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Antebellum Reform Antebellum Reform MovementsMovements
McElhaneyMcElhaney
APUSHAPUSH
AP OutlineAP Outline
12. Creating an American Culture12. Creating an American Culture Cultural nationalism Cultural nationalism Education reform/professionalism Education reform/professionalism Religion; revivalism Religion; revivalism Utopian experiments: Mormons, Oneida Community Utopian experiments: Mormons, Oneida Community Transcendentalists Transcendentalists National literature, art, architecture National literature, art, architecture Reform crusades Reform crusades
Feminism; roles of women in the nineteenth century Feminism; roles of women in the nineteenth century Abolitionism Abolitionism Temperance Temperance
Criminals and the insaneCriminals and the insane
Key Terms to Know and MemorizeKey Terms to Know and Memorize1.1. RomanticismRomanticism
2.2. Hudson River SchoolHudson River School
3.3. James Fennimore James Fennimore CooperCooper
4.4. Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman
5.5. Herman MelvilleHerman Melville
6.6. Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe
7.7. TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists
8.8. Ralph Waldo Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson
9.9. Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau
10.10. Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience
11.11. Utopian SocietiesUtopian Societies
12.12. Brook FarmBrook Farm
13.13. New HarmonyNew Harmony
14.14. Oneida CommunityOneida Community
15.15. Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne
16.16. Margaret Fuller Margaret Fuller
2nd Great Awakening2nd Great Awakening
17.17. Protestant RevivalismProtestant Revivalism
18.18. ShakersShakers
19.19. MormonsMormons
20.20. Charles Grandison Charles Grandison FinneyFinney
21.21. Temperance CrusadeTemperance Crusade
22.22. Phrenology Phrenology
23.23. Horace MannHorace Mann
24.24. Asylum MovementAsylum Movement
25.25. Dorothia Dix Dorothia Dix
Feminism/Women’s Feminism/Women’s RightsRights
17.17. Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton
18.18. Lucretia MottLucretia Mott
19.19. Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony
31.31. Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention
32.32. ““Declaration of Declaration of Sentiments”Sentiments”
33.33. AbolitionismAbolitionism
34.34. QuakersQuakers
35.35. American Colonization American Colonization SocietySociety
36.36. LiberiaLiberia
37.37. William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison
38.38. LiberatorLiberator
39.39. American Antislavery American Antislavery SocietySociety
40.40. Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass
41.41. North StarNorth Star
42.42. AntiAntiabolitionist violenceabolitionist violence
43.43. Amistad Amistad
44.44. Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin
45.45. Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe
ReformReform=Change for Improvement=Change for Improvement
Main impulsesMain impulses Faith in human natureFaith in human nature Goodness of the Goodness of the
individualindividual Desire for order and Desire for order and
controlcontrol Desire to remake Desire to remake
societysociety Religious/moral Religious/moral
impulsesimpulses
RomanticismRomanticism TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists Utopian SocietiesUtopian Societies Second Great Second Great
AwakeningAwakening Temperance CrusadeTemperance Crusade FeminismFeminism AbolitionismAbolitionism
Second Great Second Great AwakeningAwakening
Similar to First Great Awakening:Similar to First Great Awakening: Recall- Recall- EvangelistsEvangelists (Preachers) “Sinners in the (Preachers) “Sinners in the
hands of and Angry God”hands of and Angry God” Jonathan Edwards 1741Jonathan Edwards 1741
Popular Popular Revival MeetingsRevival MeetingsCampsCamps WASPsWASPs New Religious SectsNew Religious Sects BaptistsBaptists and and MethodistsMethodists Revivals increase popularity of reform Revivals increase popularity of reform
movementsmovements
RevivalsRevivals = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically Popular Religion (1830s)Popular Religion (1830s)
►Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.
Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening Widespread Christian MovementWidespread Christian Movement Revival meetings= new lifeRevival meetings= new life Emotional SermonsEmotional Sermons Increased the amount of people participating Increased the amount of people participating
in churches (particularly women)in churches (particularly women) AbolitionAbolition and Temperance movement are and Temperance movement are
directly linked to directly linked to 22ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening
RomanticismRomanticism
How do the following represent How do the following represent concepts of American concepts of American Romanticism?Romanticism?
1.1. Hudson River SchoolHudson River School2.2. James Fennimore James Fennimore
CooperCooper3.3. Washington IrvingWashington Irving4.4. Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman5.5. Herman MelvilleHerman Melville6.6. Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe
RomanticismRomanticism Artistic movementArtistic movement Emerges 1800-1820Emerges 1800-1820 MessageMessage “That would “That would
express their nation’s express their nation’s special virtues.”special virtues.”
Discovering American Art Discovering American Art as an American creation.as an American creation.
Nostalgic-Nostalgic- looking looking fondly back on earlier fondly back on earlier timestimes
Inspired by expression of Inspired by expression of inner spiritinner spirit
Nature and God togetherNature and God together Work to unleash capacity Work to unleash capacity
for good and joyfor good and joy
N.I.N.E.S
Motifs in RomanticismMotifs in Romanticism
The The NostalgicNostalgic (sympathetic fondness) (sympathetic fondness) interpretation of the historic PAST interpretation of the historic PAST
IndividualIndividual REBELLION REBELLION Subjects from MYTH and FOLKLORE Subjects from MYTH and FOLKLORE Glorification of Glorification of NATURENATURE, faraway settings , faraway settings Emotion-SENTIMENTALISM = Emotion-SENTIMENTALISM = Nobility of the Nobility of the
uncivilized man and simple life uncivilized man and simple life Spiritual (Spiritual (GOTHIC themes – supernatural, GOTHIC themes – supernatural,
mysterious)mysterious)
Romanticism in PaintingRomanticism in Painting
Hudson River School Hudson River School (NY)(NY)
First Natural First Natural LandscapesLandscapes
Power of NaturePower of Nature SublimeSublime (feeling of (feeling of
awe, feeling of awe, feeling of wonderment)wonderment)
Grandeur of NatureGrandeur of Nature Nature offers promiseNature offers promise Sense of Nostalgia in Sense of Nostalgia in
naturenature
Church
•Fredric Fredric ChurchChurch
Thomas Thomas ColeCole
Thomas Thomas DoughtyDoughty
Asher Asher DurandDurand
Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature Literature linklink
Washington IrvingWashington Irving (1809) (1809) Legend of Sleepy HollowLegend of Sleepy Hollow American theme, Dutch in American theme, Dutch in
New York, early AmericaNew York, early America James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper
(1820s)(1820s) Wrote about American Wrote about American
wildernesswilderness Leather Stocking TalesLeather Stocking Tales ““Last of the Mohicans” Last of the Mohicans” Reflected American Ideals:Reflected American Ideals:
Independent Independent IndividualIndividual Natural Inner GoodnessNatural Inner Goodness Need for orderNeed for order
Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature 2Literature 2
Walt Whitman (Walt Whitman (LinkLink)) ““Poet of American Poet of American
Democracy”Democracy” NYCNYC Themes Themes Celebrated DemocracyCelebrated Democracy Spirit of the IndividualSpirit of the Individual Liberation of individualLiberation of individual Pleasures of the FleshPleasures of the Flesh American SpiritAmerican Spirit Emotional and Physical Emotional and Physical
ReleaseRelease Personal fulfillmentPersonal fulfillment HomosexualHomosexual
Leaves of Grass
Greatest collection
“When Lilacs Last in the dooryard bloom’d”
Lincoln tribute
Captain My Captain about Lincoln’s Assassination
Stop this day and night with me, and you shall Stop this day and night with me, and you shall possess the origin of all poems, possess the origin of all poems, You shall possess the good of the earth and sun — You shall possess the good of the earth and sun — there are millions of suns left, there are millions of suns left, You shall no longer take things at second or third You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books, nor feed on the spectres in books, You shall not look through my eyes either, nor You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me, take things from me, You shall listen to all sides, and filter them from You shall listen to all sides, and filter them from yourself. yourself.
Romanticism in Literature 3Romanticism in Literature 3 Herman Melville (link)Herman Melville (link) NY, 1819 NY, 1819 Best of his eraBest of his era Moby Dick pub 1851Moby Dick pub 1851 Human spirit was Human spirit was
troubled troubled Self DestructiveSelf Destructive Man against natureMan against nature
Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature 4Literature 4
•Edgar Allen Poe (link)Edgar Allen Poe (link)
•Died 1849Died 1849
•Poems and stories Poems and stories
•Sad and MacabreSad and Macabre
•1845 the Raven1845 the Raven
•Theme of Theme of individualsindividuals rising above to see rising above to see deeper world of spirit deeper world of spirit and emotionand emotion
Poe exposes… “the underside of the American dream of the self-made man and showed the price of materialism and excessive competition -- loneliness, alienation, and images of death-in-life.”
Transcendentalists Transcendentalists (Link)(Link)
Emerges out of RomanticismEmerges out of Romanticism New England New England Reaction against traditional Logic and Reaction against traditional Logic and
Enlightenment- non-conformist valuesEnlightenment- non-conformist values Independent thinkingIndependent thinking Referred to reason as the ability to grasp Referred to reason as the ability to grasp
beauty and truth through---beauty and truth through--- InstinctInstinct and and EmotionEmotion
(the highest human faculties)(the highest human faculties)
More TranscendentalismMore Transcendentalism TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the
primacy of the primacy of the SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL and EMPIRICAL and EMPIRICAL
According to According to KantKant, there are some ideas and aspects of , there are some ideas and aspects of knowledge which are beyond what the senses can knowledge which are beyond what the senses can perceive, perceive, but are but are INTUITIONSINTUITIONS of the mind itself – he named them of the mind itself – he named them
TRANSCENDENTAL FORMS TRANSCENDENTAL FORMS
The TRANSCENDENT is the fundamental reality The TRANSCENDENT is the fundamental reality
The ultimate truth transcends the physical The ultimate truth transcends the physical world world
Transcendentalists Transcendentalists and Natureand Nature
Nature was the source of Nature was the source of deep deep Human inspirationHuman inspiration
Helps individuals see Helps individuals see truthtruth within their soulswithin their souls
Genuine Genuine SpiritualitySpirituality come come through through communioncommunion with with naturenature
Super Super individualismindividualism was at their core. was at their core. Philosophically though, there was a center and it was about the Philosophically though, there was a center and it was about the
notion of spontaneous reason. notion of spontaneous reason.
people are capable of discovering a truth solely on the basis of people are capable of discovering a truth solely on the basis of intuition. intuition.
Walter Harding, in The Days of Henry Thoreau, Walter Harding, in The Days of Henry Thoreau, says Kant and says Kant and Hegel argued that there is a body of knowledge within man, innate, Hegel argued that there is a body of knowledge within man, innate, and that this knowledge transcended the senses, thusand that this knowledge transcended the senses, thus Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism.
This knowledge was the This knowledge was the voice of God within Manvoice of God within Man. It was central to . It was central to the Transcendentalists' belief that the child was born with an ability the Transcendentalists' belief that the child was born with an ability to tell right from wrong. His moral sense became calloused as he to tell right from wrong. His moral sense became calloused as he grew and listened to the world rather than that inner voice. grew and listened to the world rather than that inner voice. Particularly Alcott called for a return to a childish innocence and for Particularly Alcott called for a return to a childish innocence and for one to heed the voice of God within. one to heed the voice of God within.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (link)Ralph Waldo Emerson (link)
Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to TranscendentalismTranscendentalism
Wrote Essays, Lectures, Very PopularWrote Essays, Lectures, Very Popular
Advocated the commitment
of the individual to
full exploration of
the inner capacities.
Emerson: the NationalistEmerson: the Nationalist
Wanted cultural IndependenceWanted cultural Independence 1837 “The American Scholar” 1837 “The American Scholar” American dependence on culture & art is American dependence on culture & art is
over over Truth & beauty can be derived from Truth & beauty can be derived from
instinct & creative genius instinct & creative genius ““Let the single man plant himself Let the single man plant himself
indomitably on his instincts there abide. indomitably on his instincts there abide. And a huge world will come round to him.”And a huge world will come round to him.”
R.W. Emerson Essay “Nature” 1836R.W. Emerson Essay “Nature” 1836
In the quest for Self-Fulfillment In the quest for Self-Fulfillment Individuals should work for Individuals should work for Communion Communion
with Nature with Nature ““In the woods, we return to reason and In the woods, we return to reason and
faith… Standing on the bare ground my faith… Standing on the bare ground my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes… I am part and particle of God.”vanishes… I am part and particle of God.”
RW Emerson: essay 1841 “Self RW Emerson: essay 1841 “Self Reliance”Reliance”
Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind”your own mind”
Self Reliance:Self Reliance: was a quest for unity of the Universewas a quest for unity of the Universe The wholeness of godThe wholeness of god The great spiritual force/essence of spiritual The great spiritual force/essence of spiritual
soulsoul Each person has innate capacity to find Each person has innate capacity to find
divinity personallydivinity personally
Henry David Henry David ThoreauThoreau
TranscendentalistTranscendentalist Repudiated repressive forcesRepudiated repressive forces Individuals should:Individuals should:
Work for self-realizationWork for self-realization Resist conformityResist conformity Should respond to own instinctsShould respond to own instincts
Walden-Walden- in the Concord (Mass) Woods in the Concord (Mass) Woods Most famous bookMost famous book Lived alone for 2 yearsLived alone for 2 years
ThoreauThoreau ““I went to the woods because I wished to I went to the woods because I wished to
live deliberately, to confront only the live deliberately, to confront only the essential facts of life and see if I could not essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what It had to teach.learn what It had to teach.
And not when I came to die I discover that And not when I came to die I discover that I had not lived”I had not lived”
ThoreauThoreau
Went to jail brieflyWent to jail briefly Refused to pay a Refused to pay a Poll TaxPoll Tax ProtestedProtested Slavery Slavery 1849: Essay “1849: Essay “Resistance to Civil GovernmentResistance to Civil Government”” An individual’s personal morality has first claim An individual’s personal morality has first claim
on his actionson his actions Government that violated personal morality had Government that violated personal morality had
no legitimate authority no legitimate authority An individual response should be An individual response should be
Civil Disobedience or Passive ResistenceCivil Disobedience or Passive Resistence
Utopian Societies, Brook Farm, Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida Community, MormanNew Harmony, Oneida Community, Morman
Utopian movements are radical Utopian movements are radical manifestations of the reform impulse.manifestations of the reform impulse.
They have the common vision to remake They have the common vision to remake society in a “more perfect way”society in a “more perfect way”
Communal characteristicsCommunal characteristics Separate from mainstream societySeparate from mainstream society CooperativeCooperative
Utopian MovementsUtopian Movements
Brook FarmBrook Farm Massachusetts 1841-47Massachusetts 1841-47 TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists Individual strives for Self- Individual strives for Self-
RealizationRealization CommunalCommunal Leisure is key Leisure is key
New HarmonyNew Harmony Robert OwenRobert Owen ““A village of cooperation”A village of cooperation”
Oneida Community Oneida Community 18481848 NYNY Rejected traditional family Rejected traditional family
and marriage valuesand marriage values
Oneida CommunityOneida Community
Oneida Community Oneida Community 18481848
NYNY John Humphrey John Humphrey
NoyesNoyes Rejected traditional Rejected traditional
family and marriage family and marriage valuesvalues
All residents were All residents were married to all other married to all other residents residents
No permanent No permanent conjugal tiesconjugal ties
Sexual behavior was Sexual behavior was monitored to prevent monitored to prevent abuse.abuse.
Children raised Children raised communallycommunally
Liberation from the Liberation from the demands of male lust.demands of male lust.
ShakersShakers Religious extremistsReligious extremists Re-defined traditional sexualityRe-defined traditional sexuality Founded 1770sFounded 1770s Northeast + Northwest 1840sNortheast + Northwest 1840s ““Shaking” ecstatic movement- Shaking” ecstatic movement-
would “would “shake themselves free shake themselves free from sin”from sin” while performing a while performing a loud chant.loud chant.
Commitment to Commitment to CelibacyCelibacy!?!?
VoluntaryVoluntary No children born into ShakerismNo children born into Shakerism Contact between men and women Contact between men and women
was limitedwas limited Social discipline was importantSocial discipline was important
A view of Shaker Meeting from 1885. A photographer from the Poland Spring Hotel took this image. The Shakers are seated in the front benches. The spectators and guests from the Poland Spring Hotel are in the back rows.
MormonsMormons
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)(LDS)
Joseph SmithJoseph Smith (prophet for Mormons) (prophet for Mormons) 1830s Book of Mormon1830s Book of Mormon Translation of set of Golden TabletsTranslation of set of Golden Tablets Ancient Civilization in America (one of lost tribes Ancient Civilization in America (one of lost tribes
of Israel)of Israel) Dark Skin = SinDark Skin = Sin Story of “American Hebrews”Story of “American Hebrews”
Joseph Smith Brigham Young
Mormons ContinuedMormons Continued
Smith creates the movement and obtains Smith creates the movement and obtains convertsconverts
Rigid way of life:Rigid way of life: PolygamyPolygamy SecrecySecrecy Life Style (very prescriptive, foods, behavior)Life Style (very prescriptive, foods, behavior)
New York, Illinois, New York, Illinois, Smith Arrested and killed by mobSmith Arrested and killed by mob Brigham Young takes the 12000 converts Brigham Young takes the 12000 converts
WEST to UtahWEST to Utah
Temperance= Movement Against Temperance= Movement Against Alcohol (link)Alcohol (link)
Religious based Social Reform MovementReligious based Social Reform Movement CrusadeCrusade ““The church must take… on subject of The church must take… on subject of
Temperance, the moral reform, all the Temperance, the moral reform, all the subjects of practical morality.”subjects of practical morality.”
Crime, disorder, povertyCrime, disorder, poverty caused by caused by alcoholismalcoholism
Drinking was especially a problem for Drinking was especially a problem for Women- husband abuse them, and kids, Women- husband abuse them, and kids, and drink the money.and drink the money.
Temperance Temperance (Really good link)(Really good link)
1826 American Society for the Promotion of 1826 American Society for the Promotion of TemperanceTemperance
Preached abstinencePreached abstinence Large meetingsLarge meetings ““Going on the Wagon”Going on the Wagon” Will later evolve into national movementWill later evolve into national movement Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878 Anti-Saloon League 1880sAnti-Saloon League 1880s Eventually, under Eventually, under ProgressivesProgressives, will lead to , will lead to
prohibition of prohibition of Alcohol 18Alcohol 18thth Amendment Amendment to the to the Constitution last 1920-1933.Constitution last 1920-1933.
EducationEducation
Public Education not Public Education not widely establishedwidely established
Some progress in Some progress in MassachusettsMassachusetts
New interest in Pub New interest in Pub EdEd To create a stable To create a stable
social social values=conformityvalues=conformity
Horace Mann is the Horace Mann is the leaderleader
““Train up a child in the Train up a child in the way he should go, and way he should go, and when he is old he will when he is old he will not depart from it.”not depart from it.”
EducationEducation MannMann ““An educated electorate is An educated electorate is
essential to the working of a essential to the working of a free Political system.”free Political system.”
Education Education “only way to “only way to counter…the tendency to counter…the tendency to domination of capital and domination of capital and servility of labor.”servility of labor.”
Advocated protestant Advocated protestant valuesvalues- - thrift, order, discipline, thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for punctuality, respect for authorityauthority
Not wide spread change Not wide spread change comes from this movement.comes from this movement.
Medical ReformsMedical Reforms
PhrenologyPhrenology FoolishFoolish
Germ Theory Germ Theory
Asylum (link) and Asylum (link) and Prison ReformsPrison Reforms
RehabilitationRehabilitation is the key is the key Asylum=mental healthAsylum=mental health Prison= criminalsPrison= criminals Rise of the Rise of the PenitentiaryPenitentiary ““A place to cultivate penitence”A place to cultivate penitence” Through Through disciplinediscipline
Problem- Mentally ill and Problem- Mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible criminals kept in terrible conditionsconditions
Reform is keyReform is key
Dorothea DixDorothea Dix Some progressSome progress
FeminismFeminism Women were active in reform Women were active in reform
and Revival- 2and Revival- 2ndnd Great Great AwakeningAwakening
TemperanceTemperance AbolitionAbolition Women’s rightsWomen’s rights Many women begin to call for Many women begin to call for
women’s rightswomen’s rights ““Men and women were Men and women were
created equal. They are both created equal. They are both moral and accountable beings moral and accountable beings and whatever is right for man and whatever is right for man to do is right for women to do.”to do is right for women to do.”
Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementMovement
Lucretia MottLucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady
StantonStanton Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Strong connection Strong connection
between Women’s between Women’s Rights and Abolition Rights and Abolition movementmovement
Seneca Falls Seneca Falls
Convention 1848Convention 1848 (link) (link)
Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton
Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Lucretia MottLucretia Mott Fredrick DouglassFredrick Douglass
Declaration of Declaration of SentimentsSentiments Emulated Declaration Emulated Declaration
of Independenceof Independence
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