anatomy of the cell
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy of the Cell
• Cells differ (200 types), but share general structures
• Cells are organized into three main regions
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus - Control center
Contains genetic material (DNA)
– Nuclear envelope w/ pores
– Nucleolus
– Chromatin
Figure 3.1b
nuclear pores
nucleus
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Chromatin•Composed of DNA and protein
•Scattered throughout the nucleus
•Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
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• Makes proteins, membranes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
1 2
3
4Transport vesiclebuds off
Ribosome
Sugarchain
Glycoprotein
Secretory(glyco-) proteininside transportvesicle
ROUGH ER
Polypeptide
Figure 4.8
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• The Golgi complex finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
Golgiapparatus
“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus
Transportvesiclefrom ER
Newvesicleforming
Transport vesiclefrom the Golgi
Golgi apparatus
“Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus Figure 4.10
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• sacs of digestive enzymes
– digest food. bacteria
– recycle damaged organelles
– embryonic development
– waste storage
Pombe’s disease - glycogen
Tay-Sachs disease - lipids
Lysosomes
LYSOSOME
Nucleus
Figure 4.11A
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Figure 4.11B
Rough ER
Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)
Golgiapparatus
Plasmamembrane
LYSOSOMES
“Food”
Engulfmentof particle
Foodvacuole
Digestion
Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• synthesizes lipids
• regulates carbohydrate metabolism (liver)
• breaks down toxins and drugs (liver)
• Stores Ca++ in muscle cells
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Figure 4.16
Outermembrane
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
• cellular respiration provides energy
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
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• network of protein fibers - microfilaments, microtubules
The CYTOSKELETON helps organize a cell’s structure and activities
Figure 4.17A
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• appendages that protrude from certain cells
• Function: movement
• Made of microtubules wrapped in the plasma membrane
• Centrioles - movement of chromosomes in cell division
Cilia and flagella
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• Animal cells - surrounded by an extracellular matrix
–sticky layer of glycoproteins
–binds cells together in tissues
–protects and support cells
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
• Membrane junctions
– Tight junctions
– Desmosomes
– Gap junctions Figure 3.3
• Microvilli
– increase surface area for absorption
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Tissues
• Cells = building blocks of all living things
• Carry out chemical activities needed for life
• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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