anatomy 3 - irenes.edu

5/20/21

Irene’s Myomassology InstituteAnatomy 3 Lecture

Posterior Torso

Spine & Thorax

Bony Landmarks to Know

• Spinous processes of the vertebrae• Transverse processes of the vertebrae• Superior nuchal line of the occiput • External occipital protuberance • Ligamentum nuchae • Mastoid process of the temporal bone• Thoracolumbar fascia (aponeurosis)• Iliac crest

Spine & Thorax

Joint Movements to Know

• Flexion of the vertebral column• Extension of the vertebral column • Lateral flexion of the vertebral column • Rotation of the vertebral column

Spine & Thorax

Surface Features Visible on Spine and Thorax

Anterior View

(p. 168)

Spine & Thorax

Surface Features Visible on Spine and Thorax

Posterior View

(p. 168)

Spine & Thorax

Bones of Spine and Thorax

Posterior View

(p. 170)

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas and Axis

(p. 171)

Spine & Thorax

C3 − C7

(p. 172)

Spine & Thorax

Thoracic Vertebrae

(p. 172)

Spine & Thorax

Lumbar Vertebrae

(p. 172)

Spine & Thorax

Thorax

Anterior and posterior view

(p. 173)

Spine & Thorax

Sternum

Anterior view

(p. 173)

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Rib bones

First rib and other rib

(p. 173)

Spine & Thorax

Spine Curvatures

(p. 174)

Spine & Thorax

(p. 174)

Abnormal Curves

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Spine & Thorax

Overview

Muscles that move vertebral column and ribs/thorax

(pp. 188-190)

Spine & Thorax

Muscle layers of the posterior neck

(pp. 191-192)

Spine & Thorax

Cross section of the neck

(p. 192)

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Cross section of the thorax

(p. 193)

Spine & Thorax

(p. 194)

Vertebral column flexion

(antagonists on extension) Rectus abdominisExternal oblique (bilaterally) Internal oblique (bilaterally) Psoas major (with the insertion fixed) Iliacus (with the insertion fixed)

Spine & Thorax

(p. 194)

Vertebral column extension

(antagonists on flexion)Longissimus (bilaterally)Iliocostalis (bilaterally)Multifidi (bilaterally)Rotatores (bilaterally)*Semispinalis capitisSpinalis (bilaterally)Quadratus lumborum (assists) Interspinalis*Intertransversarii (bilaterally)*Latissimus dorsi (assists, when arm is fixed)*

Spine & Thorax

(pp. 194-195)

Vertebral column rotation

(all unilaterally)External oblique (to the opposite side) Internal oblique (to the same side) Multifidi (to the opposite side) Rotatores (to the opposite side)

Spine & Thorax

(pp. 194-195)

Vertebral column lateral flexion

(unilaterally to the same side)

External oblique Internal oblique LongissimusQuadratus lumborum Psoas major (assists)* Intertransversarii* SpinalisLatissimus dorsi (assists)

Spine & Thorax

Spine and Thorax Muscle Group

Erector Spinae groupTransversospiinalis group

(pp. 196-202)

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Erector Spinae GroupSpinalisLongissimus Iliocostalis

(pp. 196-199)

A Unilaterally: Laterally flex vertebral column to the same sideBilaterally: Extend the vertebral column

O Common tendon (thoracolumbar fascia) that attaches to the posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of the lumbar, and last two thoracic vertebrae

I Various attachments at the posterior ribs, spinous and transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process of temporal bone

N Spinal

Spine & Thorax

Spinalis

(pp. 196-199)

O Spinous processes of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae (thoracis)Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C-7 (cervicis)

I Spinous processes of upper thoracic (thoracis)Spinous processes of cervicals, except C-1 (cervicis)

Spine & Thorax

Longissimus

(pp. 196-199)

O Common tendon (thoracis)Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae (cervicis and capitis)

I Lower nine ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae (thoracis)Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (cervicis)Mastoid process of temporal bone (capitis)

Spine & Thorax

Iliocostalis

(pp. 196-199)

O Common tendon (lumborum)Posterior surface of ribs 1–12 (thoracis and cervicis)

I Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1–3 and posterior surface of ribs 6–12 (lumborum)Posterior surface of ribs 1–6 (thoracis)Transverse processes of lower cervicals (cervicis)

Spine & Thorax

Transversopinalis Group

MultifidiRotatoresSemispinalis Capitis

(pp. 200-202)

Spine & Thorax

Multifidi

(pp. 200-202)

A Unilaterally: Rotate the vertebral column to the opposite sideBilaterally: Extend the vertebral column

O Multifidi: Sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae

I Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebra(Multifidi span two to four vertebrae; rotatores span one to two vertebrae)

N Spinal

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Rotatores

(pp. 200-202)

A Unilaterally: Rotate the vertebral column to the opposite sideBilaterally: Extend the vertebral column

O Rotatores: Transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae

I Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebra(Multifidi span two to four vertebrae; rotatoresspan one to two vertebrae)

N Spinal

Spine & Thorax

Semispinalis Capitis

(pp. 200-202)

A Extend the vertebral column and head

O Transverse processes of C-4 to T-5

I Between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occiput

N Cervical

Spine & Thorax

Splenius Capitis and Cervicis

(pp. 203-204)

A Unilaterally:Rotate the head and neck to the same sideLaterally flex the head and neck to the same sideBilaterally:Extend the head and neck

O Capitis: Inferior one-half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C-7 to T-4

Cervicis: Spinous processes of T-3 to T-6

I Capitis: Mastoid process and lateral portion of superior nuchal line

Cervicis: Transverse processes of C-1 to C-3

N Cervical

Spine & Thorax

Suboccipitals

Rectus Capitis Posterior MajorRectus Capitis Posterior MinorOblique Capitis SuperiorOblique Capitis Inferior

(pp. 205-206)

Spine & Thorax

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

(pp. 205-206)

A Rock and tilt the head back into extension

Rotate the head to the same sideO Spinous process of the axis (C-2)

I Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

N Suboccipital

Spine & Thorax

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

(pp. 205-206)

O Tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C-1)

I Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

N Suboccipital

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Oblique Capitis Superior

(pp. 205-206)

Laterally flex the head to the same sideO Transverse process of the atlas (C-1)

I Between the nuchal lines of the occiput

N Suboccipital

Spine & Thorax

Oblique Capitis Inferior

(pp. 205-206)

A Rotate the head to the same side

O Spinous process of the axis (C-2)

I Transverse process of the atlas (C-1)

N Suboccipital

Spine & Thorax

Cross section

(pp. 207-215)

Spine & Thorax

Quadratus Lumborum

(pp. 207-208)

A Unilaterally:Laterally tilt (elevate) the pelvisLaterally flex the vertebral column to the same sideAssist to extend the vertebral column

Bilaterally:Fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation

O Posterior iliac crest

I Last rib and transverse processes of first through fourth lumbar vertebrae

N Lumbar plexus T12, L1, 2, 3

Spine & Thorax

Serratus Posterior Superior

(p. 216)

A Elevate the ribs during inhalation

O Spinous processes of C-7 to T-3

I Posterior surface of second through fifth ribs

N T1, 2, 3, 4

Spine & Thorax

Serratus Posterior Inferior

(p. 216)

A Depress the ribs during exhalation

O Spinous processes of T-12 to L-3

I Posterior surface of ninth through twelfth ribs

N T9, 10, 11, (12)

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

Ligaments of the Spine and Thorax

Ligamentum NuchaeSupraspinous Ligament

(pp. 218-219)

Spine & Thorax

Thoracolumbar Fascia

(p. 220)

Spine & Thorax

Craniovertebral Joints

Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints

(p. 221)

Spine & Thorax

Intervertebral Joints

(p. 222)

Spine & Thorax

(p. 222)

Spine & Thorax

(p. 222)

This Photoby Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

§ Make up 25% of the height of the spine.

§ Cervical discs make up 40% of the height of the neck.

§ They bear 80% of the weight placed on the spine, the facet joints get the other 20%

§ Function for weight bearing and shock absorption

5/20/21

Spine & Thorax

(p. 222)

§ Nucleus pulposus is 80% water

§ Annulus fibrosis is 10 to 20 layers of fibrocartilage

§ The discs are designed to resist§ Distraction – vertical

movement§ Shear – horizontal

sliding§ Torsion - rotation

Spine & Thorax

Herniated Disk

(p. 222)

Spine & Thorax

Costovertebral Joints

(p. 223)

Spine & Thorax

Sternocostal Joints

(p. 223)

Spine & Thorax

Bony Landmarks to Know

• Spinous processes of the vertebrae• Transverse processes of the vertebrae• Superior nuchal line of the occiput • External occipital protuberance • Ligamentum nuchae • Mastoid process of the temporal bone• Thoracolumbar fascia (aponeurosis)• Iliac crest

Spine & Thorax

Joint Movements to Know

• Flexion of the vertebral column• Extension of the vertebral column • Lateral flexion of the vertebral column • Rotation of the vertebral column

anatomy 3 - irenes.edu

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