anatomy anatomy and physiology –“to cut” –study of the
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12/17/2012
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Anatomy and Physiology
Midterm Review
Vocabulary Terms
• Anatomy
–“to cut”
–Study of the structure of an organism.
Vocabulary Terms
• Physiology– “nature”
– Study of the function of an organism.
Vocabulary Terms
• Keratin – Waterproof protein in epidermis
– Fills the cytoplasm
Vocabulary Terms
• Melanin – Pigment
– Produced in the stratum germinativum
Vocabulary Terms
• Sebaceous gland – In dermis, opens to hair follicles – Secretes sebum – Found everywhere except hands & feet.
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Vocabulary Terms
• Apocrine gland – Found in the skin,
breast, eyelid, and ear.
– In the breast secrete fat droplets into breast milk
– In the ear help form earwax.
– In the skin and eyelid secrete sweat
Vocabulary Terms
• Eccrine gland – Also sweat gland, most common, major source
of sweat (water, salt, urea, uric acid)
Vocabulary Terms
• Blister – Caused by excessive rubbing – Separation of epidermis & dermis that fills w/
fluid
Vocabulary Terms
• Neoplasm – Abnormal growth
mole
wart
Vocabulary Terms
• Ossification– Building
bone
– Changing cartilage to bone.
Vocabulary Terms
• Sinus– Cavities in the skull
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Vocabulary Terms
• Ossicles (see table 6.1, p. 120) – 3 bones of the inner ear:
�malleus, incus, & stapes�hammer, anvil & stirrup
Vocabulary Terms
• Dislocation – Bone out of place
Vocabulary Terms
• Ligament– A tough connective tissue band usually
connecting bone to bone.
Vocabulary Terms
• Tendon– A tough connective tissue band connecting a
muscle to bone.
Vocabulary Terms
• Bursa– A closed sac or pocket containing synovial
fluid, usually found in areas where friction occurs.
Vocabulary Terms
• Arthritis– The inflammation of a joint.
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Integumentary System
• Functions (p. 94)– Protection
– Sensation
– Vitamin D Production
– Temperature Regulation
– Excretion
Integumentary System
• Epidermis – Stratified squamous epithelial tissue divided into strata– Stratum corneum –dead squamous cells filled
w/ keratin – Stratum lucidum –in thick skin only– Statum granulosum – keratin proteins and
water-proofing lipids are produced – Stratum spinosum –start to synthesize keratin;
adjacent cells are joined by desmosomes, giving them a spiny appearance
– Stratum basale –cells that undergo mitosis
Integumentary System
• Dermis – Mostly dense connective tissue– Papillary layer
�Projections called dermal papillae (fingerprints)�Pain receptors�Capillary loops
– Reticular layer�Blood vessels�Glands�Nerve receptors
Skeletal System
• Functions– Support
– Protection
– Lever system
– Mineral storage
– Blood cell formation
– Energy storage
Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts– Skull– Vertebral column– Bony thorax
�Sternum�Ribs�Thoracic vertebrae
Appendicular Skeleton
• Limbs (appendages)• Pectoral girdle (attaches arm to the
axial skeleton)– Clavicle – collarbone
– Scapula – shoulder blade
• Pelvic girdle (attaches leg to the axial skeleton)– Coxae (three pair of fused bones)
• Ilium, ischium and pubic bones
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Planes of Dissection Planes of Dissection
Directional Terms Directional Terms
Directional Terms Directional Terms
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Bones
1. Cranium/skull 9. Patella
2. Scapula 10. Mandible3. Rib 11. Clavicle
4. Ulna 12. Humerus
5. Radius 13. Sternum6. Carpals 14. Vertebra
7. Metacarpals 15. Coxa
8. Digital phalanges 16.Femur
Bones
17. Tibia Bones of the Axial
18. Fibula Skeleton:19. Tarsals 1. Cranium/skull
20. Metatarsals 2. Rib
21. Pedal 3. Mandiblephalanges 4. Sternum
5. Vertebra
Female vs. Male Pelvis
• Female inlet is larger & more circular.• Female pelvis as a whole is shallower & the
bones are lighter & thinner.
• Female ilia flare more laterally.• Female sacrum is shorter & less curved.
• Female ischial spines are shorter & farther apart; thus the outlet is larger.
• Female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater.
Body Cavities
26. Cranial cavity
27. Dorsal or spinal cavity
28. Pelvic cavity
29. Thoracic cavity
30. Abdominal cavity 28
Epithelial Tissue
• Simple squamous– Single layer
of flat cells
– Usually forms membranes
– Lines body cavities
– Lines lungs
& capillaries
Epithelial Tissue
• Simple cuboidal– Single layer of
cube-like cells– Common in
glands and their ducts
– Forms walls of kidney tubules
– Covers the ovaries
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Epithelial Tissue
– Single layer of tall cells
– Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
– Lines digestive tract
• Simple columnar
Epithelial Tissue
• Pseudostratified– Single layer, but some
cells are shorter than others
– Often looks like a double cell layer
– Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
– May function in absorption or secretion
Epithelial Tissue
• Stratified squamous– Cells at the free edge
are flattened– Found as a protective
covering where friction is common
– Locations�Skin�Mouth
�Esophagus
Epithelial Tissue
• Stratified cuboidal– Two layers of cuboidal cells– Ducts of eccrine sweat glands
• Stratified columnar– Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath
vary in size and shape– Largest ducts of some exocrine glands
• Stratified cuboidal and columnar– Rare in human body– Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Epithelial Tissue
• Transitional epithelium– Shape of cells depends upon the
amount of stretching
– Lines organs of the urinary system
Connective Tissue
• Bone (osseous tissue) – Composed of:
�Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
�Hard matrix of calcium salts
�Large numbers of collagen fibers
– Used to protect and support the body
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Connective Tissue
• Hyaline cartilage– Most common cartilage
– Composed of:�Abundant collagen fibers�Rubbery matrix
– Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
Connective Tissue
• Elastic cartilage– Provides elasticity
– Example: supports the external ear
• Fibrocartilage– Highly compressible
– Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
Connective Tissue
• Dense connective tissue– Main matrix element is
collagen fibers
– Cells are fibroblasts
– Examples�Tendon – attach muscle
to bone�Ligaments – attach bone
to bone
Connective Tissue
• Areolar or loose connective tissue– Most widely distributed
connective tissue
– Soft, pliable tissue
– Contains all fiber types
– Can soak up excess fluid
Connective Tissue
• Adipose tissue– Matrix is an areolar
tissue in which fat globules predominate
– Many cells contain large lipid deposits
– Functions�Insulates the body�Protects some organs�Serves as a site of long-
term fuel storage
Connective Tissue
• Reticular connective tissue– Delicate network of
interwoven fibers– Forms stroma (internal
supporting network) of lymphoid organs�Lymph nodes�Spleen�Bone marrow
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Connective Tissue
• Blood– Blood cells surrounded
by fluid matrix
– Fibers are visible during clotting
– Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscle– Can be controlled
voluntarily
– Cells attach to connective tissue
– Cells are striated
– Cells have more than one nucleus
Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac muscle– Found only in the heart– Function is to pump blood
(involuntary)– Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
– Cells are striated– Branching– One nucleus per cell
Muscle Tissue
• Smooth muscle– Involuntary muscle
– Surrounds hollow organs
– Attached to other smooth muscle cells
– No visible striations
– One nucleus per cell
Nerve Tissue
• Neurons and nerve support cells– Function is to send
impulses to other areas of the body�Irritability�Conductivity
Identify the following tissue types
• Epithelial tissue
• Simple squamous
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Identify the following tissue types
• Epithelial tissue
• Simple columnar
Identify the following tissue types
• Epithelial tissue
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Identify the following tissue types
• Epithelial tissue
• Stratified squamous
Identify the following tissue types
• Connective tissue
• Bone
Identify the following tissue types
• Connective tissue
• Hyaline cartilage
Identify the following tissue types
• Connective tissue
• Loose/areolar
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Identify the following tissue types
• Connective tissue
• Adipose
Identify the following tissue types
• Connective tissue
• Blood
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