ancient greece 2000 b.c.e. – 133 b.c.e

Valarie YoungAncient GreeceAncient Greece2000 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E.2000 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E.

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The Persian Wars: OverviewDespite their cultural ties, the Greek city-states were often in conflict with one another.

The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.

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The Persian Wars: Overview

United, the city-states defeated the Persians and ended the threat of Persian invasions.

Persian prisoners

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The First Persian War 546 B.C

• Cause– Persian Empire

conquers Greek colonies in Ionia

• Response– Ionians refuse to pay

tribute and begin to rebel

– Secretly the Athenians send weapons & a ship to aide the rebellion

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The First Persian War 546 B.C• Result:

– Darius I of Persia crushes rebellion

– leaves Athens alone but… Greek vs. Persian

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The Second Persian War 490 BC• Cause

– Revenge for Athenian interference• “Master,

Remember the Athenians” every day a servant said that to King Darius!

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The Second Persian War 490 BC• Results

– Battle of Marathon• Outnumbered Greeks

defeat Persians• 6,400 Persians die!• Pheidippides carries

message of victory home to Athens 26 miles

• The distance of the marathon.

“Rejoice, we conquer.”Then he died.

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The Second Persian War 490 BC• Results

– build fleet of faster ships to prepare for another attack

– Athens asks other city-states to form an alliance (1st ever in Greek history)

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Third Persian War 480 B.C.• Cause

– Persians want revenge

– Come after Athens by land and by sea

Major Battles– Battle of

ThermopylaeLed by Spartan

King Leonidas6,000 Spartans vs.

200,000 PersiansAthens is burned

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Third Persian War 480 B.C.Major Battles–Strait of Salamis:

Naval Battle Persian fleet sunk -Forced toretreat!

–Battle of Plataea a year later final Persia forces defeated

Battle of Salamis

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Third Persian War: The Outcome!ResultsResults

•Athens increases its status among the city-states. •Athens wants a permanent alliance with the city-states but with them at the head.•Sparta is upset!

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The Delian League FormedThe Delian League Formed• Alliance headed by

Pericles of Athens• To defend further

Persian invasion• Collected dues from

members• Problems

1. Forced members to remain

2. Used $ to rebuild Athens

3. Promoted democracies only

Sparta Sparta jealous!jealous!

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The Impact of the Persian WarsThe Impact of the Persian Wars1. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state. 2. Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance

with 150 Greek city-states and colonies in the Aegean region.

3. Athens used the Delian League to create an Athenian empire.

4. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age! But who was paying bill?

5. Sparta will eventually form an opposing alliance with the neutral city-states

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The Peloponnesian War: The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!The Alliance System Fails!

Valarie Young The Peloponnesian War: CAUSESThe Peloponnesian War: CAUSES1. Many Greeks outside of

Athens resented Athenian domination.

2. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian League.

3. Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy… Which life style would influence the other city-states? Which type of government?

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Simulation: Diplomacy of WarSimulation: Diplomacy of War

1.1. Divide into groups of threeDivide into groups of three2.2. Read simulation instructionsRead simulation instructions3.3. You have 20 minute to complete the You have 20 minute to complete the

simulation and then report to the class.simulation and then report to the class.

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The Peloponnesian War• Athens abusing funds

from Delian League• 27 year war ensues• Enthusiasm for the war

high on both sides• Pericles brings all the

people into the city • He depends on the navy,

high walls and food supplies to string out the war

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"long wall" strategy of Pericles"long wall" strategy of Pericles

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A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!• However a plague hits and

nothing can stop the disease…morale is low..

• Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population

• Most believe it was typhus: high fever and rash

• Plague sweeps through a total of 3 times during the war

• Generals are dead, Pericles is dead, no leadership

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Pericles’ Funeral OrationPericles gave a speech at the annual funeral of Athenians slain in battle.

This speech is considered one of the earliest and greatest expressions of democratic ideals.

Athenians believed they were fighting for a principle and a life-style “good” for all Greece.

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Pericles’ Funeral Oration““Our constitution is called a Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. whole people.

We alone regard a man who takes We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as no interest in public affairs not as harmless, but as a useless harmless, but as a useless character.” character.”

--Pericles’ 431 B.C--Pericles’ 431 B.C.

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The Peloponnesian War• Sparta builds a

blockade around the walls…

• No supplies or food from the countryside

• Athens surrenders! • All the Greek city-

states divided and chaos!

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The Peloponnesian War: EffectsThe Peloponnesian War: Effects1. Persia gained control of

many city-states2. Defeated democracy in

Greece 3. Sparta would eventually

fall to Persia4. Athen’s cultural

influence continues

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Great Philosophers of Greece•The word “philosophy” comes from the Greeks.•“Philosophy” by Greek definition means “love of wisdom.”The Greeks believed that nature followed general rules called “natural laws,” which could be discovered by reason. GOAL:GOAL:

Understand the universe and the Understand the universe and the people who lived in it…people who lived in it…

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The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?Who are they?

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Socrates• No written records

•His student Plato wrote about him

•Took no pay for his work;

a stone mason by trade

•He believed the goal of education was to improve peoples’ lives

“…the unexamined life is not worth living.”

-Socrates

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Socrates•“Socratic Method”

question & answer approach; helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers!

• “Know thy self”… Self-examination leads to correct behavior and ethical living. Why?

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•Seen by many to not believe in the gods

•Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth!

•He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…

Socrates on Trial----WHY?Socrates on Trial----WHY?

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SocratesReminded Greeks at his trial -that there is a necessity in doing right, even in the face of universal opposition -one must pursue knowledge at all costs.

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Great Philosophers of Greece

“The Death of Socrates” Painted in France in 1787

• How does it depict this famous man?-Noble, dignified & forceful.-He is ready to meet his death but not before he speaks his mind!

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Sophists• Paid for hire teachers; young men• Believed discovering universal truth impossible•Were interested in the political and social success.•Wealthy and often unethical•Skilled debaters•No absolute right or wrong•Viewed as harmful by many Athenians

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•Socrates was labeled as being in this group, he hated being “lumped” with them! •He did not hold their values!

Challenged the Sophists with not teaching the young men

correctly For example, the kinds of questions they asked: “How could I succeed in

politics?” Socrates would want to ask:“How should I live my life?”

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• Author of Author of The RepublicThe Republic• No family or

personal property; common good government

• Yet the government should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives!

Plato

Started a school Started a school calledcalled

The AcademyThe Academy

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• Rulers should be unselfish.

• Believed that only the most intelligent should participate in gov’t.

• Believed in finding “truth” through reason!

Plato

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AristotleDid not agree with

his teacher…• Knowledge should

be gained from all the senses.

• Major influence in Western European culture

• Believed women were just “infertile men…” and inadequate

Valarie YoungAristotleWrote PoliticsPolitics•Supports family & personal property •A government that features three social classes•Favored a single, strong ruler •Able leaders that have a respect for the law•Responsibilities of citizens to their government

Valarie YoungFinish their words…You can make them funny or serious!You can make them funny or serious!

1. Socrates: “Bad men live that they may eat and drink, whereas good men eat and drink that they may_______________.

2. Socrates: “As for me, all I know is that I ______________________.

3. Plato: “Even the gods love_________.4. Aristotle: “No one loves the man whom he

____________________.What is Aristotle saying?““Educated men are as much superior to uneducated Educated men are as much superior to uneducated

men as the living are to the dead.”men as the living are to the dead.”

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Other Schools of thought…• Stoicism:

-Hellenistic philosophy, 300 B.C. by Zeno from PhoeniciaMet on the “stoa”: an open porch-take what life brings with dignity & reason

• Epicureanism:- Hellenistic philosophy, 300 B.C. by the teacher Epicurus; a happy life was one without pain, anxiety and stress – live joyful & simply!- Later followers stressed that fine pleasures & luxury would bring true joy in life.

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The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens• Period of great

achievements in arts and sciences.

• Athens rebuilt by Pericles, Athenian General.

• Built with the money collected by the League.

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continued . . .

Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon

Pericles’ Goals

Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation; juriesDirect democracies

Hold and strengthen empire:Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade

List Pericles’ three goals for Athens. Give at least one example for each.

Democracy & Greece’s Golden AgeDemocracy & Greece’s Golden Age

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Greek Architects and Artists

The work of Greek artists and architects reflected a concern with balance, order, and beauty. Harmony and Idealism are found in the paintings, sculptures and buildings. All the artwork offer views of Greek life. There are thousands of artifacts left for us enjoy!

Valarie YoungGreeceArchitecture

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The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.

Built between 447 BC and 438 BC.

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ColumnsColumns are part of Post and Lintel type construction

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Egyptians used post and lintel architecture in their buildings

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ColumnsThe Greeks adopted post and lintel from the Egyptians modifying and developing their own style of column or order decoration

There are three types of Greek columns--which are still used today.

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1. Doric• The first of the Greek order (the oldest)

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2. Ionic• The second Greek order (the middle)

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3. Corinthian• The third type of the Greek order

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• Columns are the post part in construction; the Greeks also modified the Lintel part

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–Pediment (Lintel):•Frieze: statues; usually of the Gods

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B. Buildings• Many Greek buildings remain at least

partially standing

These buildings and styles influenced Roman architecture

that followed.

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Acropolis• Main temple

complex in Athens—and Greece

• Built by Pericles; “Golden Age of Athens”

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Parthenon• Athena’s Temple at the Acropolis

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Athena Nike Temple

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Athena Nike cont.

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c. Review

Valarie YoungThe Writing of History Scientific Medicine Begins!

The Greeks applied reason, observation, and logic to the study of history and medicine.

•Herodotus is called the “Father of History.”• Herodotus stressed the importance of research.

Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.

Medicine•Hippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all patients must be treated regardless of class

Hippocratic Oath

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Greek dramas were often based on popular myths and legends. Through these stories, playwrights discussed moral and social issues and the relationship between people and the gods. Greek theater developed from their religious festivals and ceremonies.

Poetry and Drama

Ancient Theater at Ancient Theater at DodoniDodoni

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Famous Greek Playwrights

• Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote tragedies, plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster.

• Aristophanes wrote comedies, humorous plays that mocked people or customs.

Greek Drama: Its History, Greek Drama: Its History,

Its Writers and its TheatersIts Writers and its Theaters

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• King Phillip II of

Macedon–359 B.C. held

hostage in Thebes• Learns Greek culture and is taught by men great philosophers of Greece

Alexander’s Father Charts His Course!

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–Loves Greece &

wants to unify it • Conquered all Greece except Sparta

–Murdered 326. B.C Stabbed by a “friend” at his daughter’s wedding!

Alexander’s Father Charts His Course!

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Alexander Continues to Dream• Goal and Plan

– To unite east & west (Greece & Persia) into new Hellenistic culture blending the cultures he conquerors

– Name the cultures.

– Greek, Persian, Egyptian & Indian

• 334 B.C conquers Asia Minor

• 333 B.C forced Persian King Darius III to flee and marries his daughter Roxanna. The King’s mother lives with him until his death!

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Alexander Continues to Dream• Goal and Plan

• Conquers Mediterranean Sea region and Egypt

–Declared pharaoh

–Why significant?

–Builds capital of Alexandria and many other “Alexandria's”!

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The Dream Dies…The Dream Dies…

– 331 B.C. Destroys Mesopotamia and declared Persian Emperor

– 327 B.C. attempts to conquer India•Soldiers rebel from 11 years of exhaustion

•Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13 years as king

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The Empire of Alexander the Great

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Generals split his empire in four parts: - Lysimachus

Asia Minor- Ptolemy

Egypt, Libya, Syria- Seleuces

Mesopotamia, Iran, and Afghanistan

- AntigonusGreece and Macedonia

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• Impact– Greek city-states again divided and

open to foreign invasion- the Romans!

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The Legacy of Alexander

Although Alexander’s empire did not last, he had unleashed changes that would ripple across the Mediterranean world and the Middle East for centuries, the Hellenistic Age

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The Legacy of Alexander• Gradually, a blending

of eastern and western cultures occurred

• Alexander had encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.

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The Legacy of Alexander• Alexander’s most

lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture.

• Across the empire, local people assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas. In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs.

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Zeno founded Stoicism, which urged people to accept calmly whatever life brought.Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a triangle. Euclid wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry.Aristarchus theorized about a heliocentric, or sun-centered, solar system.

Great Minds of the Hellenistic Period

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Eratosthenes showed that the Earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference.Archimedes used principles of physics to make practical inventions, such as the lever and the pulley. Hippocrates studied illnesses and cures and set ethical standards for medical care.

Great Minds of the Hellenistic Period

Valarie YoungBibliographyBibliography1. http://www.historypictures.com/images/ppkwcb.gif2. http://www.watson.org/%7Eleigh/links.html3. http://www.stoa.org/diotima/4. http://www.harperaudio.com/metafiles/0694517003.ram5. http://home.triad.rr.com/warfford/ancient/grkmain.html6. http://home.triad.rr.com/warfford/ancient/index.html7. http://www.crystalinks.com/greece.html8. http://www.sikyon.com/Sparta/sparta_eg.html9. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~kallet/greece/pictures.html10. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/APOLOGY.HTM11. http://wso.williams.edu/~junterek/index.html12. http://www.aapsonline.org/ethics/oath.gif13. http://www.angelfire.com/ct2/evenski/greekdrama/

greekdramahome.html14. http://wso.williams.edu/~junterek/index.html

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Designed by Valarie Young

• Prepared for her 10th grade World History class at the Advanced Technologies Academy, Clark County School District 2006-2007

• Posted with permission by Cynthia Frazer