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Analogical effectsin thecomprehensionof interfixed Dutch
compoundsAndreaKrott
�
, PeterHagoort
�
, andHaraldBaayen
�
Universityof Birmingham
�
, U.K.
Universityof Nijmegen
�
, TheNetherlands
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.1/17
Interfixes in Dutch
Interfixesareformativesin compounds(German,Swedish,Danish,andDutch).
SomeDutchcompounds:
Traditionalrule-basedanalyseshaveanaccuracy ofonly 32%.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.2/17
Interfixes in Dutch
Interfixesareformativesin compounds(German,Swedish,Danish,andDutch).
SomeDutchcompounds:schaapherder ‘shepherd’schaapskooi ‘sheepfold’schapebout ‘leg of mutton’
Traditionalrule-basedanalyseshaveanaccuracy ofonly 32%.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.2/17
Interfixes in Dutch
Interfixesareformativesin compounds(German,Swedish,Danish,andDutch).
SomeDutchcompounds:schaapherder ‘shepherd’schaapSkooi ‘sheepfold’schapEbout ‘leg of mutton’
Traditionalrule-basedanalyseshaveanaccuracy ofonly 32%.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.2/17
Interfixes in Dutch
Interfixesareformativesin compounds(German,Swedish,Danish,andDutch).
SomeDutchcompounds:schaapherder ‘shepherd’schaapSkooi ‘sheepfold’schapEbout ‘leg of mutton’
Traditionalrule-basedanalyseshaveanaccuracy ofonly 32%.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.2/17
Probabilistic Analogy
It turnsout thatthedistributionof theinterfixesisgovernedby probabilisticanalogy.
A seriesof productionexperimentshasrevealedthatparticipantsarehighly sensitive to this probabilisticanalogy.
Thekey analogicalpredictorsarethedistributionsoftheinterfixesin theleft andright constituentfamilies.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.3/17
Probabilistic Analogy
It turnsout thatthedistributionof theinterfixesisgovernedby probabilisticanalogy.
A seriesof productionexperimentshasrevealedthatparticipantsarehighly sensitive to this probabilisticanalogy.
Thekey analogicalpredictorsarethedistributionsoftheinterfixesin theleft andright constituentfamilies.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.3/17
Probabilistic Analogy
It turnsout thatthedistributionof theinterfixesisgovernedby probabilisticanalogy.
A seriesof productionexperimentshasrevealedthatparticipantsarehighly sensitive to this probabilisticanalogy.
Thekey analogicalpredictorsarethedistributionsoftheinterfixesin theleft andright constituentfamilies.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.3/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
fietspad ‘bicycleshop’fietsemaker ‘bicycle repairer’
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
fietspad ‘bicycleshop’fietsemaker ‘reparerof bicycles’
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
fietspad ‘bicycleshop’fietsemaker ‘reparerof bicycles’
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
fietspad ‘bicycleshop’fietsemaker ‘reparerof bicycles’
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Families
Examplesof compoundsin theleft constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel ‘bicycleshop’:
fietspad ‘bicycleshop’fietsemaker ‘reparerof bicycles’
Examplesof compoundsin theright constituentfamily of fietsenwinkel
schoenwinkel ‘shoeshop’hoedewinkel ‘hat shop’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.4/17
Constituent Family Bias
Whenthemajorityof compoundsin aconstituentfamily supportagiveninterfix, this constituentfamily hasapositivebiasfor this interfix.
A constituentfamily with apositive left biasfor s:lezerskring ‘groupof readers’lezersreactie ‘reader’s reaction’lezerstype ‘kind of reader’
A constituentfamily with a right biasagainsts:hondebeest ‘dog beast’knuffelbeest ‘cuddly toy beast’werkbeest ‘work beast’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.5/17
Constituent Family Bias
Whenthemajorityof compoundsin aconstituentfamily supportagiveninterfix, this constituentfamily hasapositivebiasfor this interfix.
A constituentfamily with apositive left biasfor s:
lezerskring ‘groupof readers’lezersreactie ‘reader’s reaction’lezerstype ‘kind of reader’
A constituentfamily with a right biasagainsts:hondebeest ‘dog beast’knuffelbeest ‘cuddly toy beast’werkbeest ‘work beast’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.5/17
Constituent Family Bias
Whenthemajorityof compoundsin aconstituentfamily supportagiveninterfix, this constituentfamily hasapositivebiasfor this interfix.
A constituentfamily with apositive left biasfor s:lezerskring ‘groupof readers’lezersreactie ‘reader’s reaction’lezerstype ‘kind of reader’
A constituentfamily with a right biasagainsts:hondebeest ‘dog beast’knuffelbeest ‘cuddly toy beast’werkbeest ‘work beast’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.5/17
Constituent Family Bias
Whenthemajorityof compoundsin aconstituentfamily supportagiveninterfix, this constituentfamily hasapositivebiasfor this interfix.
A constituentfamily with apositive left biasfor s:lezerskring ‘groupof readers’lezersreactie ‘reader’s reaction’lezerstype ‘kind of reader’
A constituentfamily with a right biasagainsts:
hondebeest ‘dog beast’knuffelbeest ‘cuddly toy beast’werkbeest ‘work beast’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.5/17
Constituent Family Bias
Whenthemajorityof compoundsin aconstituentfamily supportagiveninterfix, this constituentfamily hasapositivebiasfor this interfix.
A constituentfamily with apositive left biasfor s:lezerskring ‘groupof readers’lezersreactie ‘reader’s reaction’lezerstype ‘kind of reader’
A constituentfamily with a right biasagainsts:hondebeest ‘dog beast’knuffelbeest ‘cuddly toy beast’werkbeest ‘work beast’
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.5/17
Bias in Production
Productionexperimentshave revealeda largeeffectof theleft constituentbiasandasmalleffectof theright constituentbias.
Whenaninterfix is supportedby ahighpositivebias,it is very likely to beselectedasinterfix fornovel compounds.Responselatenciesshow thisdecisionis reachedquickly.
Whenaninterfix is not supportedby ahighpositivebias,for instance,becausea rival interfix hasahighpositivebias,thenit is unlikely to beselected,andifselected,theselectionprocedureis time-costly.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.6/17
Bias in Production
Productionexperimentshave revealeda largeeffectof theleft constituentbiasandasmalleffectof theright constituentbias.
Whenaninterfix is supportedby ahighpositivebias,it is very likely to beselectedasinterfix fornovel compounds.Responselatenciesshow thisdecisionis reachedquickly.
Whenaninterfix is not supportedby ahighpositivebias,for instance,becausea rival interfix hasahighpositivebias,thenit is unlikely to beselected,andifselected,theselectionprocedureis time-costly.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.6/17
Bias in Production
Productionexperimentshave revealeda largeeffectof theleft constituentbiasandasmalleffectof theright constituentbias.
Whenaninterfix is supportedby ahighpositivebias,it is very likely to beselectedasinterfix fornovel compounds.Responselatenciesshow thisdecisionis reachedquickly.
Whenaninterfix is not supportedby ahighpositivebias,for instance,becausea rival interfix hasahighpositivebias,thenit is unlikely to beselected,andifselected,theselectionprocedureis time-costly.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.6/17
A SpreadingActivation Model
Mod-e-
Modifier Mod-e- -e-Mod-e-
-s-HeadHead -s-Head -s-
-s-Head
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.7/17
A SpreadingActivation Model
Mod-e-
Modifier Mod-e- -e-Mod-e-
-s-HeadHead -s-Head -s-
-s-Head
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.7/17
A SpreadingActivation Model
Mod-e-
Modifier Mod-e- -e-Mod-e-
-s-HeadHead -s-Head -s-
-s-Head
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.7/17
A SpreadingActivation Model
Mod-e-
Modifier Mod-e- -e-Mod-e-
-s-HeadHead -s-Head -s-
-s-Head
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.7/17
A SpreadingActivation Model
Mod-e-
Modifier Mod-e- -e-Mod-e-
-s-HeadHead -s-Head -s-
-s-Head
Modifier weightsaregreaterthanheadweights
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.7/17
Analogy in comprehension
Are constituentfamiliesactivatedwhenreadingnovel compoundswith interfixes?
Are constituentfamiliesalsoactivatedwhenreadingexistingcompoundswith interfixes?
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.8/17
Analogy in comprehension
Are constituentfamiliesactivatedwhenreadingnovel compoundswith interfixes?
Are constituentfamiliesalsoactivatedwhenreadingexistingcompoundswith interfixes?
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.8/17
Analogy and novel compounds
Materials: Novel compoundswith interfixesthatareeitherin line with theleft andright constituentbias(bias ) or thatarein conflictwith this bias(bias ).
Task: On-linewellformednessdecision.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.9/17
Analogy and novel compounds
Materials: Novel compoundswith interfixesthatareeitherin line with theleft andright constituentbias(bias ) or thatarein conflictwith thisbias(bias ).
Task: On-linewellformednessdecision.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.9/17
WellformednessDecisions
bias+ bias−
prop
ortio
n of
YE
S r
espo
nses
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
*
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.10/17
WellformednessDecisions
bias+ bias−
prop
ortio
n of
YE
S r
espo
nses
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
*
Novel compoundsaremorewellformedwhentheinterfix
follows thebias.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.10/17
WellformednessLatencies
bias+ bias−
RT
YE
S r
espo
nses
020
060
010
00 *
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.11/17
WellformednessLatencies
bias+ bias−
RT
YE
S r
espo
nses
020
060
010
00 *
Novel compoundselicit shorterlatencieswhentheinterfix
follows thebias.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.11/17
RegressionAnalysis
Left andright biasarebothsignificantwith verysimilar coefficients.
In addition,theright positionalfamily frequency(theprobabilitythatthesecondconstituentis theheadof thecompound)is significant.
Linearmixedeffectmodelingfurthermorerevealsdifferentialsensitivity of theparticipantsto theleftbias.For someparticipants,theleft biasis lessirrelevant.
Theimportanceof theright constituentin thisexperimentis probablydueto thepresenceof pluralendingsonall compounds,andto thepresenceofincorrectpluralendingsin partof thefiller materials.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.12/17
RegressionAnalysis
Left andright biasarebothsignificantwith verysimilar coefficients.
In addition,theright positionalfamily frequency(theprobabilitythatthesecondconstituentis theheadof thecompound)is significant.
Linearmixedeffectmodelingfurthermorerevealsdifferentialsensitivity of theparticipantsto theleftbias.For someparticipants,theleft biasis lessirrelevant.
Theimportanceof theright constituentin thisexperimentis probablydueto thepresenceof pluralendingsonall compounds,andto thepresenceofincorrectpluralendingsin partof thefiller materials.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.12/17
RegressionAnalysis
Left andright biasarebothsignificantwith verysimilar coefficients.
In addition,theright positionalfamily frequency(theprobabilitythatthesecondconstituentis theheadof thecompound)is significant.
Linearmixedeffectmodelingfurthermorerevealsdifferentialsensitivity of theparticipantsto theleftbias.For someparticipants,theleft biasis lessirrelevant.
Theimportanceof theright constituentin thisexperimentis probablydueto thepresenceof pluralendingsonall compounds,andto thepresenceofincorrectpluralendingsin partof thefiller materials.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.12/17
RegressionAnalysis
Left andright biasarebothsignificantwith verysimilar coefficients.
In addition,theright positionalfamily frequency(theprobabilitythatthesecondconstituentis theheadof thecompound)is significant.
Linearmixedeffectmodelingfurthermorerevealsdifferentialsensitivity of theparticipantsto theleftbias.For someparticipants,theleft biasis lessirrelevant.
Theimportanceof theright constituentin thisexperimentis probablydueto thepresenceof pluralendingsonall compounds,andto thepresenceofincorrectpluralendingsin partof thefiller materials.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.12/17
Analogy and Existing Compounds
Materials: Existingcompoundswith thestandardinterfixes(normalcompounds)andexistingcompoundsin whichwechangedtheinterfix(manipulatedcompounds).
For bothnormalandmanipulatedcompounds,theinterfix canbeeitherin line with theleft andrightconstituentbias(bias ) or in conflictwith this bias(bias ).
Task: On-linewellformednessdecision.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.13/17
Analogy and Existing Compounds
Materials: Existingcompoundswith thestandardinterfixes(normalcompounds)andexistingcompoundsin whichwechangedtheinterfix(manipulatedcompounds).
For bothnormalandmanipulatedcompounds,theinterfix canbeeitherin line with theleft andrightconstituentbias(bias ) or in conflictwith this bias(bias ).
Task: On-linewellformednessdecision.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.13/17
Analogy and Existing Compounds
Materials: Existingcompoundswith thestandardinterfixes(normalcompounds)andexistingcompoundsin whichwechangedtheinterfix(manipulatedcompounds).
For bothnormalandmanipulatedcompounds,theinterfix canbeeitherin line with theleft andrightconstituentbias(bias ) or in conflictwith this bias(bias ).
Task: On-linewellformednessdecision.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.13/17
WellformednessDecisionsWords
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
prop
ortio
n of
YE
S r
espo
nses
normal manipulated
bias+bias−
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.14/17
WellformednessDecisionsWords
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
prop
ortio
n of
YE
S r
espo
nses
normal manipulated
bias+bias−
Manipulation against the bias leads to fewer YES re-
sponses(maineffectsandinteractionsignificant).
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.14/17
WellformednessLatenciesWords
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
RT
normal manipulated
*
bias+
bias−
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.15/17
WellformednessLatenciesWords
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
RT
normal manipulated
*
bias+
bias−
Manipulationagainstthebiasleadsto longerRTs (inter-
actionsignificant).Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.15/17
Conclusions
Theanalogicalprobabilitiesgoverningtheselectionof interfixesin languageproductionalsoco-determinetheir comprehension.
Compoundswith interfixesthatarein line with thebiasarejudgedto bemorewell-formedthancompoundswith interfixesthatgoagainstthebias.
Compoundswith non-conventionalinterfixesthatgoagainstthebiaselicit especiallylong responselatencies.
Weseeanalogicaleffectsnotonly for novelcompoundsbut alsofor existingcompounds.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.16/17
Conclusions
Theanalogicalprobabilitiesgoverningtheselectionof interfixesin languageproductionalsoco-determinetheir comprehension.
Compoundswith interfixesthatarein line with thebiasarejudgedto bemorewell-formedthancompoundswith interfixesthatgoagainstthebias.
Compoundswith non-conventionalinterfixesthatgoagainstthebiaselicit especiallylong responselatencies.
Weseeanalogicaleffectsnotonly for novelcompoundsbut alsofor existingcompounds.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.16/17
Conclusions
Theanalogicalprobabilitiesgoverningtheselectionof interfixesin languageproductionalsoco-determinetheir comprehension.
Compoundswith interfixesthatarein line with thebiasarejudgedto bemorewell-formedthancompoundswith interfixesthatgoagainstthebias.
Compoundswith non-conventionalinterfixesthatgoagainstthebiaselicit especiallylong responselatencies.
Weseeanalogicaleffectsnotonly for novelcompoundsbut alsofor existingcompounds.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.16/17
Conclusions
Theanalogicalprobabilitiesgoverningtheselectionof interfixesin languageproductionalsoco-determinetheir comprehension.
Compoundswith interfixesthatarein line with thebiasarejudgedto bemorewell-formedthancompoundswith interfixesthatgoagainstthebias.
Compoundswith non-conventionalinterfixesthatgoagainstthebiaselicit especiallylong responselatencies.
Weseeanalogicaleffectsnotonly for novelcompoundsbut alsofor existingcompounds.
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.16/17
The End
ThankstotheLinuxandLATEX
developers
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.17/17
The End
ThankstotheLinuxandLATEX
developers
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.17/17
The End
ThankstotheLinuxandLATEX
developers
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.17/17
The End
ThankstotheLinuxandLATEX
developers
Analogicaleffectsin thecomprehensionof interfixedDutchcompounds– p.17/17
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