetheirdataforinclusioninthedatabaseandwritethenecessarymetadata.

Figure 4.Examplespecieswebpage.

Cassiope tetragona,NorthSlope,Alaska/MarthaRaynolds

15

Timeline

Year1:Organizingworkshop,Wageningen,theNetherlands.CompleteIAVDprototype.Obtainfunding.

Year2-4:AssembledatafromliteraturesourcesatthreemaincentersUAF(NorthAmerica),Münster(GreenlandandScandinavia),andSt.Petersburg(Russia).Buildserversitesoftware.BuildpagesforCBMPdataportal.

Year5:Testandreleasethedatabase.

International partners

AlargenumberofpeoplehavebeeninvolvedwithmakingthisconceptpaperandalargegroupofotherArcticvegetationscientistswillbeinvolvedoncetheprojectbegins.Thosemostactivelyinvolvedtothispointinclude:

KenBaldwin,CanadianForestService,NaturalResourcesCanadaTomBarry,CAFF,Akureyri,IcelandSteffiIckert-Bond,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksAmyBreen,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksHelgaBultmann,UniversityofMünster,GermanyMilanChytrý,MasayrkUniversity,Brno,CzechRepublicFredDaniëls,UniversityofMünster,GermanyStephanHennekens,WageningenUniversity,theNetherlandsCatherineKennedy,YukonGovernment,CanadaPatrickKuss,UniversityofBern,SwitzerlandNadyezhdaMatveyeva,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,RussiaRobertPeet,UniversityofNorthCarolina,USAMarthaRaynolds,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,USAValodyaRazzhivin,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,RussiaStephenTalbot,USFishandWildlifeService,Anchorage,AK,USALubomirTichý,MasayrkUniversity,Brno,CzechRepublicD.A.(Skip)Walker,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,USAMarilynWalker,UniversityofColorado,USA

Researchteamduring2010ExpeditiontoHayesIsland/SkipWalker

16

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20

Appendix A. Preliminary survey of Arctic relevés

Country Source (author, date, location, journal) Published Relevés

Other

Canada Babb&Bliss1974,QEIslands,J.AppliedEcology 8Barrett1972,DevonI.,UBCPhD 72Bergeron1988,SverdrupPass,EllesmereI.,UTorontoMSc 65Bliss1977,TrueloveLowlands,DevonI,UAlbertaPress 2Bliss&Svoboda1984,QEIslands,HolarcticEcology 41Blissetal.1994,Devon&EllesmereI.,Arctic&AlpineResearch 19Breen&Levesque2006,SverdrupPass,EllesmereI.,CanJBotany

20

Brigland1986,CapeHerschell,EllesmereI.,UNStJMSc 70Cordesetal.1984,MackenzieDelta,reportforBCHydro 48Duclosetal.2006,BylotandBaffinI.,ParksCanada 541Forbes1993,mostlydisturbedsites 246Forbes1994,mostlydisturbedsites 180Gill1971,MackenzieDelta,UBCPhD 64Gonzalezetal.2000,CAVMCanadaexpeditionAGCdatareport 108Gould,A.J.,1985,LakeHazen,EllesmereI.,UTorontoMSc 50Hastings1983,MackenzieDelta,U.AlbertaMSc 34Hernandez1972,TuktoyuktukPeninsual,U.AlbertaMSc 38Levesque1997,EllesmereI,U.TorontoPhD 41MacHutchon2000,VuntutPark,ParksCanada 89Nams&Freedman1987,AlexandraFiord,Ellesmere,HolarcticEcology

8

Roweetal.1977,RankinInlet,Muskox 13Smithetal.1989,HerschelI.,Ag.Canada 538Vonlanthenetal.2008,Isachsen,MouldB.,GreenCab.,Phytocoenologia

75

Canada approx. total 612 1758Alaska Alaska Geobotany Center

Breen2012?,NorthSlopepoplars,Phytocoenologia 25Edwardsetal.2002,NorthSlope 15Jorgenson2009,NPS,ArcticNetworkrelevés 763Kadeetal.2005,NorthSlopeFrostboils,Phytocoenologia 117Schikhoffetal.2001,N.AK,Willowcomm.,Phytocoenologia 85Walker1981,1985,PrudhoeBay,Ph.D.thesisandCRRELreport 93Walkeretal.1984,ImnavaitCrk.datareport,M.D.Walkeretal.1994(JVS),

81

WalkerandBarry1991,ToolikLakedatareport,M.D.Walkeretal.1994(JVS),

72

21

Alaskacont´d WalkerM.D.,1990,PingosofN.Alaska,publishedthesis 293Edwardsetal.,2000,,ATLASdatareport 12Eliasetal.1996,Barrow,BarterI.Legacydatareport 61Walkeretal.1997,HappyValleyDatareport 55AGC Subtotal 756 181

Churchill1955,Umiat,Ecology 51Cooper1986,ArrigetchMtns,Phytocoenologia 372Ebersole1985,Oumalik,unpublishedthesis 85S. Talbot:Talbotetal.2005,aldersofSWAK,Phytocoenologia 128Talbot&Talbot2008,ChisikI.,(DaniëlsFestschriftvol.) 38Talbotetal.2010,Unalaska(Botany) 65Talbot&Talbot1994,AttuIsland 79Webber,IBPstudiesatBarrow,summarytableinTieszen1978 33Alaska approx. total 2274 299

Greenland DeMolenaar1974,MoG 61DeMolenaar1976,MoG 305Daniels1982,MoGBiosci 269Siegetal2006,Phytocoenologia 394Sieg&Daniels2005,Phytocoenologia 49Lünterbusch&Daniels2004,Phytocoenologia 49Siegetal2009,Phytocoenologia 55Drees&Daniels2009,Phytocoenologia 149Lepping&Daniels2007,Polarforschung 57Lünterbuschetal1997,Polarforschung 50Böcher1963,MoG 450DivMoGDanishresearchers,MoG 200Dierssendiv. 50Stumbock1993,Diss.Bot 214LünterbuschDissertationMünster 236Ferwerda,MScThesisUtrecht 150GBU-BerichteCopenhagen 150HerkandKnaapen,MScThesis,Utrecht 70Daniels1992Disko,stilltobepublished 105DanielsNWGreenland1993,stilltobepublished 100Daniels1998NWGreenland,stilltobepublished 100DanielsNorthGreenland1995,stilltobepublished 75DanielsWestGreenland2001-2003,stilltobepublished 72DanielsSEGreenland1995,stilltobepublished 13Daniels2009SGreenland,stilltobepublished 15Lepping1998NWGreenland,stilltobepublished 60Dierssen&DierssenWGreenland1981,stilltobepublished 500Greenland approx. total 2352 1646

22

Svalbard(ArveElvebakk)

SyntaxaarereviewedinElvebakk(1994,JVS)withoutassociationtables.19habitattypesin17alliances,Severalhundredrelevésareinunpublishedtheses.eg.I.Möller2000,NWSvalbard(479),CurrenttotalforSvalbard479

Russia V.D.Alexandrova,1983,FranzJozefLand 61Forbes(1995,1996,1997,Forbes&Sumina1999)Yamalmostlydisturbed

419

O. and I. Lavrinenko:2010,marshesinMalozemelskayatundra 1002010inprep,Dryascomm.inEuropeanRussiaArctic 602010inprep,BarentsSeacoastalcommunities 50OthersalreadyinExcel 380subtotal 100 490S.Kholod2007,WrangelIsland 691 400N.Koroleva1994,KolaPeninsula,JVS 250N.Koroleva,unpublishedfromBarentsSeacoast 400E.E.Kylygina,2008,PechoraR.sandyoutcrops 121N. Matveyeva:1979,Taimyr,CapeCheluskin 51979,MariaPronchitschevaBay 41994,TaimyrPeninsula,5Ass. 1801998,TaimyrPen.,4Ass. 902003,PlatoPutoranaalpinebelt 312006,BolshevikI. 250Unpublishedinfieldbooks 500Matveyeva subtotal 560 500Raynolds2004,KolymaR.,ATLASstudy 25Razzhivin1994,Chukotkasnowbeds,summaryTableinJVS 261Sekretareva(1991,1992,1995,1999,2001,2003),WillowsofE.Russ.Arctic,

235 164

O.Sumina1994,Disturbedsites,Chukotka 181Walkeretal.2009,Yamaldatareport 66L.L.Zanokha(1993,1995,2001,2003,5ass.FromTaimyr(?)region

182

LLZanokha,unpublishedfromTaimyr,Labytnangi,PlateauPutorana

600

Russia approx. total 2381 2906

ARCTIC APROX. TOTAL 11622 5626

23

Appendix A References

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27

Arctic:Thehigh-latituderegionthathasnotreesonmostsurfaces(althoughsmallinclusionsmayoccuraroundextrazonalareas,suchashotsprings,orsmallareasonwarmsouth-facingslopes).Inabioclimaticsense,theArcticregionhastundravegetation,anArcticfloraandanArcticclimatewithcoolsummersandverycoldwinters.

Belt-transect method:Amethodofsamplingvegetationwherebyalongnarrowstripofvegetation,usuallyonlyafewcentimetersormeterswide,isdefinedandtheconstituentplantsarerecorded,measured,etc.

Biomass:Themassofbioticmaterialperunitarea(e.g.,gm-2).Plantbiomass(phytomass)isoftendividedintolivinganddeadmaterial,abovegroundandbelowgroundcomponents,andfurthersubdividedaccordingtospecies,plantgrowthformsorplantfunctionalgroups.

Bryophyte:Acollectivetermthatincludeslandplantsthatdonothavetruevasculartissues(i.e.,non-vascularplants),includingthemosses(Bryophyta),liverworts(Marchantiophyta),andhornworts(Anthocerotophyta).

Canopy cover:Theproportionofgroundareacoveredbytheverticalprojectionofthecanopy—oftenexpressedasapercentofthearea.

Flora:(1)Alistofalltheplantspecieslivinginadefinedareaataparticulartime.(2)Abookdescribingalltheplantspeciesinaspecificarea.(3)Acollectivetermforalltheplantspeciesinanarea,inthesamewaythat“vegetation”isacollectivetermforalltheplantcommunities.

Lichen:Asymbioticorganismcomposedofafungus(themycobiont)withaphotosyntheticpartner(thephycobiont),usuallyagreenalga(e.g.,Trebouxia)and/orcyanobacterium(e.g.,Nostoc).

Moss:Anon-vascularplantinthedivisionBryophyta.Mostlysmallsoftplantswithadistinctstemandsimpleribbedleaves.Thereproductivepart(sporophyte)usuallyconsistsofaspore-bearingcapsulesituatedonastalk(seta).

Ordination:Amultivariatemethodofvegetationanalysisthatordersspeciesand/orsampleunitsalongknownenvironmentalgradients(directordination),suchasasoilmoistureorsnowgradientoraccordingtotheirfloristicand/orenvironmentalsimilarity(indirectordination).

Phytosociology:Thebranchofvegetationsciencethatdealswithplantcommunities,theirdescriptionandclassification,theircompositionandstructure,environmentalrelationships,successionandgeographicaldistribution.

Plant community:Anassemblageofplantslivingtogetherandinteractingamongthemselvesinaspecificlocationinnature.

Plant community type:Anabstractplantcommunitythatisdefinedbyspeciescomposition,structureandhabitat.

Point-intercept method:Agroupoftechniquesformeasuringplantcover.Atypicaltechniqueconsistsofloweringmanyregularlyplacedpinsintotheplantcanopyandrecordingthe“hits”onvariousspecies.Anothermethodconsistsofsightingintotheplantcanopywithatelescopedevicewithcrosshairstodeterminethepointsandthespeciesinterceptingthepoint.Thecoverofeachspeciesisthepercentageofhitsofthatspeciesdividedbythetotalnumberofsamplepoints.

Prodromus:Achecklistofsyntaxa(seesyntaxon).

Relevé:(DerivedfromFr.meaningastatementorsummaryoralist).AsampleofvegetationcollectedfromaplotofdefinedsizeaccordingtheEuropeanBraun-Blanquetapproach.Itusuallyincludesacompletelistofplantspecies,estimatesofthecover-abundanceofeachspecies,andinformationonthesitecharacteristics(environmentalinformation),soil,andlayersintheplantcommunity.

Syntaxon(pl.syntaxa):SyntaxaareclassifiedvegetationunitsofthehierarchicalclassificationsystemoftheBraun-Blanquetapproach.Theyarecharacterizedbyspeciesandcanreferto

Appendix B. Glossary

28

vegetationunitsatanylevelinthehierarchy(e.g.sub-association,association,alliance,order,class).

Tundra:Thevegetationbeyondthenorthernandaltitudinallimitoftrees,wherelowshrubsanddwarfshrubs,herbaceousplants(grasses,sedges,forbs),mossesandlichenspredominate.

Vascular plant:Atermthatreferstoplantswithaninternalsystemoflignifiedvasculartissueforthetransportofwaterandnutrients(viaxylem)andphotosyntheticproducts(viaphloem).Includesclubmosses,horsetails(Equisetum),ferns,gymnosperms(includingconifers),andfloweringplants(Angiosperms).

Vegetation:(1)Acollectivetermforthemosaicofplantcommunitiesinthelandscapeofaspecificarea.(2)Asystemoflargelyspontaneousgrowingplantsincoherencewiththeirsites.

Vegetation classification:Theprocessofdefiningvegetationtypesconsistingofsimilarassemblagesofplantsoftenformappingoranalyses.Variousapproachesforvegetationclassificationareusedatdifferentscalesandbydifferentnationaltraditions.Atthelowestlevelofclassificationmostapproachesdefinevegetationtypesbasedonrepeatingassemblagesofco-occurringplantspecies.

Vegetation composition:Theplantspecies,plantfunctionaltypes,lifeformsand/orgrowthformswithinplantcommunities,oftenrecordedasalistofspecies.

Vegetation structure:Thehorizontalandverticaldistributionofplantswithinplantcommunities.Itreferstothecoverandheightofspecies,layersandplantfunctionaltypes.

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