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“ANTI-EPILEPTIC EFFECT OF MUSTA ON ALBINO RATS ”- AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
BY
JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR
Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
In partial fulfillment of the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D.
In
DRAVYA GUNA
Under the Guidance of Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU)
And Co-guidance of
Dr. KUBER SANKH MD (AYU)
Department of Dravya Guna
Post Graduate Studies & Research Centre,
D.G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GADAG
2004-2007
Declaration by the candidate
I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Anti-epileptic effect of
Musta on albino rats – An experimental study” is a bonafide and genuine
research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. G.V.Mulagund M D
(AYU) professor and H.O.D, Dr. Kuber Sankh M D (AYU) Lecturer in Dravya
Guna, DGMAMC, PGS&RC, Gadag.
Date: (Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur)
Place: Gadag
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH
CENTRE
GADAG-582103
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-Epileptic Effect Of Musta On
Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done by
Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post
graduation degree of “Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv
Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Co- Guide Dr. KUBER SANKH
M.D. (Ayu) Lecturer in Dravya Guna
DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG
Date:
Place: Gadag
Guide Dr. G.V. MULAGUND M.D. (Ayu) Professor & HOD Dept. of Dravya Guna DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG
Date:
Place: Gadag
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH
CENTRE
GADAG, 582 103
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-Epileptic Effect Of
Musta On Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done
by Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post
graduation degree of “Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv
Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date :
Place:
Sri SHIVKUMAR INAMDAR M.Pharma Associate guide Lecturer K.L.E’s college of pharmacy Gadag
© Copy right
Declaration by the candidate
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and
disseminate this dissertation/ thesis in print or electronic format for the
academic / research purpose.
Date : (JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR)
Place : Gadag
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
J.S.V.V. SAMSTHE’S
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTRE
GADAG, 582 103
Endorsement by the H.O.D,Principal/head of the
institution
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti Epileptic Effect Of
Musta On Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done
by Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur under the guidance of Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU)
Professor and H.O.D Dept of dravyaguna and Dr. KUBER SANKH, MD (AYU) in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post graduation degree of “Ayurveda
Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
(Dr. G. B. PATIL) Principal,
DGM Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag
Date: Place: GADAG
(Dr. G. V. MULAGUND) Professor & HOD
Dept. of Dravya Guna PGS&RC.
Date: Place: GADAG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to their great holiness Shree Guru
Khasgateshwar Swamiji Talikoti and Jagadguru Shri Abhinava Shivananda
mahaswamiji for their divine blessings.
I express my thanks & dedicate this work to my respected parents Smt. Neela
&.Shri.Shivanda.R.Handiganur the prime reasons for all my success.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected my guide Prof
Dr. G.V.Mulagund, Head of the department, Department of Postgraduate Studies and
Research in Dravya guna , D.G.M.A.M.C., Gadag. He has been very kind to guide me
in research and for whose extraordinary efforts, tremendous encouragement and most
valuable advice made me to complete this work.
I am whole heartedly very grateful to my associate guide Shri
Shivkumar.Inamdar.M.Pharma.lecturer,K.L.E’s College Of Pharmacy Gadag. He has
been very kind to guide me in research and for whose extraordinary efforts,
tremendous encouragement and most valuable advice made me to complete this work.
I am also grateful to my respected Co-guide Dr. Kuber Sankh M.D.(Ayu) lecturer
in Dravya Guna, PGARC, D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college, Gadag, for patiently
going through the draft of thesis and correcting with precious remarks, which has
been very useful.
I am extremely thankful to our Principal Dr. G.B. Patil for providing all
necessary facilities for this research work.
I am very thankfull to other staff of K L Es College of pharmacy Gadag C S
Hallikeri,B S Patil, Suresh Hiremath & also remaining non teaching staff.
i
I am very much grateful to Dr. G. S. Hiremath H.O.D. of Dravya Guna and
Dr. S. B. Nidagundi. Lecturer in department of post graduation studies in Dravya
Guna & Dr.Veena.Kori for their valuable suggestion in this work.
I wish to convey thanks to my respected HOD’s of other dept Dr.
V.Varadacharyalu, Dr. Purushottamacharyulu, Dr. M.C.Patil,and lecturers
Dr.K.S.R.Prasad, Dr. Shivaramudu, Dr. Shashidhar Doddamani, Dr.R.V.Shetter,
Dr.Girish Danappagoudar, Dr. Santosh Belavadi, Dr Jagadeesh Mitti, Dr.Mulkipatil,
Dr.Shankargouda.
I am very much thankful to Mr.Gururaj.Shedagatagi, Dr. Suvarna.G.
Shedagatagi & Manjunath Nidagundi for supporting me in preparing the dissertation
right from beginning to end.
I am very much thankfull to my roommates Dr.Vijay.G.Hiremath,
Dr.Sharanu.Angadi, Dr.Linagareddy.Biradar. Dr.Anand Doddamani, Shivu, Naveen
& Manjunath for supporting me in preparing the dissertation right from beginning to
end.
I sincerely thank my beloved seniors & classmates Dr.K.S.Hiremath,
Dr.K.S.Paraddi. Dr.Shashikala.Bani. Dr.Shivakumar.Sajjanar, Dr.Ashok.Bingi,
Dr.Sunita.G. Dr.C.B.Inamdar, Dr.Gangur, Dr.V.M.Katarki, Dr.Shivaleela.K,
Dr.Ashwini.V, Dr.Shalini.S, Dr.Jaya.malagoudar, Dr.Mukta, Dr.Kalavati.Petlur.
Dr.Savita.Batt. Dr.Basavaraj.Kallmath Dr.D.S.Kendadmath Dr.venkaraddy,
Dr.Ganti.B, Dr.Agnihotri.P Dr.Ashok.M.G. Dr.Madhushri. Dr.Suma.Jamakhandi.
DrRudrakshi. Dr.Kattimani. Dr.Ratnakumar. Dr.Udaykumar Dr.Shivkumar.Sarvi
Dr.G.G,Patil Dr.Anand.H.Dr.Shobagin. Dr.Ashok.Akki. Dr.S.V.Teggi. Dr.SibaPrasad
Dr.Prasanna Dr.Jayashri. Dr.Umesh.Kumbar. Dr.Manjunath.Akki.
ii
Dr.Krishna.Jigalur. Dr.Ashwini.Dev and all other post graduation branches for their
constant co-operation and help.
I wish to convey my thanks to my friends Venkatesh Mahendrakar, Raju
Hanchate, Ranjeet Hanchate, Prashanth Bagalkot, Dr.Vijay Patil, Dr. Vishwanath
Dr.Nandini, Dr.Busi, Dr.Amlyal, Dr.Chittargi, Dr.Huddar, Dr.Nalaband, Dr.Sunil.
who have supported me very well to prepare this valuable research work.
And also thankful to my sisters Akkamahadevi, Manjula, Sarswati, Sunita,
Dr.Purnima,Dr.Sangeetha, Savita, Shobha, Lata, Surekha, Parvati & the respected
jijaji’s. I feel immense pleasure to say thanks to my love Smt.Hema.J.Handiganur.
who has very kind enough for the success of this research work.
I wish to convey my thanks to beloved Librarian Shri V.M. Mundinamani and
Mr. S.B. Sureban and Shavi for providing me essential references in the study.
I am very much grateful to all lecturers, Physicians, house surgeons, hospital
staff, and non-teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Date:
Place:
JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
A.H. - Asthanga Hridhaya
A.K. - Amara kosha
A.P.I. - Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India.
Ab.R. - Abhidhana Ratnamala
A.S. - Asthang Sangrah
B.P. - Bhavaprakash
B.S. - Bhela Samhita
C.S. - Charaka Samhita
D.N. - Dhanvantari Nighantu
D.G. - Dravya Guna by P.V.Sharma
I.M.P. - Indian Medicinal Plants.
K.N. - Kiayadev Nighantu
Md.G. - Madhava Dravyaguna
M.N. - Madanapala Nighantu.
M.N. - Madhava Nidana
Mh.N. - Mahoushadi Nighantu.
N.A. - Nighantu Adarsha.
R.N. - Raja Nighantu
S.S. - Sushruta Samhita
V.S. - Vangasena
Y.R. - Yoga Ratnakara
iv
ABSTRACT
In ayurvedic classics while classifying the threevidha dukha viz Adyatmic,
Adidaivic, Adibhoutic they have given prime importance to ubhayendriya manas or
mana. This manas is dependent of Dhee, Dhrutia and Smruti any alteration in the
activities of these three leads to manasik rogas, which inturns leads to shareereek
rogas.
Among these three Smruti is defined as remembrance of things directly
perceived, heard and experienced.
In the disease Apasmara are Epilepsy Smruti vibhramsha takes place. Here
Smruti vibhramsha refers to altered memory. It affects people of all the intelligency
level and social groups; it is not confined to any age group.
Apart from Epilepsy or Apasmara, Smruti vibhransha occurs in other diseases
like Alzheimer’s disease, HIV, senile dementia, Parkinson’s disease, trauma, chronic
insomnia and Huntington’s chorea etc.
Here the effect of musta (cyperus rotundus) as Apasmarahar or Anti epileptic
has been carried. The musta has been mentioned as Apasmarahar in all the
Bruhatrayees, Yogaratnakar and Vangasen.
In this study alcoholic extract of Musta has been taken as testdrug. They are
compared with std and control group with respective parameters.
In the present study Electro convulsiometre is used to induce convulsions
(epileptic seizures) in rats. Epileptic seizures are induced by giving maximal electric
shock through convulsiometer of 150mA for 0.2secs.
v
OBJECTIVES
1) To evaluate anti epileptic effect of Musta in maximal electric shock induced
rats.
2) A comparative experimental study of alcoholic extract of Musta in minimum
and maximum dose.
METHODS
In this experimental study randomly 24 rats are selected and 6 rats per group,
grouped as Group 1 Serves as control, group 2 standard, Group 3 100mg/kg, Group 4
150mg/kg body wt, effect is assessed with parameters like 1) Flexion 2) Extensor 3)
Clonus 4) Stupor phases.
RESULTS
Both 3rd and 4th group showed significant results but 4th group showed more
significant than 3rd.
CONCLUSION
In this experimental study the drug Musta has shown highly significant anti
epileptic activity in maximum dose.
KEYWORDS
Musta, Smruti, Apasmar, Epilepsy, Rajas and Tamas, Sanjnavaha srotas,
Convulsiometer etc.
vi
CONTENTS Chapters Page No
1. Introduction 01 - 04
2. Objectives 05
3. Review of Literature 06 - 68
4. Methodology 69 - 76
5. Results 77 - 99
6. Discussion 100 - 103
7. Conclusion 104 - 105
8. Summary 106
9. Bibliography 107 - 119
10. Annexure 120
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Sl No Title of the table Page No
1 MUSTA
1.1 Gana and Varga according to different authors 6 1.2 Synonyms according to different authors. 7 1.3 Gunas according to different authors 10 1.4 Karmas Prayoga according to different authors 11 1.5 Prayojya anga according to different authors 11 1.6 Prayoga according to different authors 11-12 1.7 Standard Physicochemical values of Musta 17
2 APASMARA 2.1 Types of Apasmara according to different authors. 34 2.2 Nidanas of Apasmara according to different authors 35 2.3 Lakshanas of vataj Apasmara according to different authors 43 2.4 Lakshanas of pittaj Apasmara according to different authors 43 2.5 Lakshanas of kaphaj Apasmara according to differentauthors 44 2.6 Upashaya & Anupashaya in Apasmara 46 2.7 Patya for Apasmara. 61 2.8 Apthya for Apasmara 61
3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Concentration and doses before induction of epilepsy 76
4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 4.1 The Physico chemical values of Musta 78 4.2 Results of Parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.3 Summary of data of parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.4 ANOVA table for Parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.5 Comparison for Parameter 1st between the groups 80 4.6 Results of Parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.7 Summary of data of parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.8 ANOVA table for Parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.9 Comparison for Parameter 2nd between the group 81 4.10 Results of Parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.11 Summary of data of parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.12 ANOVA table for Parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.13 Comparison for Parameter 3rd between the groups 82 4.14 Results of Parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.15 Summary of data of parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.16 ANOVA table for Parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.17 Comparison for Parameter 4th between the groups 83 4.18 The mean of all the groups for all the parameters 84
viii
LIST OF GRAPHS Sl No Title of the Graph Page No
1 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of control group 90 2 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of standard group 90 3 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 91 4 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 91 5 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of control group 92 6 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 92 7 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 93 8 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 93 9 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of control group 94 10 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of standard group 94 11 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 95 12 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 95 13 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of control group 96 14 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 96 15 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 97 16 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 97 17 Mean flexion phase of all the groups 98 18 Mean extensor phase of all the groups 98 19 Mean clonus phase of all the groups 99 20 Mean stupor phase of all the groups 99
MASTER CHART
Sl No Title of the Master Chart Page No 1 Assessment of Parameter I II III & IV of all groups 79 LIST OF FIGURES
Sl No Title of the FIGURES Page No
1 Schematic representation of Apasmara samprapti 50
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Sl No Name of the Photograph 1 Musta plant 2 Musta plant in the field 3 Musta plant with kanda 4 Musta flower 5 Electro convulsiometer 6 Showing applying ear electrodes to albino rats 7 Showing flexion phase 8 Showing extensor phase 9 Showing clonus phase 10 Showing stupor phase
ix
Introduction
___________________________________________________________ ____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
1
INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicines are the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Herbs
had been used by cultures through out history. It was an integral part of the
development of modern civilization. Primitive man observed and appreciated the
great diversity of plant available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter
and medicine. Much of the medicinal use of plants seems to have been developed
through observation of wild animals and by trial and error, as time went on each tribe
added power of herb in their area to its knowledge base.
Practically every country develops its own medicinal system, which includes
civilization of China, Egypt and India. Thus the Indian medicinal system Ayurveda
came into existence. The raw materials for Ayurvedic medicine were mostly obtained
from plant sources in the form of crude drugs such as dried herbal powders or their
extracts or mixture of products.
The WHO estimates that 4 billion people, 80%of world population presently
using herbal medicine for some aspects of primary health care. Major pharmaceutical
companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant material. Substance
derived from the plant remains the bases for a large population of commercial
medications used today for the treatment of heart diseases, hypertension, pain, asthma
and other problems.
At the moment scientific research on medicinal plants is continuing most
intensely research institutes, universities and pharmaceutical laboratories as well as in
the clinics of many developed countries. This research oriented mainly in two
directions, firstly the active ingredients of plants that have been known for their
medicinal properties are been investigated. The second part of basic research has lead
to the discovery of new kinds of medicinal plants and new drugs from the more
Introduction
___________________________________________________________ ____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
2
remote regions of the world where new species with unknown substance still remain
to be looked into.
If we go through the definition of Ayurveda Hita, Ahita, Sukha and Dhukha
pertaining to the Ayu have been explained. Yes exactly it is right because if we
studied the classics of Ayurveda not only the physical well being of an individual is
mentioned but also the things which to be done, should not to be done and which
gives pleasure to both mind and body as well as.
Ayurvedic science is just not Vedic science; it is expression of essence of
experienced thoughts.
Since our classics have broadly classified three types of disease that is
Adyathmik,Adibhouthika and Adidaivika and another two types Shareerika and
Manasika.
In both the types manas has been included. This manas depends upon Dhee,
Dhruti and Smruti, any alteration in the activity of these three leads to Manasika rogas
which inturn leads to Shareerika rogas.
Smruti nash is main pathophysiology in Apasmara roga, which is one of the
function of Manas. This smruti is defined as recollection, or remembrance of the
things directly perceived heard and experienced earlier. It is one of the most essential
factors for attainment of salvation. When Rajo and Tamo gunas of the manas exploits
the Satva guna, Smruti Vibramsha takes place, which becomes main causative factor
for Manasika rogas. Treatment of these Manasika rogas is conducted under the
heading of Shodhan, Shaman, Aahara Vidi vidhana and Nidana parivarjan.
This apasmara may affect any individual without considering the criterias like
rich/poor, educated/illiterate, cast and communities.
Introduction
___________________________________________________________ ____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
3
Apart from the mental problems the most of the metabolic disorder also lead
to convulsions or seizures, chronic fever condition may also lead to febrile
convulsions.
As per the present impact of epileptic seizures, it affects nearly 1-5 % of
population.
For treatment of disease 4 required pillers are being explained in our classics,
among these Dravya is one. In our classics so many medicines explained for the
treatment of Apasmara under the heading of Apasmarahar, Sanjnasthapana etc. and to
some extent Medya drugs are also beneficial in such conditions. There are lots of
single and compound formulations have been explained in our classics in the contest
of Apasmar Chikitsadhyaya or Apasmara adhikara . But most of those are not retested
according to current research methodology, which is must in present scenario for the
upgradation of Ayurvedic science as well as updating of Ayurveda itself. So thereby
we will give a good recognition to Ayurveda in the scientific world.
In this present study Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is taken from the Ayurvedic
treasure of therapeutics having Kashaya Tikta Katu rasa, Katu vipaka and Sheet
veerya, Laghu, Ruksh gunas having Grahi, Agnideepak, Pachak, Vatanulomuk,
Swedotpadaka, Medya, Stanyavardhak, Kandughna, Jantughna, Vranaropak,
Thrsnanigrahan etc properties. In Charak samhita chikitsa sthana 10th chapter Mustadi
gana has been explained.
In the present study I have taken alcoholic extract of Musta(Cyperus
rotundus) powder which is given orally to the albino rats.
There are so many drugs told in contemporary science, as Anti epileptics, still
there is always a search for newer molecules because of more demerits upon merits
Introduction
___________________________________________________________ ____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
4
with high cost effect and increasing drug resistance. Usually Carbamazipine,
Diazapam, Phenytoin are popularly used.
By observing above mentioned merits and demerits here an attempt is made to
reestablish safe, naturally, and abundantly available Anti epileptic drug Musta
(Cyperus rotundus).
Objectives
_______________________________________________________ _________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
5
OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the Antiepileptic effect of Musta on Maximal Electric
Shock induced albino rats.
A comparative experimental study of alcoholic extract of Musta in minimum
and maximum dose.
Drug review
_______________________________________________________ ________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
6
DRUG REVIEW:
Historical review of Musta1
Musta plant is mentioned in Atherva parisishta for the purpose of vashikaran
(A.P 35/2/9). It is also reported that Musta is described as ‘Kyambu’ in the vedic
literature its synonyms are mentioned as ‘Shyandadurva’, ‘Vyalkash’,’Kambu’.
Action and uses in other system of medicine: 2
Unani- Root is diuretic, emmenogogue, diaphoretic, anthelminthic, vulnaray, useful
for ulcers and sores, fever and dyspepsia.
Action and uses in other countries:
China- Tubers act on the lungs and liver. Their general action is tonic, stimulating
and stomachic.
Cylon- Decoction of the tuber is given in fever, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and stomach
complaints.
Konkan-The fresh tubers are applied to the breast as a galactagogue.
Cumbodiya- The root is considered diuretic and anti periodic.
Table No 1.1 Ganas and vargas according to different authors:
Sl No Author Gana Varga
1 Charak Samhita Stanyashodhan, Trushnanigrahan Lekhaneeya, Truptighna, Kandughna
2 Sushrut Samhita Mustadivarga, Vachadivarga, 3 Astang Hriday Mustadigana, Tiktavarga 4 Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Karpuradivarga 5 Kaiyadev Nighantu Aushadhivarga 6 Raj Nighantu Pippalyadivarga 7 Dhanvantari Nighantu Guduchyadivarga 8 Madanapal Nighantu Abhayadivarga 9 Abhidana Ratnamal Kashaya dravya skanda 10 Amar kosha Vanoushadhivarga 11 Mahoushadhi Nighantu Chandnadivarga 12 Priya Nighantu Shatapuspadivarga 13 Nighantu adarsha Mustadivarga 14 Saligram Nighantu Karpuradivarga 15 Madhav Dravya Guna Vividoushadivarga
Drug review
_______________________________________________________ ________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
7
Table No 1.2 Paryayas according to different authors:
Sl N
Synonyms C S
S S
A H
B8 N
K9 N
R10 N
D11 N
M12 N
Ab13 R
A14 K
N15 A
Mh16 N
S17 N
1 Mustak - - - + - - - - - + - + - 2 Vaarid - - - + - + - - - - + + - 3 Krodeshta - - - - - + - - - - - - - 4 Gangeyam - +5 - - + + + - + - + + + 5 Gundra - - - + - - - - - + + - - 6 Naagarmotha - - - - - - - - - - + - - 7 Musta - - - + + + - + + + + + - 8 Sugandhi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 9 Hima - - - - - + - - - - - - - 10 Ghana +3 - + - + + + + - - - - - 11 Megha - - - - - + + - - + + - - 12 Rajakaseruk - - - - + + + + + - + - - 13 Bhadramusta - - - + + - + + - + + - - 14 Varahad - - - - + - + + - - - - - 15 Abda + +6 + - - + + + + - - - - 16 Kuruvindak - - - + + + + + + + + + - 17 Jeemut - - - - - + + - - - - - - 18 Vrushadwankshi - - - - - - + - - - - - - 19 Jalad - - + - - - + - - - - - - 20 Balahak - - - - - - + - - - - - - 21 Ambod +4 +7 + - + + - - - - - - - 22 Peethar - - - - + - - - - - - - - 23 Pindmustak - - - - + - - + - - - - - 24 Poornakostha - - - - + - - - - - - - - 25 Bhadrahansa -- - - - + - - - - - - - - 26 Prachya - - - - + - - - - - - - - 27 Kalapadra - - - - - - - - + - - - - 28 Paripelav - - - - - + - - - - - - - 29 Bhadra - - - - - + - - - - - - - 30 Neerad - - - - - + - - - - - - - 31 Amra - - - - - + - - - - - - - 32 Vaarahi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 33 Gunja - - - - - + - - - - - - - 34 Granthi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 35 Bhadrakoshi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 36 Vanya - - - - - + - - - - - - - 37 Kaseru - - - - - + - - - - - - - 38 Kacchota - - - - - + - - - - - - - 39 Krudhakasderuk - - - + - - - - - - - - - 40 Naagarmotha - - - + - - - - - - - - - 41 Vaaridhar - - - - - - - + - - - - - 42 Meghakhya - - - - - - - + - - - - - 43 Vishadwankshi - - - - - - - + - - - - - 44 Ambudar - - - - - - + - - - - - - 45 Nagar - - - - - - - + - - - - - 46 Kutannat - - - - - - - - + - - - - 47 Plav - - + - - - - - + - - - - 48 Vitunna - - - - - - - - + - - - - 49 Sheernapurna - - - - - - - - + - - - - 50 Dashapuran - - - - - - - - + - - - - 51 Kurubilwa - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Toyad - - + - - - - - - - - - - 53 Granthila - - - - - + - - - - - - -
Drug review
_______________________________________________________ ________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
8
Paryayas and its meaning:
1.Krodeshta- “krodhanam ishta”. (NA)
Pigs like to eat it more.
2.Gangeyam- “Gangayah Apaayam.”(NA)
It is considered as an image of Ganga.
3.Gundra- “Gaam jalam draati gacchati iti”(NA)
It grows near the water
4.Nagaramusta “Nagare bhavam nagaram nagare cha tat mustakam cha
iti”(NA)
It grows in the town areas.
“Nagaranam priyam mustukam iti”(NA)
It is liked by town population mainly
5.Bhadramusta “Bhandate kalyanay bhavati iti” (NA)
It is holistic and restores health
6.Musta “Musyati khandaya
“Mustayati samyak hanti kaphapittasratrudajwaraadin
iti”(NA)
It breaks and cuts through the diseases and eliminates vitiated
Kapha, Pitta, Rakta, Jwara and Thrishna etc.
7.Vaarid “Vaari dadat iti vaaridah”(NA)
It contains more water or it grows in water.
8.Sugandhi “Shobhano gandho yasyah” (SKD)
It has got good smell.
9.Hima “Hanti ushmana iti”(SKD)
It subsides burning and heating effect.
10.Kacchotta “Kaccheshu jalaprayabhumisu jayate iti”(RN)
It grows aquatic and subaquatic regions.
11.Granthila “Granthi rupa” (RN)
Which looks like nodule
12.Prachya “Prachi bahashah”(KN)
Grows particularly in eastern part.
13.Rajakasheruk “Kasherusadruschyah kando asya”(DN)
Rhizome looks like kasheruk.
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Vividha basha naam vernacular names: 18
Latin - Cyperus rotundus
Sanskrit - Abda, Amboda, Bhadrakasi, Bhadramushta, Gangaya,
Granthi, Gundra, Hima etc
Hindi - Motha, Musta, Nagarmotha.
Kannada - Tunge gadde, Jekingaadde
Gujarathi - Motha
Marathi - Barikmotha, Musta
Telagu - Bhadeamusta, Gadal, Kaivarthmuste
Mustakamu, Shatutangeru, Tungmuste
Tamil - Kora Karai
Bengal - Motha,Mutha
Sinhalese - Kalayadrum
Arabic - Suad
English - Nut grass
USA - Nut grass
Australia - Yelka
Cylon - Nut grass
Spanish - Juncia redunda
Europe - Cyperus esceulentus, Cyperus longus, Cyperus
rotundus.
China - Cyperus rotundus
Indochina - ,,
Philippine Island - ,,
West Africa - Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculantus.
South Africa - Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus fastigiatus.
Cyperus longus, Cyperus sexangularis.
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Bheda according to different authors.
According to BhavPrakash Nighantu
Mustaka - Cyperus rotundus
Nagarmustaka - Cyperus scoriosus
kaivartmustaka
According to Raj Nighantu
Musta - Cyperus rotundus
Nagarmusta
According to Kaiyadev Nighantu
Mustaka - Cyperus rotundus
Paripelav/Khsudramusta/Kaivartumusta - Cyperus scoriosus
According to Dhanvantari Nighantu
Musta - Cyperus rotundus
Jalamusta
Table No 1.3 Gunas according to different authors:
Properties B19 N
D20
N M21 N
R22 N
K23 N
Md24
G N25 A
Mh26
N S27
N RASA
Tikta + + + + + + + + + Katu + + + + + - + +
Kashaya + - + - + + + + + GUNA
Laghu - - - - - - - - + Ruksha - - - - - - - - +
VEERYA
Sheeta + + - + + - + + - VIPAK
Katu - - - - - - + - - DOSHAGHNATA
Pittashaman + + + + + - + + - Kaphashaman + + + + + + + + -
Raktavikarahar + + + - + - - - -
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Table No 1.4 Karmas according to various authors:
Karmas B28 P
D29N M30 N
R31N K32 N
Md33 G
Mh34
N P35 N S36
N Grahi + - + - + + + - - Agnideepak + - + - + - + + - Pachak + - - + + + + + - Vatanulomaka + - - - - - + - - Swedotpadak + - - - - - + - - Medya + - - - - - + - - Stanyavardhak + - - - - - + - - Mutral + - - - - - + - - Kandunashak + - - - + - + - + Jantughna + - - - + - + - - Garbhashyattejak + - - - - - - - - Keshavardhak + - - - - - - - - Vranaropak + - - - - - - - - Trushnanigrahan + - - + + - - + + stanyashodhan + - - - - - - - - Malabandh - - + - - - - - - Kantidayak - - - - + - - - +
Table No 1.5 Prayojya anga:
Table No 1.6 Prayoga according to different authors:
Prayoga C S S S AH BP37 KN38 RN39 MN40 MhN41 SN42 DN43 PN44 VS45 YR46
Rasayan + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Jwara + + + + + + + + + + + - -
Raktapitta + + + - - - + - + - - - -
Gulma + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Prameha + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Kustha + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Rajayakshma + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apasmara + + - - - - - - - - - + +
Shotha + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Udar + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Grahani + - + - - - - - - - + - -
Pandu + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Hikka + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Shwasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Properties PV S Mh N B N N A
Kanda + + + +
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Kasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Atisara + + + + - + - + + + - - -
Chardi + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Visarpa + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Visha + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Madatyaya + + - - - - - - - - - - -
Vrana + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Kantharoga + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Karnaroga + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Urusthambh + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Vaatavyadhi + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Vaatarakta + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Yoniroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -
pramehapidika - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Stanaroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -
Upadansha - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Vruddhi - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Sleepad - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Mukharoga - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Netraroga - + + + - - - + - + - - -
Pratishyaya - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Shiroroga - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Hridroga - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Arochak - + - - + + - + + - + - -
Unmad - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Formulations of Musta.
1. Shadangpaneeya
2. Kiratatiktadi choorna
3. Mustadi choorna
4. Kayastadi varti
5. Mustadi varti
6. Navayas choorna
7. Mandoor vatak
8. Yoshadya ghrita
9. Mustadi quath
10. Pushyanaga choorna
Controversy 47
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After study of nighantus it appears that besides the two Cyperus species, that
is Cyperus, rotundus, Musta, Pindmusta and Cyperus scoriosus, Bhadramusta, there is
a third kind of Musta that is called Kaivarthik Musta, which is generally considered to
be synonym of Plav. Dhanvantari Nighantu mentions it with its synonyms Jalad,
Jalamusta, Dasapura, Paripelav, Vanya and Shaival, while Raj nighantu appears to
agree with it, but doesnot mention all the synonyms and properties like those of the
former. Bhavamishra also agrees fully but without mentioning Shaival as its
synonym, which he has mentioned separately. Confusion is created by former two
nighantus which mention still another drug giving almost all the synonym but which
according to them is ushnaveerya different from sheetveerya-
Shaival/Kaivarthinustak.
Classification:
Kingdom - Plantae (plant kingdom)
Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
Division - Spermatophyta
Subdivision - Magnoliophyta
Class - Monocotyledons
Subclass - Commmaelinidae
Order - Cyperales
Family - Cyperacea
Genus - Cyperus
Species - rotundus
Latin name - Cyperus rotundus
English - Nut grass
Family – Cyperaceae:48
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• Perennial (rare annual) herbs with the habit of grasses, roots fibrous, stem
terete: 3-angled usually simple.
• Leaves- Grass like (rarely 0) 3-ranked, mostly crowded at the base of the stem
with tubular sheath which are more or less closed or the lower split to the base,
ligule 0 or a short prolongation of the mouth of the sheath opposite to the
blade.
• Inflorescence-solitary, fasciculate,paniculate or spicate spikelets composed of
small distichously or spirally imbricate scaler (glumes).
• Flower- minute 1-2 sexual in the axils of the glumes, Perianth 0,q of 2 or more
• Hypogynous bristles or scales (ovary enclosed in a utricle in carex).
• Stamens- 1-3, filaments flattened, anthers basifixed, linear.
• Ovary -1 celled, ovule solitary, basal erect anatropous.
• Style – short or long
• Stigma- 2-3
• Fruit-Composed a trigonous nut.
• Seed- erect, free, embryo minute, within the base of the floury albumen
• Total Genera-85
• Species -2600.
Cyperus: 49
• Perennial (rarely annual) glabrous herbs, rhizome creeping short or long or
ovoid.
• Leaves –mostly towards the base of the stem occasionally reduced to sheath.
Spikelets in solitary globose or umbellate heads or spikes involueral. Bracts- 1
or more foliaceous bracteoles under the secondary division of the
inflorescence. Rhachilla usually persistant, not or in a few species disarticulating
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towards the base, sometimes with membranous wings derived from the persistant
glume bases. Glumes distichons the 2 lowest empty those above 2-sexual are
nearly equal, deciduous from below upwards, the Uppermost 1-3 sterile or empty,
hypogynous scales or bristles 0.
• Stamens – 1-3 anthers linear or oblong
• Ovary –compressed
• Style –short or long or obsolete
• Stigmas -2 or 3
• Fruit- Trigonons triquetrons or planoconvex
• Species-40
Cyperus rotundus50
Glabrous, stolon, elongate, slender 10-20 cm long, bearing heard ovoide
tunicate black fragrant tubers 0.8-2.5 cm dia, root fibers clothed with flexuous hairs,
Stems- sub solitary 10-7.5cm long triquetrons at the top sometimes tuberous at the
base.
• Leaves- shorter or longer than the stem narrowly linear 4-8 mm broad, finely
acuminate, flat 1-nerved, umbel, simple or compound, rays 2-8 the longest
reaching 7.5cm long bearing short spikes of 3-10 slender, spreading red brown
spikelets (the inflorescence sometimes contracted into a head, occasionally of
only one spikelets), bracts 3, variable in length, the longest reaching 15cm
long but sometimes abbreviated and much shorter than the head. Spikelets
variable in length 1.6-3.8cm 2.5 cm, linear, subacute, red brown 10-50
flowered compressed, rhachilla with hyaline wings. Glumes 3-4mm long,
oblong obtuse or slightly apiculate back, reddish brown 3-7 nerved, sides,
margins and tip hyaline.
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• Stemens - 3 Anthors-2.5mm long.Nut-1.6mm long, broadly
Obovoid, trigonus, grayish black.
• Style-1.6mm long
• Stigma-3, elongate reaching 4mm long much exerted.
Habitat: Common in rice fields, low lands waterlogged places, through out India
Chemical composition:51
The drug is rich in Cu, Fe, Mg and Ni, beta-sitosterol. The dichloro methane
extracts of tubers showed Sesquiterpenes, alpha- Cyperene, Cyperene, alpha and beta
Celinene, humelene, Isocurcumenol, Nottkatone and aristolone, and one triterpine
oleanolic acid (internet).
Alcoholic extract of the tubers showed a flavonol glycoside Rhemnetin, 3- 0 –
Rhamnosyl, -(1-4)Rhamnopyranoside Isocyperol.
Essential oils contain Gamma-cadinene and calamenone. Three new
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (-)-isorotundene, (-)- cypera-2, 4(15)-diene, (-)-
Norrotundena, (-)- Rotundene (internet).
Rotundenes A (1), B (2), C (3) three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids with an
unprecedented carbon skeleton were isolated. The structure of 1-3 was elucidated by
spectral and chemical methods.
Physicochemical study:
The following observations were drawn on Musta with regard to foreign
matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value. Identity, purity
and strength found.
Table No 1.7 Standard Physicochemical values of Musta:
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Sl.No. Physicochemical constants Std API
1 Foreign matter ≤ 2 %
2 Total ash ≤ 8 %
3 Acid insoluble ash ≤ 4 %
4 Alcohol soluble extractive ≥ 5 %
5 Water soluble extractive ≥ 11 %
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DISEASE REVIEW:
Historical review of Apasmara:
A brief review of earlier works would help in understanding not only the
concept of the disease as a whole but also the changing perspective about Apasmara
in modern times. Hence it would in a nutshell, give an idea about the long path
mankind has traversed in finding a cure for this disease.
1.Vedas & Upanishads:
• In earliest description of Atharvaveda, ‘Jambha’ is the term used as equivalent
to epilepsy.52
• The word ‘Grahi’ has been mentioned in several Vedic scripts. ‘Grahi’ means
to seize.53
• Genesis of Apasmara has been attributed to various non-human forms like
Gandharvas, Yaksha, Rakshasas etc.54
3.Samhitha:
Charaka Samhita:
• One among eight diseases evolved at the time of Daksha Yajna.
• Kind of individuals susceptible to disease have been described in 8th chapter of
Nidana Sthana along with Nidana, Purvarupa, Pratyatma Lakshana, Rupa,
Bheda and Samprapti.
• Possibility of Agantuja Apasmara along with Doshaja type has been
considered in 8th chapter of Nidana Sthana.
• Chikitsa of Apasmara described in detail in 10th chapter of Chikitsa Sthana.
Sushruta Samhita:
• Paroxysmal nature of disease is his major contribution.
• Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa have been described in detail in 61st
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chapter of Uttara Tantra.
• Apasmara is a Doshaja Vyadhi, not an Agantuja Vyadhi and is described
as Mahavyadhi. 55
Astanga Sangraha & Astanga Hridaya:
• Nidana, Purvarupa, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa of Apasmara have been
described in 10th chapter of Uttara Tantra of Astanga Sangraha and 7th
chapter of Uttara Tantra of Astanga Hridaya.
• Described as Maha Marma Samasraya.56
Kashyapa Samhita:
• Lakshanas of Apasmara in infants have been described in 25th chapter of Sutra
Sthana i.e. in Vedanadhyaya.57
Bhela Samhita:
• Nidana, Rupa and Samprapti have been described in 8th chapter of Nidana
Sthana.
• An interesting description regarding the paroxysmal nature of disease can be
found in 4th chapter of Sharirasthana.
• Term ‘Rasa Vega’ has been used and held responsible for manifestation of
Apasmara .58
• Comparison of Apasmara Vega to that of Trtiyaka and Chaturtaka Vishama
Jvara.59
• Trauma as one of the cause.60
• Chikitsa is described in 9th chapter of Chikitsa Sthana.
Harita Samhita:
• One of Maha vyadhi in 1st chapter of Trtiyasthana.
• Lakshana, Samprapti and Chikitsa in detail in 18th chapter of 3rd Sthana.
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• Udana and Prana vata are vitiated along with other Doshas.
• Most striking feature is mention of Shiras as site of Dusti.
• Vega Lakshana are described in detail in Balaroga Chikitsa i.e.57th chapter of
Trtiya Sthana along with Vega Kalina Chikitsa.
Sharngadhara Samhitha:
• 4 types of Apasmara- 7th chapter of Prathama Khanda.
Madhava Nidana:
• Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti, Sadhya Asadhya in 21st chapter.
Bhava Prakasha:
• Brief description of Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa- 23rd chapter of
Madhyama Khanda.
Gada Nigraha:
• Apasmara described under Bhuta Vidya Tantra in 31st chapter of Panchama
Khanda.
• Prognosis of the disease should be decided on the chronicity.
Yoga Ratnakara:
• Similar to Madhava Nidana, described in Purvardha.
• Different Yogas described for Chikitsa.
Review of previous research works: 61
Ayurveda with its time tested principles and ancient wisdom has the
potential to come out with solutions where the modern science has failed to provide
answers. Some efforts have been done in this direction are as follows:
1. Ashwini Shetty, Role of Medya Rasayana in management of psychomotor
epilepsy and its EEG correlates, 1991, BHU, Varanasi.
2. Ayush-56, an Ayurvedic AED, CCRAS.
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3. Nagarajan.C - Apasmaram and its management, a critical study, 1991, Dept. of
Kayachikitsa & Panchakarma, Government Ayurvedic college,
Thiruvanantapuram.
4. Pandya M.B.- Apasmara: A treatise on epilepsy, 1962, Dept. of Kayachikitsa,
I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar.
5. Sutaria Bharati.N. - A clinical study on the role of Rasayana drugs in the
management of Apasmara, 1988, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA,
Jamnagar. (Vachadi vati was proved to be effective in Apasmara)
6. Thesia M.H.- Pharmaceutical and clinical study of two different extracts of
Bharangi, 1992, Dept.of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA,
Jamnagar.
7. Usha satyanarayana, Role of Maha Panchagavya Gritha in Apasmara,
2000, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar.
8. A Suhas Kumar Shetty, A comparative study of Brahmi Gritha As Shaman
and Brumhan Sneha in Apasmara 2004 Dept of Manas Roga SDM college of
Ayurveda Hospital Hassan.
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CONCEPT OF APASMARA
Etymology of Apasmara:
• The word ‘Apasmara’ consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ Dhatu by
applying ‘Nich’ Pratyaya, which means loss of memory (during attack).
• The term Apasmara, which indicates the main clinical features of the Vyadhi,
is a combination of two words i.e, Apa and Smara.
Apa -
• Parivarjana- i.e. loss.62
• Gamana - i.e. to go down.63
As prefix to verb -
• Away from
• Deterioration, does wrongly or badly Contradiction, opposition, negation
Exclusion
As noun –
• Away from
• Without, on the outside of
• With the exception of (Apte).
Smara- Recollection of the knowledge, which is seen, heard or experienced, is known
as Smruti.64 The term ‘Smara’ indicates ‘Smruti’ which has been attributed many
meanings in the literature. But, its meaning in the context of Apasmara is as follows
• Bhutartha Vijnana i.e, knowledge of past experience.65
• Recollection of the knowledge, which is seen, heard or experienced, is known
as Smruti.65
• Smarah Smaranam i.e. ability to remember, recollect.66
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Apasmara-
• The word ‘Apasmara’ consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ Dhatu by
applying ‘Nich’ Pratyaya, which means loss of memory. (During attack).
• It consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ dhatu after adding ‘Ghan’ Pratyaya,
which means to forget the past experience during attack.
Definition of Apasmara:
• Dalhana describes it as the condition where the smruti is lost during attack.66
• Apasmara is defined as Apagama of smruti associated with Tamah pravesh
and Bibhatsa chestha due to derangement of dhi Satva and smruti.67,68
The two terms of Apasmara are elaborated that smruti signifies the facility of
recollecting or recalling the past sense perception and the prefix ‘Apa’denotes
deprivation. Therefore the disease in which the individual looses the facility of past
cognitions is termed as Apasmara.69
• Destruction or Naash of smaranshakti is termed as Apasmara.70 and it is due to
samplav of Dhee and Satva.
• According to Astanga Hridaya same definition, Apasmara is described as the
loss of smruti characterised by tamah pravesh which occurs spontaneously.71
• Yogaratnakar and Bhavaprakash followed M N.
Concept of Smruti
Apasmara is the disease characterized by transient impairment of Smruti.
Hence, an understanding of this term would give a vivid picture of the disease.
The term Smruti stands for many faculties of human intellect and is also used
in metaphysics. In this context, it is confined to focus only on Apasmara.
Smruti is enumerated as one of the Lakshanas of Atman.72 Chakrapani
explains that it is one of the functional components of Buddhi. It directs oneself by
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recollecting the past experience. This statement is further substantiated by the fact that
Smruti has also been considered as one of the lakshanas of Satva. 73
Smruti- It is useful in remembering the information present in literature.
Anubhava- This is used for remembering past experience acquired through
Jnanendriyas.
Definition :
Smruti is used to denote memory.74
• Smruti is defined as the cognition of past experience.75
• Smruti is recognized as one of the characteristic feature of cognizance.76
• While explaining the qualities of Aptas, Smruti is the term used to indicate
prowess in Shastras.77
• Smruti indicates ability to recollect and to be well-versed in Shastras and to
acquire mastery in higher sciences 78 It also indicates the ability to recollect.
• The ability to recognize the basic nature of all matters is Smruti.
Thus,‘Smruti’ is the term used to denote a wide array of higher intellectual
faculties including memory, cognition, past sense perception, mastery in higher
sciences. But these are not affected or lost in the patients of Apasmara.
In the context of Apasmara, Smruti is generally taken for consciousness. But,
consciousness is not lost in all types of Apasmara and at all times. Moreover, the term
‘Smruti’ is not used to denote consciousness generally. But the term ‘Sanjna’ is used.
These two are recognized as different faculties.
• Consciousness is inferred by recognition.79
• Memory is inferred by recollection. 80 Chakrapani has elaborated the meaning
of the term Smruti in this context. Smruti here does not stand for mere
recollection but for the whole process involved in the formation of faculty of
memory.81
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Thus the term ‘Smruti’ has a very complex structure overlapping
many higher intellectual faculties. The process of formation of smruti requires
Indriyas and Manas. But Smarana is an introspective function and at this juncture,
does not require any relation to the sense organs. The deprivation of this faculty,
Smruti has been explained. When on account of the mind is being clouded with Rajas
and Tamas, the retention of true knowledge is destroyed, that is called Smruti
bramsha for indeed the memorable abides in the memory. Smruti bhramsa leads to
Prajnaparadha or violational transgression. It is the inducer of all pathological
conditions.82
In the context of Apasmara, though Smruti can be called consciousness, but
there is no derangement. The Smruti remains intact but there is a transient departure
from the original sense of awareness. So, the term-impaired consciousness is more
appropriate than the term, loss of consciousness.
Impaired consciousness is defined as the inability to respond normally to
exogenous stimuli by virtue of altered awareness and or responsiveness. Hence the
types of seizures, which do not involve loss of consciousness, can also be included
under the umbrella of Apasmara.
Concept of Manas
Human birth is very rare privilege; only Man has the possibility of living a
conscious, wide-awake, controlled life. Human being possesses instinct and
intelligence. All these may not happen without presence of Manasa (psyche) and
Atma (soul). In Ayurveda, Ayu is defined as the combined state of the Shareera
(body), Indriya, (senses), Satva (psyche) and Atma (soul). 83
The Atma is the bearer of knowledge, with the virtue of the invisible past
actions are designated as life. Although this combination is momentary because of the
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body it self-being momentary being fixed by some process of continuity, this is taken
as one single continuum.84
In this way it is chiefly responsible for perceiving healthy life. Signs of good
health, which are mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita are as follows,
One whose humors (Doshas) and metabolic state (Agni) are in equilibrium,
whose functional activities of the tissues and excretory systems are in balance and the
soul, senses and mind feel well.
Mind transcends all the sense faculties that are responsible for the perception
of the external objects. Even though mind is also to be considered as a sense faculty
and it is responsible for experiencing happiness, etc. Still in this context, the other
sense faculties refer mind act as a controller of all the other sense faculties. They are
more so in relation to the mind which is much more subtle than the other sense
faculties.
The various functions of the mind are determined by its objects like happiness
etc; the objects motivate the mind by their proximity, this motivation further depends
up on the existence of the sentient Atma, which is in fact responsible for the
experience of happiness and psyche behavior. Therefore, cheerful state of mind is
very necessary for the good healthy life.
In today’s metaphysical society, as human life become speedy, mechanized
less affections and more centered, which contribute to more production of Kaama
(Desire), Krodha (anger) Lobha (greed), Bhaya (fear), Shoka (grief), Chinta (worry)
and Irsha (envy) etc like Manasa Vikaras. By this we can say that knowledge of
manasa is necessary to understand about nature of life and health.
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Etymology of manasa:-
The word “Manah” is derived from root “Mana” adding the suffix “Asuna”
with the following meanings.
• Which perceives
• Which leads to Knowledge
• Which analyses by special knowledge
Definition of manasa85, 86
A substance, which is responsible for the presence and absence of the
knowledge, is called as Manasa.
A substance, which establishes the contact between the soul, body and
regulates the functions of the Indriyas is defined as Manasa.
Mind is defined as the entity which even on contact with self, sense organs
and sense objects is responsible for production or otherwise of knowledge by its
attending respectively.
Synonyms of manasa87
• Atindriya
• Satva
• Chetana
Charecteristic of manasa88
Anutvam (atomic dimension) and Ekatwam (oneness) are considered to be the
characteristics of the manasa. These are basic characters of the mind, if it were not so,
all kind of perceptions would have occurred at a same time.
Object of manasa89
The object of Manasa is Chintya (thinking or things requiring thought)
Vichara (analyzing or consideration), Uhya (reasoning or hypotheses) Dheya
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(meditating or Emotional thinking), Sankalpa (determination) and whatever is to be
perceived by mind is its objects or regarded as its subjects.
• Chintya: Thing requiring thought, to think about do or not to do with purposeful
or purposeless manner.
• Vicharya: The word Vichara (Vitchartyat) derived from root “Vi” adding suffix
“Char” and “Yat” which means a distinct analysis, which enough to direct the
mind to accept or reject a thing.
• Uhya: The word Uhya derived from root “Uha” it means Vikara or it is
speculation hypothetical self-discussions and logical thinking about a thing.
• Dhyeya: It is an emotional thinking about distinct thing or meditating about
distinct thing.
• Sankalpa: It is consideration, determination of mind about thing.
Chakrapani over Cha.Sha 1/21 stated that thinking upon perceived object for its
reception (Upadeya) or rejection (Heya) is Vichara.
Functions of manasa90
Indriyabhigraha (control of sense organs or control over senses)
Swasyanigraha (self-restraint) Uha (hypothesis) and Vichara (consideration)
represents the action of mind.
• Indriyabhigraha:
Manasa is called as the controller of Indriyas because it indicates to receive
and send the impulse and impels to cognitive senses for sense for perception of
objects here Abhigraha means receiving of senses all over the body. Indhriabhigraha
means receiving the sense from the all sense organs.
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• Svasyanigraha:
Controlling of own function or self control is another function of Manas, it is
called Chanchala,91 so it is necessary Svasyanigraha to have right orientation to wards
desired objects and retraction from those after the purpose is fulfilled in Geetha in 6th
chapter explained as “Manasaivoindriyagramam Viniyamya Smantatha.”
It means it is necessary to Adhyatma yogi persons controlling over the Manasa
or Svasyanigraha.
Physiology of manasa
Physiology of Manasa which is divided in to three stages
1) Perception (cognitive or sensory )
2) Discussion and determination.
3) Stimulation or initiation (conation or motor reflex)
1) Perception (Cognitive or Sensory) 92,93,94
In this stage Indriya receives Artha if Manasa stimulates it. It is a key factor of
indriyas if it wants to receive arthas. If perception occurs the connection between
Atma, Indriya, Manasa and Arthas are very essential.
2) Discussion and determination95
After the perception the procedure of actual analysis starts, these processes i.e.
chintya, vicharya uhya, dhyeya, sankalpa etc. highlight the various objects of mind
according to its capacity. It gives the determination to the perception.
3) Stimulation of initiation (conation or motor reflex)
Manasa is called ubhayendriya because it connects Jnanendriyas and
Karmendriyas. After the determination of knowledge perceived by Jnanendriyas,
further necessary and desired actions are to be done by karmendriyas, which produces
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decisive knowledge by which one proceeds to speak or to do something with full
knowledge.
In this way beginning from cognitive and sensory perception up to stimulation
of motor reflex, Manasa does whole process of knowledge.
Seat of manasa
In classics differences of opinion regarding the seat of Manasa, which are
being discussed as here under:
1. Indefinite:
Mind is continuously active i.e. Chanchala, so it can not stay at one particular
place. Hence, it is very difficult to say about the seat of Manasa.
2. Hridaya96
Many references are available in Charaka and Sushruta regarding the seat of
Manasa in Hridaya. Both Acharyas have mentioned that only Hridaya is the seat
of chetana in the body. It indicates that Hridaya is the actual seat of Manasa.
3. Shira;
In Charaka (Su.17/12), it has been explained that Prana and whole Indriyas are
situated in Uttamanga i.e. Shira. Among the Indriyas, Manasa is the supreme.
because it is the controller of them. So it illustrates that Manasa is situated in
Uttamanga i.e. Shira.
4. Sarva Shareera:
Acharya Charaka states that Sarva Shareera is Adhishtana of Atindriya i.e.
mind (Ch. Vi.5/7).
All the reference regarding the seat of Manasa which are mentioned above
indicates various places, but majority of Acharyas believe that the actual seat Manasa
is Hridaya and its transportation channel is Sarva Shareera.
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Sanjna Vaha Srotas
Sanjnavaha Srotas unlike other Srotases does not have a definite anatomical
structure and there will be no Abhivahana of any gross drava. But in this context, the
term Abhivahana acquires a very broad meaning and has to be studied keeping in
mind, the various functions of the nervous system.
Here, Abhivahana refers to the carrying of impulse from the site of stimulus
to the base. This term Sanjnavaha Srotas was used while explaining Vyadhi like
Apasmara, Mada, Murccha, and Sanyasa. Here more stress was given to the
pathological process than to the physiological process.
While explaining the samprapti of Mada, Murccha, Sanyasa, it was clarified
by Chakrapani that it is a part of Manovaha Srotas, which is meant for ‘Sanjna
Vahana’.
It has been referred to as Manovaha Dhamani.97
It has been referred to Manovaha Dhamani, which is responsible for the
sensory perception.98
Vijaya Raksita gave the most appropriate definition of this term. Any Sira,
Dhamani, Srotas can be termed as Sanjnavaha Nadi, if Mana gets through them to the
respective Indriya Desa. 99 Thus, Sanjnavaha Srotas stands for that pathway which is
responsible for Sanjna or Jnana. Hence, it does not stand for any gross anatomical
structure. It is also referred to as Chetovaha Srotas by some authors.
Rajas and Tamas:
The Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas are used in the Indian metaphysics to
explain certain concepts regarding evolution. The theory of Trigunas of Sankhya has
been liberally used in Ayurveda in framing its philosophical concepts as well as in
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formulating the applied fundamentals of the human constitutions, psychic personality
& in the treatment of psychological disorders.
The Trigunas are the ultimate components of the primordial matter i.e.
Prakruti. Seal as permanent features of the reals regarded the Trigunas. They
therefore, appear as non-material in a general sense, but process Parimana or quantum
& Parichinnatva i.e. extensivity.
According to the ancient Indian views, all matters from the subtlest to the
grossest are characterised by the exhibition of the three Gunas or predicaments. The
functions of the Trigunas are to reveal, to make active & to suppress respectively.
Rajas are dynamic where as Satva & Tamas can neither reveal nor suppress without
being rendered active by Rajas initially. Every matter is characterised by the three
Gunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas. Accordingly we have Rajasika, Tamasika &
Satvika animals, vegetables, foods, drinks, drugs etc.
The Satva stands for the capacity of the matter to reflect Atma or
intelligence, Rajas for energy & Tamas for mass that offers resistance to Rajas. The
Tridoshas on the somatic side represent the condensation of these three qualities by
which the matter in its primordial state has been understood & described.
The Trigunatmaka constitution of Pancha Mahabhutas was clearly described
by Susruta100:
1.Akasa is predominant with Satva
2.Vayu with Rajas
3.Agni with Satva-Rajas
4.Jala with Satva-Tamas and
5.Prithvi with Tamas
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In the context of Manas, Satva represents normalcy i.e. equilibrium, Rajas
passion and Tamas stand for inertia. The preponderance over the other two Gunas is
to be inferred from the normalcy of the mental state. On the contrary, the Rajas &
Tamas, which are susceptible to vitiation or imbalance, have been described as the
two-Manasika Doshas101
Psychological importance of Trigunas:
The aforesaid description reveals that Manas is immensely related to Trigunas.
The philosophical principle of Trigunas had been found suitable for all applied
aspects of science of mind & therefore, Ayurvedists architectured the whole mansion
of their concept of Manas on the sound footings of Trigunas. All Gunas are obtained
in the same man but not at the same time (C.S.Sa.4/36). It was commented by
Chakrapani that the same man may be Satvika at a time, may be Rajasa when he is
thoughtful to Kama & at times Tamasa, when caught by delusion.102
The division of Manas into three parts depends upon three aspects i.e.
Kalyanamshatva, Roshamashatva & Mohamshatva. Trividha Satva & the Amshas or
psychic factors are the energies or forms succeeded to Manas from the three
component of pattern of the primordial matter in the cause of evolution.
The Trigunas are opposite to and divergent from one another. Satva stands for
purity, theism, brightness, right conduct, faith, intelligence; Rajas stands for
talkativeness, ego, anger, vanity, jealousy and Tamas for fear, ignorance, sleep,
lethargy, depression.103
Besides the mutually suppressive nature, Sankhya Karika explains that the
Trigunas are Anyonyasrayan (mutually supporting), Anyonyajanmanaha (mutually
productive), Anyonyamithunaha (mutually consorting) and Anyonyavrtayasca
(mutually existing) pointed it out.
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On this basis, the pathogenesis of Apasmara has been explained. Rajas and
Tamas obscure the Satva (Suddha amsha) of Manas. It indicates that Rajas and Tamas
in the state of pathogenesis restricting the Shuddha Amsha, keep it impeded. The
impediment of Satva Amsha in psychic diseases as met with, in the pathology of
Ayurveda is also recognised almost in the same sense in terms of super-ego by the
psychoanalysts.
The concepts of metaphysics regarding Rajas and Tamas are too complex &
hard to follow. In understanding the applied aspects of these two factors, a simple
method has to be followed. In the context of evolution, Satva, Rajas and Tamas are
considered Gunas. While describing Manas, the latter two are described as Doshas. It
implies that during the process of evolution the antagonistic or contradictory forces
act in a constructive manner. Once the existence or creation takes place, there should
be a state of equilibrium. Later, these same principles act in a destructive way. Thus,
Rajas and Tamas may stand for the contradictory factors for any kind of process that
is kept in equilibrium by satva. But, they represent all the opposite entities that are
present at grosser or minute levels in both living & non-living organism. The factors
that represent rajas are innumerable.
Table No 2.1 Types of apasmara according to different authors:
Types C S104 S S105 A S106 G N107
Vataj + + + +
Pittaj + + + +
Kaphaj + + + +
Sannipataj + + + +
Though there is mentioning of Agantuja Apasmara in the context of Chikitsa,
but it is missing under the subtypes of Apasmara. Chakrapani has clarified the reason
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for exclusion of Agantuja Apasmara under the classification of Apasmara. He
describes that though there will be an Agantuja karana, but the symptoms will not be
manifested unless the occluded Doshas reaches Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana unlike
other diseases.108
Apasmara nidana
The various Nidanas of Apasmara explained by Acharyas are summarised as
follows:
Table No 2.2 Nidanas of Apasmara, according to various authors:
Sl No.
Nidana C.S109 S.S110 A.S111 A.H112 B.S113 M.N114
1 Malina Ahara + + + + + - 2 Asuchi Ahara + + + + + - 3 Upahita Ahara + + + + + - 4 Viruddha Ahara + + + + + - 5 Madya Sevana + - - - - - 6 Vishama Bhojana Prayoga + - - - - - 7 Vishama Sharira Chesta + + + + + - 8 Upakshaya + - - - - - 9 Vega Nigraha - + - - - - 10 Asatmendriyartha Samyog - + - - - - 11 Udbhranta Dosha + - - - - - 12 Bahu Dosha + - - - - - 13 Vishama Dosha + - - - - - 14 Rajasvala Gamana - + - - - - 15 Deva Dvija Guru Apamana - - + + - - 16 Rajas Vikruthi + + + + + - 17 Tamas Vikruthi + + + + + - 18 Alpa Satva - - + + - - 19 Kama + + - - - - 20 Krodha + + - - - - 21 Bhaya, Shoka + + - - - + 22 Lobha + - - - - - 23 Moha + - - - - - 24 Harsha + - - - - - 25 Chinta + - - - - + 26 Udvega + + - - - - 27 Marmabhighata + - - - - - 28 Visha Upavisha - - + + - - 29 Abhoghata (Fall) - - - - + - 30 Upahata Chetas + - - - - -
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The type of individuals who are prone to develop Apasmara rapidly as
described by Charaka (C.S.Ni.8/4) are as follows:
Those whose minds are obscured by Rajas & Tamas.
Those in whom the increased & vitiated Doshas have deviated from
their course or are in an unbalanced or in a plethoric condition.
Those who make use of in the manner forbidden by the dietetic rules,
of improper dietary articles, which are unclean & ill prepared.
Those who abuse the general rules of healthful living.
Those who indulge in Vishama Chesta.
Those in whom the morbid Doshas have become exacerbated as a
result of extreme emaciation.
Those whose mind have become obscured with Upahata Chetas.
In the above conditions, the morbific doshas lie in wait above the Hridaya and
around the Indriya Ayatanas.
When these Doshas lying dormant, are aroused by a sudden accession of
Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega, they occlude the
Hridaya and Indriya Ayatanas and then the individual is possessed by Apasmara
Vega. Thus, Apasmara Vega is the outcome of interplay between the internal &
external environment. Hence, Upahata status of the Chetas play a key role in the
occurance of Apasmara Vega.
It must be accepted that virtually every individual is potentially epileptic if the
provocation, whether physical or physiological is sufficient, but in some, presumed to
have a very high ‘epileptic threshold’, this provocation must be intense. While in
others in whom seizures occur without apparent precipitating factors, it is presumed
that the convulsive threshold is low.
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Based on the nature of the disease, the Nidanas of Apasmara can be classified
into two groups i.e. Utpadaka Nidanas and Vyanjaka Nidanas.
I.Utpadaka Nidana:
1. Aharaja Nidana:
(i) Samala (C.S.Ni.8/4), Malina (S.S.Utt.61/4) - The food that becomes contaminated
during the process of cooking or after it.
(ii) Asuchini (C.S.Ni.8/4), Asuchi bhojana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – The food which is
prepared of unclean raw materials or stored in contaminated utensils.
(iii) Upahitani (C.S.Ni.8/4) – The food that is mixed along with contaminated food
articles.
These foods either individually or in combination are responsible for the
vitiation of Sharirika & Manasika Doshas. The Aharas contaminated with Mala may
not do the Poshana Karma. The Mala present may act as Gara Visha depending on its
contents. It can also vitiate Rajas or Tamas doshas according to its nature. Asuchi &
Upahita also have the same action on Agni & Doshas and Malina Ahara leads to
Tridosha Prakopa along with the exacerabation of Rajas & Tamas.
(iv) Vikruta (C.S.Ni.8/4), Viruddha (S.S.Utt.61/4) – Charaka has explained a specific
type of Samskara Viruddha Ahara, which results in Apasmara. One must not eat
Pauskara, Rohinika or Kapota mamsa fried in Sarsapa Taila. These should not be
eaten along with honey & milk. If done so, one would suffer from Shonitabhisyandha,
Dhamani Pratichaya, Apasmara, Shankaka, Galaganda, Rohini and may ultimately
lead to death. The Samskara Viruddha Ahara acts as Visha. (C.S.Su.26/92)
(v) Ahita Bhojana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – The Ahita Ahara does not act at once results in
Dosha Prakopa, but in constant Nidana Sevana in a long run provides a fertile ground
for the Vyadhis.
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(vi) Ahara Vidhi (C.S.Ni.7/4) – If one does not follow the proper Ahara Vidhi, it will
in turn result in the vitiation of Doshas of both Sharira and Manas.
Diet: (Relation of food in causation of epilepsy)
2. Viharaja Nidana:
(i) Vishama Sharira Chesta (C.S.Ni.8/4) - Vishama Chesta may be Abhighata,
Ratrijagarana or Ati Vyayama. This leads to Vata Prakopa, later vitiation of other
Doshas. Vishama Chesta might also indicate trauma indirectly.
Bhela has mentioned head injury as one of the causes of Apasmara.
(B.S.Chi.9/2).
(ii) Malina Vihara – Vishama Vihara also includes Vega Nigraha. This would also
lead to Vata Prakopa. Vega Nigraha has been mentioned specifically by Susruta as
one of the cause.(S.S.Utt.61/5). Among the various vega, Trishna nigraha results in
condition similar to Apasmara (S.S.Utt.47/70-71).
The lakshana resembles the convulsions that result due to electrolyte
imbalance.
iii) Rajasvalabhigamana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – Neurosyphilis is the spirochetal disease in
which seizures are occasionally the initial manifestations of syphilitic meningitis
(Walker AE, 1936).
(iv) Madya (Alcohol) – Apasmara is one of the vyadhis that results due to intake of
excess of Madya along with Moha, Bhaya, Shoka, Krodha, Murcha, Unmada,
Apatantaka & even death. (C.S.Chi.24/56).
Madya acts on Sanjnavaha Srotas & causes Smrti Vibhramsa. It also turns an
individual into Avara Satva. Thus Madya acts as both Utpadaka Nidana as well as
Vyanjaka Hetu.
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II. Vyanjaka Nidana:
(i) Manasika Karanas -
Kama, Krodha, Bhaya, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega may
act as precipitating factors of Apasmara Vega. The vitiated Doshas are present in
Hridaya & Indriya Ayatana in Linavastha. The onslaught of Kamadi etc. occludes the
Indriya Ayatana & Sanjnavaha Srotas causing Apasmara Vega. They also aggravate
the Doshas, which are already Udbranta and Bahu in nature. (C.S.Ni.8/4)
Kama, Shoka and Bhaya vitiate Vata while Krodha aggravates Pitta. The
person who is subjected to Utpadaka Nidana will be in Upahata stage of his Chetas.
Rajas & Tamas will cloud his Manas. Any trivial stimulation brings about Kama,
Krodha, Bhaya etc. which either aggravate Rajas or Tamas thus bringing down the
threshold, which paves the way to Apasmara Vega.
These Kama, Krodha etc. Bhavas have the potential of causing Smrti
Bhramsha by themselves in the long term as illustrated in ‘Bhagvadgita’ (Bhagvadgita
2/62). But it is to be noted that the final outcome of Apasmara is Apagama of Smrti
and Smrti Bramsha.
Precipitating factors –
In a survey of modulating or precipitating factors associated with occurrence
of seizures carried out in 177 patients, felt tension, anxiety, restlessness or irritability
as prodromal symptoms. These phenomena are believed to reflect fluctuations in
predisposing factors that lower the epileptogenic threshold or the appearance of
endogenous precipitating factors. Stress plays an important role as aetiology in
epilepsy.
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ii) Marmaghata –
Apasmara has been enumerated as one of the Vyadhis from Hridaya Abhigata.
(C.S.Si.9/6). They may act as Sannikrista Karana for Apasmara.
(iii) Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga –
Excessive or faulty indulgence in objects of sensory perceptions has been
included as one of the Nidanas of Apasmara. (S.S.Utt.61/4) It is explained by Dalhana
that Indriyartha refer Shabdadi Pancha Jnanendriya and Karmanam refers to Karmas
of Kaya, Vak & Manas. It may act as Utpadaka Hetu in the long run, but can act as
Vyanjaka Hetu in a person with Upahata Chetas.
Purvaroopa
The Purvaroopas of Apasmara mentioned in the texts indicate that they are of
transient nature. They are not usually present throughout the course of the disease.
The occurance of Purvarupa heralds the onset of Apasmara Vega. Based on
the time of occurance, they can be classified into two groups.
1. The features that are present for hours to days before the Vega.
2. Those, which occur just before the manifestation of the Vega.
Following are the Purvarupa, which may appear hours to days before onset of
attack –
• Anannabhilasha
• Arochaka
• Avipaka
• Daurbalya
• Asthibheda
• Angamarda
• Svapne Mada, Nartana, Vyadhana115
• Nidranasha116
• Svapne Tailasya Madyasya Panam Mehanam Cha117
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Purvarupas that manifest immediately before the Vega are as follows –
• Satatam Aksnoho Vaikrtum
• Asabda Sravanam
• Lala Srava
• Singhanaka Prasravanam
• Hrid Graha
• Kukshe Graha
• Moha
• Tamaso Darshana
• Murcha
• Bhrama118
• Asanti Rupa Darshana119
• Hrt Kampa
• Shunyata
• Sveda
• Dhyana
• Pramudhata120
Vishista Purvarupas, which help in determining the Doshaja predominance of
Apasmara, are also described & they are mainly visual auras but they have been
placed in the main clinical event. An individual with Vataja Apasmara experiences
the visual auras of Parusha, Aruna, Krshna Rupa. An individual of Pittaja Apasmara
experiences the Pita Asruk Rupa Darshana. The visual aura for Kaphaja Apasmara is
Shukla Rupa Darshana121 An individual who visualises himself being chased by a
strange creature i.e. Krishna Vikruta satva is overcome by Vataja Apasmara Vega. An
individual with Pittaja Apasmara experiences the visual aura of being chased by Peeta
Vikruta Satva and the Kaphaja Apasmara brings about the visual aura of being chased
by Shukla Vikruta satva.
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Rupa
The cascade of events that take place during Apasmara Vega has been
summarized by Charaka.122 This clinical event is classified into four types on the basis
of dosha predominance. The basis of classification being
• The duration of attack
• The nature of Bibhatsa Chesta
• The frequency of Vegas &
• Specific features, characteristic of each dosha.123
But still, it would be difficult to determine the clinical features & ascribe
them to specific doshas on the basis of the above-mentioned guidelines. The specific
features unique to each doshas are very subtle in nature & would require very keen
observation and a quick diagnosis cannot be made relying on these features.
In order to remove this obstacle, an effort has been made. The help of
Upashaya & Anupashaya has been sought (C.S.Ni.8/8).
Sushruta gives two sets of specific clinical features, which are ascribed to each
doshas.124 Hrit Toda, Trit & Utkleda along with Pralapa, Kujana & Klesha belong to
Vataja, Pittaja & Kaphaja Apasmara respectively. But these features seem to be
Purvaroopas rather than Rupas.
The other clinical features, which guide in determining the Doshaja type, are –
• Bibhatsa Chesta or convulsive movements.
• Clinical features specific to each Dosha.
An effort on classifying the disease based on aetiology has been made by
Bhela.125 When an individual of Vata Prakruti consumes Vataja Ahara &indulges in
excessive physical activities, Vata gets vitiated & leads to Vataja Apasmara Mode of
manifestation is similar in Pittaja, Kaphaja and Sannipataja Apasmara.
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Table No 2.3 Lakshanas of Vataja Apasmara:
Table No 2.4 Lakshanas of Pittaja Apasmara:
Lakshanas C132 S
S133 S
A134 H
B135 S
M136 N
Y137 R
1. Abhikshanam Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Kshane Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - - - 3. Avakhoojana + - - - - - 4. Asafalayantham Bhoomim + - + + - + 5. Ugrabairava Rupa Darshana + - + - - - 6. Peeta Phena Vamana + - - - + - 7. Vakthrangatha + - + - + - 8. Vaktrakshata + - + + + + 9. Peetasrug Roopa Darshana + - + + + + 10. Trishna + + - - + - 11. Lokadarshi Analavyapthi + - - - + - 12. Tapa/ Murcha - + - - - - 13. Swedadhikyata - + - - - - 14. Bhru vikaram - + - + - + 15. Peetam Mamanudhavathi - + - - - - 16. Dantan Katakatayathi - - - + - +
Lakshanas C126
S S127 S
A128 H
B129 S
M130 N
Y131 R
1. Abhikshanam Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Kshane Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - - - 3. Utpinditaksha + - + + - - 4. Viswaram Rudan + - + - - - 5. Udgamantam Phenam + + + - + + 6. Ateevadhmata Greevam + - + - - - 7. Avidda Shiraskam + - + - - - 8. Vishama Vinanatangulim + - + - - - 9. Hasta Pada Vikshepana + - + - - - 10. Arunata of Nakhadi + - - - - - 11. Parusha Rupa Darshana + - + - + + 12. Kampa/ Vepathu + + + - + + 13. Pradhamsha Dantan + + + + + + 14. Swasa Krichrita + + + - + + 15. Krishnam Mamanudhavathi - + + + - - 16. Patit Kshitau - - + + - -
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Table No 2.5 Lakshanas of Kaphaja Apasmara:
Lakshanas C138 S.
S139 S.
A140 H.
B141 S.
M142 N.
Y143 R.
1. Chirat Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Chirat Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - + + 3. Anati Vikruta Chesta + - + - - - 4. Lalam Udvamantam + - - - - - 5. Shuklata of Nakhadi + + + - - + 6. Guru, Snigdha Rupa Darshana + - + + + + 7. Sleshmala Anupashaya + - - - - - 8. Viparito Upashaya + - - - - - 9. Shukla Phena Vamana + + - - + + 10. Hrillasa - + - - - - 11. Nidrartha - + - - - - 12. Patanata + + - - - - 13. Hritsanga + - - - + + 14. Bruyat Tamasa - - - + - - 15. Swetam Mamanudhavathi - - - - - - 16. Aruchi - - - + - -
Salient Feature Of Apasmara – Its Episodic Nature
The unique feature of Apasmara that has fascinated and puzzled the
Acharyas is its paroxysmal nature. It was pondered over by Sushruta & a doubt has
been raised regarding its doshaja nature.
Since this disease manifests without any cause, subsides even without any
treatment & some say that Apasmara is not due to Dosha & they are supported by
some authoritative texts144. The explanation for the doshic nature of Apasmara by
Sushruta is that the peculiar nature of the Vyadhi is due to the orderly derangement &
momentary vitiation of doshas and it responds to the treatment administered
according to doshas.144 Further his stand on the doshaja nature of Apasmara has been
substantiated in a beautiful verse with a lucid explanation for its paroxysmal nature.
Just as the seeds sown in a field, remain dormant & sprout only in Sharat Ritu
in spite of earlier rains, so the doshas staying dormant inside the deha increase in
morbidity in due course of time, manifest the Vikara in many ways of their own
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nature at appropriate time. Hence, Apasmara, the Mahavyadhi is definitely of dosha
nature.145
The process, which takes place from the time of Nidana Sevana to the time of
manifestation, is crucial for the disease to take root in deha.
An explanation, which sheds some light on the nature of the Vyadhi has given
by Bhela. It is explained why people do not suffer from Apasmara continuously. As
water is the source of life for the aquatic life forms, the Rasa Dhatu is the source for
the presence of Tridoshas. Whenever there is an onslaught of Rasa Vega, the
individual experiences Apasmara vega. Thus people have periodic episodes once in a
day, once in three days, once in a fortnight, month and so on.146
The view regarding Grahas as factors responsible for Apasmara has also been
expressed. The individuals experience Vega when they become ‘Rasopahata’ and free
from it during ‘Rasa Praviveka Kala.147 Sushruta has given a similar explanation
comparing the Vega to tides in the context of Jvara Vega. The Vega nature is similar,
so it holds good for Apasmara also. As the sea swells up stimulated by the wind (at
the flow tide), similarly the doshas excited by Vata produce Vega. As during the flow
tide, water of the sea covers the shores, but during the web tide, they recide and merge
into the sea. Similarly when the vitiated doshas are highly agitated, the patient gets a
Vega and with the subsidence of the momentum of the vitiated doshas, the Vega
subsides like the waters in the sea.148
Chakrapani has explained the subsidence of Vegas without any reason. The
Vega itself is responsible for the alleviation of doshas. As in case of Vishama Jvara,
the doshas lose their bala after inducing the Vegas.149
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Upashaya-anupashaya
As the diagnosis of Apasmara, based on the clinical events is difficult there
is lot of scope of Upashaya and Anupashaya in the diagnosis & management of
Apasmara. That is the reason why Charaka has mentioned the utilization of Upashaya
and Anupashaya in the diagnosis of specific types of Apasmara. Charaka says that in
Vataja Apasmara, Vatahara Kriyas act as Upashaya & those procedures, which are
Vata Vardhaka acts as Anupashaya. This is true in case of Pittaja & Kaphaja
Apasmara also.150
This is an attempt laid in the direction of application of 18 types of Upashaya
and Anupashaya in terms of Apasmara
Table No 2.6 Application of 18 types of Upashaya & Anupashaya in Apasmara:
Aushadhi Ahara Vihara
Hetu Viparita Pancha Gavya Ghrita in Vataja Apasmara
Increased Rajas, Satvic Ahara
Increased Tamas due to sleep, Ratrijagarana
Vyadhi Viparita Anti epileptic drug, Smruti Sagar Rasa
Ketogenic diet Reminding pleasant things
Ubhaya Viparita Ushna Ahara Vihara Janya – Chandanadi Taila
Cold milk Cold bath
Hetu Viparitathakari
Nasya in traumatic epilepsy
Utkleshaka Ahara Bhaya Darshana
Vyadhi Viparitathakari
Lashuna Nasya during attack
Madya Constant activity
Ubhaya Viparitathakari
Virechana in Vataja Apasmara
Matsya after Shodhana
Loosening exercise
Samprapti
The peculiar nature of Apasmara requires a fresh approach to be adopted
while dealing with its samprapti. Since an individual afflicted with this disease is
apparently normal in between the vegas, there might be different processes, which
finally culminate in Apasmara Roga and Apasmara Vega.
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Thus, the Samprapti can be classified into two phrases –
• Sthayi (Utpadaka) Samprapti: That which persists throughout the course of the
disease.
• Vega Kalina (Vyanjaka) Samprapti: This is the transient process that takes
place during the Vega Kala.
Sthayi (utpadaka) samprapti:
• Sanchaya:
The Rajas and Tamas act on the Manas resulting in ‘Upahata Chetas’
Here, Rajas and Tamas gain dominance either through the inherent nature or
Prakruti of the individual or by dint of Ahara, Vihara that aggravate them.
• Prakopa:
The factors of Prakopa vary according to different Nidanas. They may act
individually or in combination. Nidana sevana vitiates the related dosha.
• Prasara :
Persistence in nidana sevana, lack of any dosha pratyanika chikitsa or the
factor like kala, ritu aid the further aggravation of the already vitiated doshas
leading to their Prasara Avastha.
• Sthana Samsraya :
The prakupita doshas spread through the Rasavaha Srotas and when they
reach Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana i.e. Shiras, they settle down making them their
abode. They remain in linavastha until the vyanjaka nidana acts on them.
• Vyakti :
This results in Apasmara Roga. This Samprapti will be present without
any manifestation.
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This Samprapti is of high significance since Avasthika or Vegakalina
Samprapti itself is not capable of causing Apasmara Roga. This statement is further
fortified by the observation made by Gangadhara. Apasmara cannot afflict an
individual who acquires ‘Upahata Satva’ by the action of Rajas & Tamas due to that
cause alone. He acquires Apasmara by the later vitiation of Vatadi Doshas thus
requiring Manasa and Sharirika Doshas for the causation of disease (Ga. on
C.S.Ni.8/2).
The term ‘Vyakti’ in the context of this Samprapti refers to the stage, when
the vyadhi manifests itself but is not evident in between Vegas. This in turn plays as a
fertile ground for the precipitating factors to act upon the already established dusti.
Avasthika or vegakalina samprapti:
Chaya, Prokopa & Prasara :
The vyanjaka nidanas i.e. kama, krodha etc. exacerbate the already vitiated
doshas and agitate them. At this juncture, the Caya, Prakopa and Prasara phases occur
spontaneously.
Sthana Samsraya:
Among the vitiated and agitated doshas, Rajas and Tamas by the dint of the
subtleness occlude the Sanjnavaha Srotas. This results in Dhi & Satva Samplava.
Here, the term ‘Samplava’ stands for derangement paving way to Apagama of Smruti.
Vyakti :
This is the stage of manifestation of Apasmara vega bringing about a chain
of events, which repeats themselves during each vega.
The Avasthika Samprapti repeats itself during each vega. But the Sthana
Samsraya at the level of Sanjnavaha Srotas is transient. Thus, there are no signs of
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Sanjnavaha sroto dusti in between the vegas. This Avasthika Samprapti may act as
nidana for the successive Vegas.
Bheda :
It stands for the specific classifications of the 4 types of Doshic
Apasmara.They are as follows:
1. Vataja Apasmara
2. Pittaja Apasmara
3. Kaphaja Apasmara
4. Sannipataja Apasmara
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SAMPRAPTI – SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION CHAYA - RAJAS & TAMAS- UPAHATACHETAS UTPADKA NIDANA SEVANA
PRAKOPA NIJA AGANTUJA 1.AHARA 1.MARMABHIGHATA 2.VIHARAJA 2.SHIRO ABHIGHATA HRIDAYA & DASHA DHAMANI
PRASARA INDRIYA AYATANA STHANA SAMSRAYA
VYANJAKA NIDANA (MANASIKA NIDANA) VYAKTI - APASMARA ROGA CHAYA PRAKOPA PRASARA ABHIGHATA (MARMABHIGHATA) STHANA SAMSRAYA - SANJNAVAHA SROTAS DHI SAMPLAVA SATVA SAMPLAVA SMRTI APAGAMA VYAKTI - APASMARA VEGA
Figure I: Showing Schematic Representation Of Samprapti Of Apasmara
S T H A Y I S A M P R A P T I
A V A S T H I K A S A M P R A P T I
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Samprapti ghataka:
Dosha: The involvement of both the Shareerika and Manasika doshas is vital for the
samprapti.
Shareerika Dosha: These include the subtype of each of the dosha.
Vata: Udana and Prana Vata are vitiated along with other doshas during Apasmara as
per the description of Harita.151
Udana Vata has its abode in the region of Urah. It is responsible for
Vakpravrrti, Prayatna (initiation of any voluntary work), Urja, Bala, Varna and Smruti
(A.H.Su.12/5). Since Apagama of Smrti is the salient feature of Apasmara, Udana
Vata is vitiated bringing about impaired Smruti.
Prana Vata resides in Murdha & also traverses Urah and Kanta. It is
responsible for the Dharana of Buddhi, Hridaya, Indriya and Chitta.152 Since vitiated
Doshas lie in Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana, the vitiated Dosha is Prana Vayu.
Vyana Vata is seated in Hridaya & traverses the whole body with incredible
speed. It is responsible for all the movements. The motility required for any process in
the body is due to Vyana Vayu.153 Vyana Vayu is affected to some extend after the
sevana of utpadaka nidana. Its vitiation is further triggered by vyanjaka nidana and
during the manifestation of Apasmara Vega, the bibhatsa chesta that follows is mainly
due to the vitiated Vyana Vayu.
A careful study of the pathogenesis of Apasmara shows that these conditions
involve the activities of higher mental faculties and emotional states with which
Sadhaka Pitta has been correlated. Ayurveda has presented in Sadhaka Pitta, a concept
which refers to some essential factors (or a factor complex) and which governs mental
functions especially memory, intelligence, self consciousness, intellect and a number
of emotional situations such as grief, fear, anger, excitement etc.154
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Sushruta opines that the Pitta located in Hridaya is to be known as the
Sadhakagni describes it, in as much as its function is to enable one to achieve one’s
aspiration.155 Dalhana observed that it enables one to achieve one’s Mano Artha viz.
Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. This, it does by dispelling the Kapha and Tamas
of the Hridaya and thus enabling the Manas to perceive things clearly. The concept of
Sadhaka Pitta therefore appears to be psychophysiological in its outlook. Thus, it can
be inferred that Sadhaka Pitta plays a great role in the Samprapti of Apasmara.
The Buddhi Vaiseshika type of Alocaka Pitta is also vitiated since it is mainly
concerned with the intellectual faculties according to Bhela.156 As these faculties are
affected during the Vega, Buddhi Vaiseshika Alocaka Pitta may have a role in the
Avasthika Samprapti of Apasmara.
Kapha: Tarpaka Kapha resides in Shiras and does Sneha and Tarpana of Indriyas.157
The reference of Sneha and Tarpana has been interpreted by Dalhana as ‘Sneha means
the Majja of the Mastaka and Tarpaka nourishes this structure & the Indriya with its
Snehana quality and enables them to perform their specific functions. Thus Tarpaka
Kapha takes part in both Sthayi and Avasthika Samprapti as it is present in the Indriya
Ayatana i.e. Shiras. It may be agitated to a greater extent in case of Shiro Abhighata.
Manasika dosha: The Ahara and Vihara, which vitiate the respective Sharirika
doshas, are also responsible for the vitiation of the Manasika doshas viz. Rajas and
Tamas. In fact these two doshas play an important role in reducing the threshold of an
individual by rendering him with Upahata Chetas. All the precipitating factors like
Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Shoka, the individual who is affected by either Rajas or Tamas
experiences Udvega.
Dushya: There is no direct reference of any Dushya in the Samprapti of Apasmara as
it is a paroxysmal disease and involves the Sanjnavaha Srotas with a subtle pathway
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in its own sense. But for the manifestation of the Vyadhi or Vega to be precise,
involvement of Dushya is a must.
The Dushya involved during the course of the disease may be different from
that which is involved during the Vega Kala. Bhela has held ‘Rasa Vega’ responsible
for the manifestation of Apasmara Vega. Whenever Rasa Vega afflicts an individual,
he experiences Apasmara Vega.158 But the Rasa Dusti may be transient and confined
to the Vega Kala.
Throughout the course of the disease, Majja Dhatu present in the Shiras may
bear the brunt of the Vegas. Since it is where the initiation of the Vegas takes place
even though the stimulus caused by vyanjaka nidana may lie elsewhere. The
lakshanas of Majja Pradosha are almost to that of Apasmara (C.S.Su.28/17).
Srotas:The vitiated Doshas, which are in Linavastha, are seated in Hridaya.159 While
explaining the Samprapti, the term Dhamani is used by Charaka.160 This has clarified
by Chakrapani that the Dhamani originate from Hridaya obviously refer to the Dasha
Dhamani.
Hridaya and Dasha Dhamani are the Mula of Rasavaha Srotas.161 It has been
clearly explained by Bhela that the vitiated Doshas go up and reach Hridaya and
Dasha Dhamani.162
Thus Rasavaha Srotas can be considered as the Srotas involved. Bhela has
referred to Jalavaha Nadi while describing the Samprapti.163 It might be the synonym
of Rasavaha Srotas. The Srotas involved during the Vega is Sanjnavaha Srotas.164 But
the involvement of this Srotas is only transient.
Sroto Dusti: The vitiated Doshas occlude Hridaya, Dasha Dhamani and Indriya
Ayatana and cause Apasmara Roga.
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The already morbid Rajas and Tamas doshas are exacerbated due to the
precipitating factors like Kama, Krodha etc. and occlude Sanjnavaha Srotas resulting
in Apasmara Vega. The Sanga is the type of Dusti, which occurs in this Vyadhi.
Agni & Ama:The Agni involved depends on the cause. Thus, Jataragni, Dhatvagni
or even Bhutagni may be involved. The corresponding Ama may result.
Sthana Samsraya:
There remains a controversy regarding the Sthana Samsraya of Apasmara that
needs some critical analysis, while the advances in medical science point the site of
origin of the disease towards the brain, our texts have clearly stated Hridaya as the
seat of vitiated doshas. Some points remain to be clarified in order to nullify the
discrepancies between these two stands. The following features become obvious after
a glance at the classical texts:
There was no doubt regarding the term Hridaya among Acharyas when it was
mentioned as the seat of Vikruta dosha in Apasmara. Both Shiras & Hridaya have
been defined in the same chapter.165
Shiras has not been left out by the Acharyas while describing the Samprapti.
The term Indriya Ayatana refers to Shiras in particular.166 Bhela has mentioned Shiras
as the site of Sthana Samsraya.
The concept of Marma Abhighata is worth discussing here. The Vyadhis that
occur as a result of Hridaya Abhighata are Apasmara, Unmada, Pralapa, Chittanasha
etc. Those, which occur as a result of Shiro Abhighata, are Manyasthambha, Ardita,
Muka, Gadgada etc. The diseases, which are related to nerve and cortex purely, are
considered under the Shiro Abhighataja disorders. Those in which Manasika Doshas
are involved are considered under Hridaya Abhighataja disorders. There are further
evidence regarding the fact that Shiras was not considered as the main site of
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pathogenesis by the Acharyas. While enumerating the conditions in which Vairechana
Nasya Karma is beneficial, Apasmara has been included in this group by Vagbhata.167
Arunadatta clarifies that though Apasmara is not a urdhva jatrugata vadhi, it yields to
this type of Nasya therapy.
Charaka, Sushruta, Bhela etc. have considered Hridaya as seat of Chetana
(consciousness). 168,169,170
However, Susruta held the opinion that diseases involving Manasa doshas
unmada, bhaya, chittanasha etc. occur due to Abhighata of Simanta Marma. Thus, he
has shown the relationship of Manasa Vikaras with Shiras. But mentioning of
Apasmara is not found here.171
Sushruta regards Hridaya as the abode of Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas and
Tamas. Rajas and Tamas are mentioned in the Samprapti of Apasmara.172
By going through the above references, we can say that there is a urgent need
to look at Hridaya and Shiras as systems which have close link with each other than as
anatomical structures with unrelated functions and pathogenesis.
The description of Sadhaka Pitta by Bhela gives us a new insight into the close
relationship between Hridaya and Shiras. ‘Sadhaka is that which enables the reception
of Shabda, Sparsha, Gandha etc. as well as to achieve Artha and Kama.173
Ayurveda never means that the psychological functions are totally related to
Hridaya. Charaka regards that Sparshanendriya pervades all the senses and Manas are
inherent in it. The field of Sparshanendriya is co-extensive, so is the case of Chetas.174
The emphasis laid in Ayurveda on the existence of close relationship between
Hridaya and Mastishka has minimized this controversy to a great extent.
In spite of extensive studies, the actual pathogenesis of epilepsy remains
unknown. Whatever recent advances have taken place in the existing knowledge are
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confined to the mechanism that takes place during the episodes of epileptic seizures or
the factors that precipitate the seizures. So, it can be inferred that the knowledge of
modern medical science is limited to Vega kalina Samprapti. Thus, there is a need to
look beyond and ponder over the Samprapti that takes prior to the transient
pathogenesis. A fresh approach towards Hridaya as the site of Sthana Samsraya may
open new horizons in the field of epilepsy research.
Sapeksha nidana
There are many conditions, which are similar to that of Apasmara, and
Sapeksha Nidana acquires high significance.
Murcha:
Sanjna Nasha without Bibhatsa Chesta
Recurrance not at regular intervals
Mada:
History of nidana sevana in Madyaja, Vishaja and Raktaja mada may be
present.
Absence of Bibhatsa Chesta.
Active treatment is necessary during Vega Kala.
Sanysa:
Sanjna Nasha may continue for hours or days.
Absence of bibhatsa chesta
Active treatment is necessary
Apatanaka, Apatantraka:
History of Vishista nidana sevana may be present
There is no recurrence in the form of Vegas.
Active treatment is required.
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Skandapasmara:
Condition almost similar to Apasmara, hence called Skandapasmara.
Found only in children
Agantuja nidana.
Yoshapasmara:
Common in adolescent females.
The attack usually manifests in the presence of others.
Specific motive is the cause.
The patient protects herself during fall and tongue bite is not present
Sadhya – Asadhyata
Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja types of Apasmara are considered to be Sadhya, if
they are of acute origin. Where as the fourth type i.e. Sannipataja Apasmara is
considered to be Asadhya.
If the patient is emaciated and the disease is chronic, then even the Eka
doshaja Apasmara are considered as Asadya to treat. Apasmara is stated to be
Asadhya if the patient gets repeated attacks (convulsions), if he is emaciated and
suffers from fierce movement of eyebrows.175
Arista Lakshanas
If one, in his wakeful state sees darkness where there is no darkness and
listens to all types of sounds even though there are no such sounds, he succumbs to
Apasmara.
If a patient while dancing in an intoxicated state is caught by a Preta (soul of
dead person) with his face downwards, he is sure to succumb to an attack of
Apasmara. Patients suffering from Vata Vyadhi, Apasmara, Kusta, Shota, Udara,
Gulma, Madhumeha, Rajayaksha do not yield to any treatment when there is
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diminution of Bala and Mamsa. Similarly the physician should also discard other
patient in such conditions.176
Ayurvedic Management Of Apasmara
The management of Apasmara can be discussed under two broad headings:
Vega Kalina Chikitsa (During attack)
Vegantara Kala Chikitsa (In between the attacks)
Vega Kala Chikitsa (Ictal period): 177,178,179
It includes different modalities used for regaining of consciousness (Sanjna
Prabhodana). Chiefs among those are –
1. Anjana
2. Varti
3. Dhuma
4. Nasya
5. Lepa etc.
Anjana:
• Yasti Anjana can be used in Pittaja & Vataja Apasmara.
• Manashila Anjana is also recommended.
Varti:
• Karanjadi Varti
• Mustadi Varti
• Vrschikalyadi Varti etc. (These can be also used as Anjana)
Dhuma:
• Pippalyadi Dhuma – Kaphaja Apasmara
• Kakolyadi Dhuma – Pittaja Apasmara
• Palankasadi Dhuma – Vata Kaphaja Apasmara
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Nasya:
• Yastiyadi Taila, Bilva swarasa – Vata Kaphaja
• Pippalyadi Choorna – Pradamana Nasya
• Swarasa of sweta palandu
• Swarasa of fresh Tulasi leaves etc.
Lepa:
• Churna or ashes of animal bones
• Palankasadi lepa.
Vegantara Kala Chikitsa: It includes all the three methods of treatment i.e.
• Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa
• Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa
• Satvavajaya Chikitsa
Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa: It can be divided into –
• Antah Parimarjana Chikitsa
• Bahi Parimarjana Chikitsa
• Shastra Pranidana
Antah Parimarjana Chikitsa: It can be further classified as Shodana & Shamana.
Shodana:
• Vataja Apasmara = Basti (Yapana Basti)
• Pittaja Apasmara = Virechana (Sudha ksheera)
• Kaphaja Apasmara = Vamana (Dhamargava)
Shamana – It includes the following recipes –
• Ekamoolikas (Single drug)
• Ghrita
• Choorna
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• Kashaya
• Asava/Arista
• Rasoushadi
• Rasayana Prayoga
Ekamoolika:
Vacha, Brahmi, Lashuna, Kusta, Kusmanda, Yasti, Tagara , Musta, Yendri,
Shankapusphi, Jyotishmati, Jatamamsi, Choraka, Hingu, Borjapatra, etc.
Ghrita:
Brahmi Ghrita, Panchagavya Ghrita, Vachadi Ghrita, Kalyanaka Ghrita,
Kushmanda Ghrita, Mahacaitasa Ghrita etc.
Kashaya:
Vidaryadi Kashaya, Jatamamsyadi Kashaya etc.
Asava/Arista:
Saraswatharista, Balarista etc.
Rasoushadi:
Smruti Sagar Rasa, Bhutabhairava Rasa, Indra Brahmi Rasa, Trilohadi Rasa,
Sarveswara Rasa, Navanga Gutika etc.
Rasayana Prayoga:
Kushmanda Rasayana, Narasimha Rasayana etc.
Bahi parimarjana chikitsa – Includes Abhyanga, Lepa etc.
Abhyanga –
Palankasadi Taila, Shirisadi Taila, Purana Ghrita, Katabyadi Taila, Sarshapa
Taila etc.
Shastra Pranidana – Sira Vyadha has been indicated in Apasmara.
Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa: It includes Pooja, Mantra, and Dana etc.
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Satvavajaya Chikitsa:
The Apasmari as well as the Unmadi should be specially protected from water,
fire and trees, mountains and irregular surfaces, since these may become the cause of
immediate death to such persons; Vagbhata has sounded the same opinion.
Pathya Apathya
The Pathya and Apathya mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts for Apasmara
are as follows:
Table No 2.7 Pathya Of Apasmara
Table No 2.8 Apathya Of Apasmara
AHARA VIHARA AUSHADHI ACHARA Asuchi Ahara Ati Vyayama Avagaha Chinta Viruddha Ahara Ati Ayasa Shoka Madya Vega Dharana Bhaya Matsya Shaila Arohana Krodha Tikshna, Ushna Pujya Vyatikrama Patrashaka Bimbi Odaka
AHARA VIHARA AUSHADHI ACHARA Rakta shali Snana Nasya Dana Mudga Siravyadha Trasana Godhuma Dhumapana Bandana Ghrita Abhyanga Tarjana Mamsa rasa Brahmi Bhaya Ksheera Vacha Tadana Patola Harsha Kushmanda Dhi Dadima Dhairya Purana Ghrita Atmadi Vijnana
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Definitions of epilepsy
• Epilepsy is most easily defined in physiological term being the name for
occasional, sudden, excessive, rapid and local discharges of gray
Matter.180
• An epileptic seizure is a clinical manifestation of abnormal and excessive
discharges of a set of neurons in the brain.181
• Epilepsy means a tendency to have seizures and is symptom of brain disease
rather than disease itself. A single seizure is not epilepsy but an indication for
investigation.182
• Epilepsy is term used to describe a group of conditions in which the patient
have repeated seizures usually all much alike.183
Seizures and epilepsy184
• A seizure (from Latin sacire ‘to take the possession of’) is paroxysmal event
due to abnormal, excessive, hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate
of CNS neurons.
• Epilepsy –condition in which a person has recurrent seizures due to chronic
underlying process.
• Epilepsy refers to a phenomenon rather than a disease entity, since there are
many forms for the cause of epilepsy.
Classification of epilepsy185
According to ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy
Partial (Focal) - seizures activity is restricted to discrete areas of cerebral cortex,
typically associated with structural abnormalities of the brain.
• Simple partial seizure –with motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic signs.
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63
• Complex partial seizures –unable to respond to visual / verbal commands
during the seizures and has impaired recollection or awareness of the ictel
phase.
Generalized seizures –involves defuse regions of the brain simultaneously in a
bilaterally symmetric fashion results from cellular, biochemical or structural
abnormalities and have the more wide spread distribution.
• Absence seizures-brief lapses of consciousness without loss of postural
control, losts for few seconds (Petit mal).
• Atypical absence seizures- lapse of consciousness is usually for longer period
and less abrupt in onset and cessession, accompanied with more obvious
motor signs
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
• Atonic seizures
• Myoclonic seizures
Unclassified seizures
• Neonatal seizures
• Infantile spasms
Epilepsy syndromes
• Idiopathic (primary) a) Benign neonatal convulsions
b) Juvenile myoclonic convulsions
• Symptomatic (secondary) a)Leumox gastant syndrome
b) Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome
Causative /precipitating factors for epilepsy186
Emotional stress
Physical and mental exhaustion
Sleep deprivation
Fever (hyperpyrexia)
Disease review
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Infections-meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral malaria, AIDS, brain abscess etc.
Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances-hyponatraemia (<12 mEq/lit),
hypernatraemia (>145mEq/lit), hypoglycemia (<7 mg/dl), hepatic failure,
uremia etc.
Drugs and toxins –Isoniazid, Chloroquine, Strychnine, Lead, alcohol.
ICSOL (Intracranial space occupying lesion)
Cerebral hypoxia
Hypertensive encephalopathy, toxemia of pregnancy
Head injury
Cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage
Visual stimulation- flickering lights, television viewing
Others- hot water, loud noise, music
Etiology of epilepsy according to age187
The causes of seizures depending on the age are as follows
1. Neonate (< 1 month) -
Perinatal hypoxia & ischaemia
Intracranial hemorrhage & trauma
Acute CNS infections
Metabolic disturbances (Hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, hypo magnesia,
pyridoxine deficiency)
Drug withdrawal
Developmental disorders
Genetic disorders
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2. Infants & children (> 1 month & < 12 yrs.) –
Febrile seizures
Genetic disorders
CNS infections
Developmental disorders
Trauma
Idiopathic
3. Adolescents (12-18 yrs.) –
Trauma
Genetic disorders
Infections
Brain tumors
Illicit drug use
Idiopathic
4. Young adults (18-35 yrs.) –
Trauma
Alcohol withdrawal
Brain tumors
Illicit drug use
Idiopathic
5. Older adults (> 35 yrs.) –
Cerebro-vascular diseases
Alcohol withdrawal, Brain tumors
Metabolic disorders, Illicit drug use
Alzheimer’s diseases & other degenerative CNS diseases.
Disease review
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Pathophysiology188
A seizure threshold that varies from person to person the same person from
time to time is postulated to explain why some people get seizures and others do not
in the same situation.
Electrical changes:
Seizures develop when the balance between excitatory and inhibitory
mechanism is disturbed at the cellular or the synaptic level. At the cellular level,
depolarizing inward ionic currents are normally balanced by depolarizing outward
currents.
A sustained depolarization of the membrane with burst of action potentials is
recorded intracellularly during convulsive seizures. These bursts are Na+(Sodium)
dependent at their onset and Ca+(Calcium) ion dependent at the end. During the
seizers of almost all the type the extra cellular concentration of Ca+ ion drops
significantly. Extra cellular K+(Pottacium) raises after a brief delay in comparison
with the drop in Ca++ ion. The extra cellular Na+ falls moderately with a smaller raise
in extra cellular Cl-. (Clorin)
Neuro transmitter imbalance:
At the synaptic level there is an imbalance between the excitatory transmitter
like glutamate and inhibitory ones like Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) and
Glycine.
Spread of seizures:
During seizures many neurons fire synchronously and this activity spreads
locally by progressive recruitment of neurons. The initiation and spread synchronous
Disease review
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67
discharges helped by ionic charges like a high K+ or low Mg++. Factors that decrease
GABA mediated inhibition also facilitate synchronized neuronal firing.
Differential diagnosis189
Syncopal attacks:
Attacks are due to transient global reduction in cerebral perfusion. The loss of
consciousness is brief and recovery rapid. Most of the times the cause is vasovagal
syncope.
Non-epileptic seizures of psychogenic origin
Tongue biting, incontinence of urine do not occur- except accident case
The patient is never alone during episode.
The movements may be bilateral but asynchronous.
A psychiatric history usually identifies secondary gain from the episode.
Cardiac syncope190
Syncope resulting from bradycardia and asystole often develops suddenly and
can be associated with injury. Recovery is usually swift, initial pallor being followed
by flushing with recovery. some clonic movements may be seen. frank epileptic
seizures are rare.
Hyperventilation
Common manifestation includes dizziness, detachment, blurred vision,
tingling, muscle spasm, tetany, palpitation, dyspnoea and chestpain, heartburn,
epigastric pain, muscle cramps and fatigue.
Panic attacks
They involve hyperventilation, abdominal discomfort, a choking feeling, fear,
autonomic symptom and some times even loss of consciousness, episodes often
longer than seizures.
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Status epilepticus191
Status epilepticus exists when a series of seizures occur without the patient
regaining awareness between the attacks. Most commonly this refers to recurrent
tonic clonic seizure and is life threatening medical emergency. Partial motor status is
obvious clinically but complex partial status and absence status may be difficult to
diagnose because the patient may merely present in a dazed, confused state. Status is
never the presenting feature of idiopathic epilepsy but may be precipitated by abrupt
withdrawal of lesion or acute metabolic disturbance, and tends to more common with
frontal epileptic foci.
Investigations192
There is an increasingly sophisticated range of investigation that can be
applied to the patients with epilepsy in order to derive the most benefit, appropriate
and to be cost effective It is essential not to order investigations blindly but to answer
specific questions.
Objectives:
To clarify the objectives of epilepsy or non epileptic attack
To determine the nature of the seizure types and epilepsy Syndromes
In case of Partial seizures to identify the laterality and
Localization of seizure onset.
To identify the etiology of the epilepsy
To identify concomitant problems, both neurological and general
To monitor the progression of the condition and the consequences of the
epilepsy and its treatment.
Investigation of epilepsy may be grouped under
⇒ Biochemical or Histological- Blood test, CSF examination
⇒ Structural-x ray, City scans MRI
⇒ Functional –Electroencephalogram
Methodology
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METHODOLOGY:
Source of drug collection:
The genuine quality rhizomes of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) were purchased
from Hebsur store M.G.Market Hubli, Botanist and other experts verified the
rhizomes and its identification confirmed.
Preparation of drug:
Drying the rhizome:
The rhizomes were dried completely under shade to obtain dry rhizomes and
also to minimize the loss of volatile oil.
Powdering:
After proper drying the rhizomes were subjected to powdering by pulvarizer
under mesh to get coarse powder and stored in an airtight container.
Preparation of alcohol Extract:
The dried tubers of Musta were subjected to size reduction, coarse powder is
obtained around 450 gms of powder was subjected to Sauxhlet extraction with ethyle
alcohol, after the effective solvent were concentrated at room temperature in reduced
pressure using a rotary evaporator and extraction obtained was weighed its percentage
was calculated. The color and consistency of the extract was noted.
Thus obtained extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical
investigation and pharmacological screening for Antiepileptic activity by using MES
induced Epilepsy.
Place of work:
The study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, K.L.E’S
College of Pharmacy, Gadag.
Methodology
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Preliminary phyto chemical investigations of Musta carried out at the
department of Pharmacology, K.L.E’S College of Pharmacy Gadag.
Source of animals:
The required number of animals were procured from shree Venkateswar
enterprises No. 4303, 13th main 2nd cross subrahmanya Nagar B’lore 21. The rats
weighing between 110-180gms were procured.
Housing and feeding of animals:
The animals were maintained at room temperature of 250c, with 12 hrs day
and dark cycles. The standard laboratory diet was given with an unlimited supply of
drinking water.
Preparation of animals:
The animals were randomly selected, marked to permit individual
identification and kept in their cages for one week prior to dosing to allow for
acclimation to the laboratory condition.
Preparation of doses /vehicle:
All the extracts were prepared as a suspension by triturating with distilled
water and with 1% tween 20.
Administration of doses:
The test substance is orally administered in a single dose by using a stomach
tube. Animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to dosing.
Data collected prior to the experiments:
1. Dose of Alcoholic extract of Musta (Indian journal of natural products)
2. Other research works carried out on Musta
3. Chemical constituent of Musta
Methodology
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Preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts: 195
Qualitative chemical tests were conducted for alcoholic extracts of Musta
(Cyperus rotundus) to identify the various phyto constituents. The various tests and
reagent used are given below and observation are recorded
Test for carbohydrates:
Molisch’s test:
2-3 ml of alcoholic extract added few drops of alpha-napthaol solution in
alcohol. Shaken and added conc H2SO4 from side of the test tube and observed for
violet ring at the junction of two liquids.
Barfoed’s test:
Equal volume of Barfoed’s reagent and test solution added. Heated for 1-2
min in boiling water bath and cooled, observed for red precipitate.
Tests for proteins:
Xanthoprotic test:
3 ml of extract was mixed with 1 ml of conc H2So4 observed for white
precipitate
Million’s test:
3ml of extract was mixed with 5ml of Million’s reagent white precipitate
obtained. Precipitate warmed turns brick red precipitate dissolves giving red colour
was observed.
Tests for glycosides:
Bal jet’s test:
A test solution is observed for yellow to orange color with sodium picrate
Methodology
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Tests for Saponines:
Foam test:
The extract shaken vigorously with water persistent foam was observed.
Tests for Flavonoids:
Ferric chloride test:
Test solution added with few drops of ferric chloride solution, observed for
intense green color.
Lead acetate test:
To a small quantity of lead acetate extract was added, observed for yellow
color precipitate.
Tests for alkaloids:
Mayer’s test:
2-3 ml of extract was mixed with Heyer’s reagent, observed for yellow
precipitate.
Wagner’s test:
2-3 ml of extract was mixed with few drops of Wagner’s reagent, observed for
reddish brown precipitate
Different experimental models used for Epileptic studies193:
Innumerable in vitro and in vivo models of seizers have been described
In Vitro- include brain slices, monosynaptic systems, neuronal cultures.
In vivo – Animal species like mice, rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, cats, dogs,
monkey etc and use of different Pharmacological stimuli to induce seizers.
Methodology
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EXPERIMENTAL SEIZURE MODELS
Electrical Chemical Genetic
MES PTZ induced
THRESHOLD Bicuculline Spontaneous semisponataneous
KINDLING NMDA Photic seizures
PICROTOXIN Androgenic
PENCILLIN
MES Method:
An electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity to induce maximal seizure is
applied by means of an external device stimulator or convulsiometer .A supramaximal
strength is 50 mA in mice or 150mA in rats for 0.2 seconds is used .The stimulus is
applied via corneal or ear clip electrodes. MES seizures remain the primary screening
for potential Antiepileptic activity.
THRESHOLD TEST:
The ability of drug to alter the seizure threshold for tonic hind limb extension
is determined as the current or voltage inducing hind limb extension in 50% of the
animals.
KINDLING:
Repeated administration of an initially sub convulsion electrical stimulus
result in progressive intensification of seizure activity culminating in a generalized
seizures.
Methodology
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74
The seizure evolve through five stages –
1. Immobility eye closure twitching of vibrissae.
2. Facial clones and head nodding.
3. Unilateral forelimb clones (contra lateral to the focus).
4. Rearing after accompanished by bilateral forelimb clones.
5. Rearing and falling accompanished by generalized clonic seizures.
PTZ induced:
Pentylenetetrazole 60mg/kg has been introduced to induce generalized
clonic and in higher doses tonic seizures after different routes if administration i.e.
subcutaneous or intra peritoneal to rats, mice, cats.
The seizures are paralleled by spike wave complexes (clonic seizures) or
sharp hyper synchronized polyspikes (tonic seizures) in EEG.
Antiepileptic activity by MES method194
Objective:
To study the anticonvulsant activity of “MUSTA”(Cyperus rotundus) against
maximal electroshock induced convulsions in rats.
Principle:
Different type of epilepsies i.e. grandmal, petitmal, psychomotor type can be
studied in laboratory animals. The maximal electro-shock (MES) induced convulsions
in animals represent grandmal type of epilepsy. Similarly chemo convulsions induced
by pentylenetetrazole, which produce clonic type of convulsions, resemble petitmal
type of convulsion in man. These are two procedures used to study convulsions and to
test anticonvulsant drugs in laboratory animals.
In MES convulsions electroshock is applied through the ear electrodes through
stimulation cortical excitation is produced. The MES convulsion are divided into five
Methodology
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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phases such as 1) tonic flexion 2) tonic extensor c) clonic convulsion d) stupor and e)
recovery or death .A substance is known to possess anticonvulsant property if it
reduces or abolishes the extensor phase of MES convulsions this procedure may be
used to produce convulsions both in rats and mice.
It is advised that the students have complete background of the pharmacology
of antiepileptic drugs before performing this experiment.
Requirement:
Animals - Rats (110-180 mg)
Drugs - Phenytoin (25 mg/ kg)
Prepare stock solution of the test drug containing 5mg/ml of the drug and give it.
Equipments- Electro-convulsiometer, corneal or ear electrodes (apply 150mA
current for 0.2sec), stop watch.
Procedure
1. Weigh and number the animals. Divide them into four groups each consisting
of 6 rats first group is used as control and the for second drug phenytoin as a
standard to be given, for group third and forth minimum and maximum dose
of test drug should be given respectively.
2. Hold the animal properly, place corneal or ear electrodes on the cornea or ear
pinna and apply the prescribed current, note different stages of convulsion.i.e
a) tonic flexion b) tonic extensor phase c) clonic convulsions d) stupor e)
recovery or death. Note the time in seconds spent by the animal in each phase
of the convulsions. Repeat with other animals of control group.
3. Inject phenytoin intraperitonealy to-second group, min and max dose of
extract to third and forth group respectively orally. Wait for 30 min and
subject the animals to electro convulsions as described earlier.
4. Note the reduction in time or abolition of tonic extensor of MES convulsions
Methodology
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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Table No 3.1 Concentration, dose, and duration before induction of Epilepsy:
Group Drug or Extract Dose Route of administration
Time of admini stration prior to induce MES
Control (Dw+1% tween 20) 1 ml /rat Orally 30 min
Standard Phenytoin 25 mg/kg Intraperitonealy 30min
Min dose Extract 100 mg/kg Orally 30min
Max dose Extract 150 mg/kg Orally 30min
Results
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OBSERVATION AND RESULTS:
Observation during alcoholic extract of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).
Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).
Physicochemical analysis of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).
All the datas about the parameters considered for the study.
Results are compared.
Observation regarding the preparation of the drug:
The dried tubers of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) were black in color with
characteristic of aromatic odour. 2kg of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) was taken out of
that we obtained 1.9 kg of dried Musta (Cyperus rotundus). The dried tubers were
subjected to powdering in the pulverizer. The final yield of coarse powder was about
1.8 kg .
Observation during preparation of alcoholic extract:
500 gm of coarse powder of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) yielded about 50gm of
alcoholic extract (10 %.) The alcoholic extract was dark brown in colour with
aromatic odour. When mixed with distilled water the alcoholic extract gave light
yellowish colour solution.
Observation during mode of administration:
Alcoholic extract was taken in mortar and pistil, triturate with 1% tween 20, so
that it readily dissolve in distil water. Such dissolved solution is administered orally
with the help of gavage.
Results
Table No 4.1 Results of preliminary phytochemical tests :
Sl . NO Chemical tests Alcoholic extracts 1.
a b c
Tests for sterols Salkowaski test Libermann test Sulphur test
+ - +
2. a b
Tests for Triterpenoids Salkowaski test Libermann burchard test
- -
3 a b c d e
Test for glycosides Balget test Kill Raymonds test Bromine water test killer killani test Legal test
+ - - - -
4 a b
Tests for saponins Foam test Haemolysis test
+ +
5 a b c
Tests forcarbohydrates Molish’s test Barfoeds Test Benedict’s test
+ + -
6 a b c d
Tests for alkaloids Meyers test Wagner’s test Heyer’s test Dragendorff test
- + + -
7 a b c
Test for flavonoids Ferric chloride test Alkaline reagent test Lead acetate test
+ + +
8 a b c d
Test for proteins Million’s test Xanthoprotic test Biuret test Ninhydrine test
+ + - -
_______________________________________________________ _________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
79
MASTER CHART
Assessment of Parameter I II III & IV of all groups
Group SNo
Mark Flexion Extension Clonus Stupor Recovery or death
1 Head 2.96 sec 13.52sec 2.60sec 152.00sec Recovered
2 Body 3.10 sec 12.36sec 3.10sec 162.00sec ,,
3 Tail 2.85sec 11.96sec 2.59sec 182.00sec ,,
4 Rt ft lb
3.45sec 13.10sec 3.10sec 164.00sec ,,
5 Rt hd lb 2.96sec 13.00sec 2.86sec 184.0sec ,,
1. Control
6 Lt hd lb 2.87sec 12.30sec 2.56sec 168.00sec ,,
1 Head 0.20 sec 0.00 sec 0.00sec 8.00sec ,,
2 Body 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.30sec 10.20sec ,
3 Tail 0.35sec 0.10 sec 0.00sec 28.00sec ,,
4 Rt ft lb
0.20sec 0.20 sec 0.20sec 34.00sec ,,
5 Rt hd lb 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.10sec 24.00sec ,,
2. Standard
6 Lt hd lb 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.00sec 41.00sec ,,
1 Head 2.60sec 5.23sec 1.95sec 98.00sec ,,
2 Body 1.96sec 8.63sec 2.10sec 110.00sec ,,
3 Tail 2.10sec 7.23sec 2.40sec 120.00sec ,,
4 Rt ft lb
2.60sec 6.93sec 2.35sec 98.00sec ,,
5 Rt hd lb 2.40sec 6.53sec 2.10sec 120.00sec ,,
3.min doseof extract 100mg/kg body wt
6 Lt hd lb 2.36sec 7.35sec 1.84sec 140.00sec ,,
1 Head 1.83sec 4.23sec 1.2sec5 85.00sec ,,
2 Body 1.56sec 3.23sec 1.64sec 110.00sec ,,
3 Tail 0.89sec 4.56sec 1.56sec 96.00sec ,,
4 Rt ft lb
0.10sec 4.78sec 1.84sec 94.00sec ,,
5 Rt hd lb 1.20sec 4.36sec 1.31sec 92.00sec ,,
4. max dose of extract 150mg/kg body wt
6 Lt hd lb 1.53sec 3.59sec 1.42sec 100.00sec ,,
Results
Table No 4.2 PARAMETER -1- FLEXION PHASE
Sl.no. G 1 G2 G 3 G 4
1 2.96sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.83sec 2 3.10sec 0.00sec 1.96sec 1.56sec 3 2.85sec 0.35sec 2.10sec 0.89sec 4 3.45sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.10sec 5 2.96sec 0.00sec 2.40sec 1.20sec 6 2.87sec 0.00sec 2.36sec 1.53sec
Table No 4.3 SUMMARY OF DATA
Sl.no. Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median
1 Control 6 3.032 0.223 0.091 2.960 2 Standard 6 0.125 0.147 0.060 0.100 3 100mg/kg 6 2.33 0.261 0.106 2.380 4 150mg/kg 6 1.35 0.347 0.141 1.365
Table No 4.4 ANOVA TABLE
Sl No
Source of Variation
Degree of freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean square
F value
1 Treatment 3 28.681 9.560 2 Residuals 20 1.302 0.06512 3 Total 23 29.983
146.80
Table No 4.5 COMPARISON
SlNo Comparison Mean difference q value p value
1 Ct vs Std 2.907 27.900 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 0.6950 6.671 *** p < 0.01 3 Ct vs 150 mg 1.680 16.126 *** p < 0.001
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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Results
Table No 4.6 PARAMETER -2 EXTENSOR PHASE
Sl No Control Std 100mg/kg 150mg/kg
1 13.52sec 0.00sec 5.23sec 4.23sec 2 12.36sec 0.00sec 8.63sec 3.23sec 3 11.96sec 0.10sec 7.23sec 4.56sec 4 13.10sec 0.20sec 6.93sec 4.78sec 5 13.00sec 0.00sec 6.53sec 4.36sec 6 12.30sec 0.00sec 7.35sec 3.59sec
Table No 4.7 SUMMARY OF DATA
Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D
SEM Median
1 Control 6 12.707 0.590 0.241 12.680 2 Standard 6 0.05 0.083 0.034 0.00 3 100mg 6 6.98 1.113 0.45 7.080 4 150mg 6 4.12 0.595 0.24 4.295
Table No 4.8 ANOVA TABLE Sl No Source of
VariationDegree of freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean square
F value
1 Treatment 3 509.16 169.722 Residuals 20 9.741 0.48713 Totals 23 518.90
348.45
Table No 4.9 COMPARISON
Sl No Comparison Mean difference q value p value
1 Ct vs Std 12.65 44.422 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 5.723 20.088 *** p < 0.001 3 Ct vs 150mg 8.582 30.120 *** p < 0.001
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Results
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Table No 4.10 PARAMETER 3- CLONIC PHASE
Sl No Control Std 100mg/kg 150mg/kg
1 2.60sec 0.00sec 1.95sec 1.25sec 2 3.10sec 0.30sec 2.10sec 1.84sec 3 2.59sec 0.00sec 2.40sec 1.56sec 4 3.10sec 0.20sec 2.35sec 1.84sec 5 2.86sec 0.10sec 2.10sec 1.31sec 6 2.56sec 0.00sec 1.84sec 1.42sec
Table No 4.11 SUMMARY OF DATA
Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median
1 Control 6 2.802 0.255 0.104 2.730 2 Standard 6 0.100 0.126 0.051 0.050 3 100mg 6 2.123 0.218 0.089 2.100 4 150mg 6 1.503 0.220 0.090 1.490
Table No 4.12 ANOVA TABLE
Sl No
Source of Variation
Degree of Freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean square
F value
1 Treatment 3 23.839 7.9462 Residuals 20 0.8883 0.0443 Totals 23 24.727
178.90
Table No 4.13 COMPARISON
Sl No Comparison Mean difference q value p value
1 Ct vs Std 2.702 31.400 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 0.678 7.884 *** p < 0.001 3 Ct vs 150mg 1.298 15.090 *** p < 0.001
Results
Table No 4.14 PARAMETER-4-STUPOR
Sl.No Control Standard 100mg/kg 150mg/kg 1 152.00sec 8.00sec 98.00sec 88.00sec 2 162.00sec 10.20sec 110.00sec 110.00sec 3 182.00sec 28.00sec 120.00sec 100.00sec 4 164.00sec 34.00sec 98.00sec 96.00sec 5 184.00sec 24.00sec 120.00sec 94.00sec 6 168.00sec 41.00sec 140.00sec 92.00sec
Table No 4.15 SUMMARY OF DATA
Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median
1 Control 6 169.00 12.82 5.235 166 2 Standard 6 24.20 13.04 5.323 20 3 100mg 6 114.33 15.97 6.820 115 4 150mg 6 96.16 8.40 3.429 95
Table No 4.16 ANOVA TABLE Sl No Source of
Variation Degree of freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean square
F value
1 Treatment 3 64340 21447 2 Residuals 20 3301.4 165.07 3 Totals 23 67642 129.93
Table No 4.17 COMPARISON
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83
Sl No Comparison Mean difference
q value p value
1 Ct vs Std 144.80 27.607 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 54.66 10.422 *** p < 0.001 3 Ct vs 150mg 72.833 13.882 *** p < 0.001
Table No 4.18 Mean of all the groups for all the parameters
Results
Observed Results Of –Individual Groups.
Group Treatmaent Flexion Mean ± SEM
Extensor Mean ±SEM
Clonus Mean ±SEM
Stupor Mean ±SEM
Recovery or Death
1 Control 3.03±0.09 12.70±0.24 2.80±0.10 169.0±5.23 Recovered2 Standard 0.12±0.06 0.05±0.03 0.10±0.05 24.20±5.32 ,, 3 100mg/kg 2.33±0.10 6.98±0.45 2.12±0.08 114.3±6.52 ,, 4 150mg/kg 1.35±0.14 4.12±0.24 1.50±0.09 96.16±3.42 ,,
In control group:
Parameter 1 (flexion) – 1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic flexion phase for 2.96, 3.10, 2.85, 3.45, 2.96, 2.87
secs respectively.
Parameter 2(Extensor) --1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic extensor phase for 13.52, 12.36, 11.96, 13.10, 13.00,
12.30secs respectively.
Parameter 3(Clonus) - (1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed clonus phase for 2.60, 3.10, 2.59, 3.10, 2.86, 2.56secs
respectively.
Parameter 4(Stupor) -1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed, 152,162,182,164,184,168secs respectively.
In standard group:
Parameter 1 (flexion) –Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed flexion phase for
0.20, 0.00, 0.35, 0.00. 0.00, 0.00secs respectively.
Parameter 2(Extensor phase) - Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has
been administered intra pritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed extensor
phase for 0.00, 0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0., 00, 0.00secs respectively.
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
85
Parameter 3(Clonus) -Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed clonus phase for
0.0, 0.30, 0.0, 0.20, 0.10, 0.00secs respectively.
Parameter 4(stupor) - Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed stupor phase for 8,
10. 20, 28, 34, 24.41sec respectively.
In group third:
Parameter 1-(flexion)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed flexion phase for 2.6, 1.96,
2.1, 2.6, 2.4, 2.36secs respectively.
Parameter 2-(extensor)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensor phase for
5.23, 8.63, 7.23, 6.93, 6.53, 7.35secs respectively.
Parameter 3-(clonus)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed clous phase for 1.95, 2.10,
2.40, 2.35, 2.10, 1.84secs respectively.
Parameter 4(stupor)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed stupor phase for 98, 110,
120, 98, 120, 140secs respectively.
In group 4
Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
86
Parameter 1 (flexion) -Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed flexion phase for1.83,
1.56,0.89,1.10,1.20,1.53secs respectively.
Parameter 2(extensor)- Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensoe phase for
4.23,3.23,4.56,4.78,4.36,3.59secs respectively.
Parameter -3(clonus) -Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed clonus phase for
1.25,1.64,1.56,1.84,1.31,1.42secs respectively.
Parameter 4 (stupor)- Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed stupor phase for
85,110,100,96,94,92secs respectively.
Observed results between the groups
Parameter 1 (flexion):
When the results of the study was compared in respect to the parameter1,
flexion by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and
results drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group - the mean value in secs for flexion
phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.33secs when compare to
control compared to control i.e 3.032 secs.
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for flexion
phase was significantly lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.35secs when compared to
control group i.e 3.032secs
Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
87
Parameter 2 (extensor)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter2
extensor by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and
results drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for extensor
phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 6.9sec 8sec when compared
to control group 12.70secs
Between control and maximum dose group- The mean value in secs for extensor
phase was higly significantly lower in maximum dose group that is 4.12secs when
compared to control group i.e 12.70secs.
Parameter 3 – (clonus)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 3
clonus by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results
drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus
phase was little bit lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.123sec when compared to
control group i.e 2.80secs
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus
phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.503secs when compared to
control group i.e 2.80secs.
Parameter 4 (stupor)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 4 stupors
by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results drawn.
Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
88
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor
phase was much lower in minimum dose group i.e 114.33secs when compared to
control group i.e 169secs
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor
phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 96.16secs when compared to
control group i.e 169secs.
Observation results of the parameter –flexion
When the small result of the study was compared in respect to the all
parameter by the rats amongst untreated and treated group at different doses the
following observations were made and the results drawn.
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group third that is
100mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group fourth that is
150mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Observation results of the parameter -extensor
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group third that is
100mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group fourth that is
150mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
89
Observation results of the parameter-clonus
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group third that is
100mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group fourth that is
150mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Observation results of the parameter-stupor
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group third that is
100mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group fourth that is
150mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.
Results
Graph 1- Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups.
Flexion
01234
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
Graph 2 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group
Flexion
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
90
Results
Graph 3 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg
Flexion
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
Graph 4 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg
Flexion
00.5
11.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
91
Results
Graph 5 - Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups
Extensor
1111.5
1212.5
1313.5
14
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
Graph 6 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group
Extensor
00.05
0.10.15
0.20.25
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
92
Results
Graph 7 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg
Extensor
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
Graph 8 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg
Extensor
0123456
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
___________________________________________________________ _____
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
93
Results
Graph 9 - Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups
Clonus
01234
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
Graph 10 –Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group
Clonus
00.10.20.30.4
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
94
Results
Graph 11–Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg
Clonus
0
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
Graph 12 –Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg
Clonus
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
95
Results
Graph 13 - Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups
Stupor
050
100150200
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
Graph 14 –Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group
Stupor
01020304050
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
96
Results
Graph 15–Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg
Stupor
0
50
100
150
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
Graph 16 –Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg
Stupor
0
50
100
150
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
97
Results
Graph 17 – Mean Flexion phase observed between the Groups.
Flexon
0
1
2
3
4
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150 mg
Group
Sec
Graph 18 – Mean Extensor phase observed between the Groups.
Extensor
05
1015
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150mg
Group
Sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
98
Results
Graph 19 – Mean Clonus phase observed between the Groups.
Clonus
0123
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150mg
Group
Sec
Graph 20 – Mean Stupor phase observed between the Groups.
Stupor
0
50
100
150
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150mg
Group
Sec
___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
99
Discussion
_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
100
DISCUSSION
The history of medicinal science begins from the Vedas itself
Ayurveda is considered as the Upaveda or Upang of Atharvaveda.
Maximal electric shock induced albino rats, an experimental study” an attempt
is made to evaluate it.
In Charaka samhita chikitsa sthana 10th chapter we find the reference of
Mustadigana for Apasmara as Abhyantar chikitsa.
In Sushruta samhita uttara tantra 61st chapter we find reference of
Mustadigana for Apasmara as Abhyantar chikitsa.
In Vangasen and Yogaratnakar there is reference of musta as single drug for
Apasmara chikitsa in the form of Nasya.
In the present study we have choosen Maximal Electric Shock inducing
method to induce the epileptic seizures, by applying a 50mA current for 0.2
seconds through ear electrodes by a commercially available Electro-
convulsiometer.
This method is simple, convenient, and accurate and we can correlate with
Grandmal Epilepsy.
In this we have taken 4 groups 1st group is control, 2nd group is standard drug
treated group, third group extract given in minimum dose that is 100mg/kg
body wt and 4th group extract given in maximum dose that is 150mg/kg body
wt.
Therapeutic dose of alcoholic extract of Musta was taken from the Indian
journal of natural products that is 100mg/kg body wt in rats. In this study we
have taken maximum dose as 150mg of alcoholic extract to get the good
therapeutic effect.
Discussion
_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
101
Ayurveda describes specific class of drug for specific conditions may be
regarding health and for management of various psychological and
psychosomatic problems.
The drug, which is used for promotion and management of mental status, are
named as Medya dravyas.
Literally Medya means which are beneficial for the improvement of Dhe,
Dhruti and Smruti.
After screening of Samhita and Nighantu we find many drugs having the
Medya properties .One among them is Musta (Cyperus rotundus).
Ayurveda describes specific class of drugs for specific conditions like
Rasayana for general disability, Vajeekarana for sexual disorders,
Vedanastapak and Shothahar for pain so and so.
In the same way for the management of mental disorder i e Manasika rogas
they are grouped under the heading of Sanjnastapan, Apasmarahar, and Medya
etc.
As such Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is not included in any above said group but
reference says that it is very beneficial in case of common mental disorder like
Epilepsy.
Charka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Vangasen and Yogaratnakar highlight anti
epileptic action of musta.
Musta (Cyperus rotundus) posses Katu, Tikta, Kashayarasa, Katu vipak, laghu
rooksha guna, Sheetaveerya and Kaphapitta and Rakta shamak properties.
According to some authors musta is having Medya action, by BhavPrakash
and Mahoushadhi nighantu.
Discussion
_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
102
By seeing the previous research works on Apasmara one can come to know
that more research works are done on noted Medya drugs like Vacha, Bramhi
and Shankpushpi etc. But there are very less research work on Musta (Cyperus
rotundus) as anti epileptic or Apasmarahar.
So in the present study “Anti epileptic effect of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) in
maximal electric have taken distilled water as a vehicle.
Oral route was chosen for administration of test drug.
We have used 1% tween 20 for dissolving the extract in distill water. Now
question arises can we use this agents or not? So for the 1st group we have
given 1% tween 20 +1 ml water per rat to rule out any anti epileptic effect of
the same.
Extract was administered orally 30min before the induction of Epilepsy.
All the parameters in control group showed no statistical significance this
showed that there was no effect of 1%twin 20+ distill water.
All the parameters in treated group showed highly significant results, this
showed that the alcoholic extract of Musta is therapeutically effect in
Epilepsy.
The therapeutic effect of the drug in the entire study, test drug treated was
lesser than standard drug treated group.
Mode of action -To act on Sanjnavaha srotas the drug should be explained
under the heading of Medya, Sanjnastapana etc and this Medya and
Sanjnastapan actions are attributed to the Prabhav of the drug .So in this study
also Musta has not explained under any Medya or Sanjnastapan group. So this
Apasmarahar or anti epileptic activity may be due to Prabhav only.
Discussion
_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
103
Medya action of any drug is Prabhav janya because some drugs have Madhur
rasa Madhur vipak and Sheetaveerya where some have titka katu rasa katu
vipak and usnaveerya.
According to Brahatrayis this Musta is having rasayan properties so used in so
many rasayan preparations as one of the ingredient. Rasayan drugs mainly
does the Srothovishodhan, Agnisandheepan; Dhatuprinan there by it acts as
Medya dravya. The goal of rasayan karma is Medha vruddhi.
As the Musta has Kaphahar property, it helps in removing the excessive
tamodosha which is a cause for Smruti nash. This tamodosha vitiates because
of kapha dosha due to ashray ashrayi bhav.
Even the Musta has the rasayan property as we know the resultant of rasayan
we get deerghayu, medha and bala.
At last we can say that the mode of action of all Apasmarahar or Sajnastapan
or Medya drugs act by virtue of their nature or Prabhava. Their influence on
brain is not explainable in the terms of rasapanchak and threedosh siddhanth.
By the present study one can say that Musta is having Apasmarahar or anti
epileptic property apart from Grahi, Agnideepak, Pachak, jwarhar etc
properties
Musta possess katu titka kashaya rasa, katu vipak, but sheethveerya, which
seem to be vichitra prathyarabdha. Though having sheetaveerya and katu
vipak it does kapharan and Pittaharan instead of kapha prakopa and Pitta
prakopa respectively.
According to modern science anti epileptic molecule should have some
properties like GABA inhibitors etc here Musta is having a compound called
isocurcumenol, which acts as GABA inhibitor.
Conclusion
__________________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
104
CONCLUSION
Screening anti epileptic drug is very rare from Ayurvedic faculty till now only
few drugs like Brahmi, Vacha had been screened.
Musta is highlighted as an anti epileptic in Bhrahatrayies.
Vangasen and Yogaratnakar highlighted its anti epileptic activity.
Musta is having katu tikta kashaya rasa katu vipak and sheetveerya.
Musta belongs to cyperaceae family and genus cyperus.
The useful part rhizomes were collected and confirmed.
The coarse powder was extracted with ethyl alcohol by soxhlet extraction.
Preliminary phytochemical study of extract was carried out.
As per the phytochemical investigations sterols, triterpenoids, carbohydrates,
saponins, Alkaloids, flavonoids and proteins are present in the alcoholic extract.
Rats were selected randomly weighing between 110-180gms.
Electro convulsiometer is used to induce seizure, 150mA current for 0.2secs
was given to induce seizures in rats.
Alcoholic extract 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body wt was given to third and
fourth group respectively. Therapeutic effect for Epilepsy was observed in both
the groups
Musta in higher dose showed highly significant result for the treatment for
Epilepsy?
This anti epileptic effect may be due to presence of a sesquiterpene called
isocurcumenol which inhibits 3 (H) Ro15 -1788,binding and enhance 3(H)
flunitrazepam binding in the presence of GABA
Conclusion
__________________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
105
These results suggest that isocurcumenol may serve as a benzodiazepine
receptor agonist and allosterically modulate GABA ergic neurotransmission via
enhancement of endogenous receptor ligand binding.
Musta is an anti epileptic agent which is established through this experimental
study
SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY
The study was conducted with one paradigm, i e MES method, other paradigm
like Strychnine induced, Kindling etc can be tested.
The 3rd level research can be carried out to evaluate the effect of Musta as an
anti epileptic clinically with a large sample size.
Studies to evaluate the effect of GABA inhibition and benzodiazepine receptor
agonist will be beneficial.
Aqueos extract and other Ayurvedic formulations like kwath etc of Musta to
be tried for their anti epileptic activity.
Summary
________________________________________________________ ________ __Anti epileptic effect of Musta
106
SUMMARY
• Very commonly available Musta has been taken for very common disorder
like Epilepsy but rarely screened by Ayurvedic faculty.
• Musta was procured from reliable sources.
• Alcoholic extract was collected through classical soxhlet method and
modified to homogenize form for easy and convenient to administer.
• Animals were randomly selected and subjected to Epileptic attacks through
electro convulsiometer.
• All the parameters were observed and results were drawn.
• The results were statistically analyzed and significance was elicited using
‘ANOVA’ by ‘t’ test.
• Both the test group showed effective results in respect to the 4 parameters
Flexion
Extensor
Clonus
Stupor
• Higher dose of Musta extract was more effective than normal dose.
Bibliography
____________________________________________ ___________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
107
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____________________________________________ ___________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
119
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Annexure
_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta
120
Annexure
Table3.1 Protocol of experimental study:
Time (sec) in various phases of convulsions Group Sl. No. Dose
Flexion Extensor Clonus Stupor Recovery/Death
1 2 3 4 5
1.Control
6 1 2 3 4 5
2.Phenytoin (25mg/kg) Standard
6 1 2
3 4 5
3.Alcoholic extract of
Musta 100mg/kg body wt
6 1 2
3 4 5
4. Alcoholic extract of Musta 150
mg/kg body wt
6
Slokas
Slokas of Musta••• •• • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • ••• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • ••• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •• • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • ••• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • •• • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • •• •• •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• •• • • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Slokas
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Slokas
Slokas of Apasmar •• • • •• • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • •• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • •• •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• •• • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Slokas
• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••• •••
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
top related