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Endangered Languages

Essential or Sentimental?Dr. Allyson Eamer, Faculty of Education, University of Ontario Institute of Technology

Dr. Allyson EamerFaculty of Education,University of Ontario

Institute of Technology

I have this sense, rightly or wrongly, the language is locked back there in my brain. It’s not really forgotten; it’s just sleeping. The language is there, locked with other memories of childhood. Loss happened so gradually, like an old pair of underwear slipping down. The elastic goes and goes you’re not really conscious of it. Just a loosening of the bond.

Kouritzin (2006)

Songs from a Taboo Tongue

Language Shift and Loss

How does language shift / language loss happen?

Migration, Colonialism, Expansionism, Shifting Borders, Displacement, Mandated Assimilation

Bratt-Paulston

Language as a power struggle

A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.” Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich

The army and the navy are metaphors for the 21st century reality of the power wielded when education, governance, and health care are conducted in a dominant language.

Theory Building

Technology

Enhanced

Learning and

Teaching

Language

Learning and

Teaching

Critical

Pedagogy and

Social Justice

Teaching and

Learning

Theory Building

TEL Language Learning

Social Justice

CALL

Colonial

LegaciesEquitable

Access

Theory Building

TEL Language Learning

Social Justice

CALL

Theory Building

TEL Language Learning

Social Justice

CALL

Colonial

Legacies

Equitable

Access

i 4

i4

Where all three discourses overlap

Using technology …

to teach a language …

to level a playing field

i 4

Language Revitalization

• Rescuing a language from near extinction due to colonialism, expansionism, assimilationist policy, migration (in diasporic communities)

and more recently… globalization

2005 United Nations World summit on the Information Society

…promote the inclusion of all peoples in the Information Society through the development and use of local and/or indigenous languages in ICTs. We will continue our efforts to protect and promote cultural diversity, as well as cultural identities, within the Information Society.

UNESCO’s 1996 Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights:

Article 3 (1)

This Declaration considers the following to be inalienable personal rights which

may be exercised in any situation: the right to be recognized as a member of a

language community; the right to the use of one’s own language both in private

and in public; the right to the use of one’s own name; the right to interrelate and

associate with other members of one’s language community of origin; [and] the

right to maintain and develop one’s own culture;Article 7 (1&2)

All languages are the expression of a collective identity and of a distinct way of

perceiving and describing reality and must therefore be able to enjoy the

conditions required for their development in all functions. All languages are

collectively constituted and are made available within a community for individual

use as tools of cohesion, identification, communication and creative expression.

Canada, the U.S. and AustraliaThe legacy of residential schools for our aboriginal peoples

“kill the Indian in the child” by separating children from their parents in order to ‘civilize’ them, convert them to Christianity

and replace their mother tongues with English (de Leeuw, 2009, p.124)

Fishman (1994)

… [N]o one can be a full-fledged, native - or even “native-like”-member of the culture and participate in these acts, events, occasions, and cultural processes without mastering the specific language in which they are implemented and lacking which they would not exist.

Skutnabb-Kangas (2002)

The loss of a language is the loss of a corpus of cultural knowledge because language is “the DNA of culture” .

Osborn (2006)As the study of natural sciences is vital to those who would live in and seek to understand our natural world, so the study of languages is indispensable for those who live in our social worlds. The former may be oriented toward technicist control, the latter toward under-standing and promoting social justice.

This Declaration considers the following to be inalienable personal rights which may be exercised in any situation: the right to be recognized as a member of a language community; the right to the use of one’s own language both in private and in public; the right to the use of one’s own name; the right to interrelate and associate with other members of one’s language community of origin; [and] the right to maintain and develop one’s own culture…

UNESCO 1996 Article 3(1)

Edwards (1988)

If language is seen to be at risk, it is often because of a finely meshed social evolution. To remove it from risk would entail wholesale reworking of history, a broad reweaving of the social fabric.

Costa (2013)

Language activists, teachers and scholars have been duped by a “regime of truth” which essentializes the link between language and culture, romanticizes the benefits to humanity of linguistic diversity, and distracts from more pressing matters of injustice such as socio-economic inequities.

Davies (1996)

The support of language revitalization initiatives is really about easing our collective guilt for our colonialist history; while neglecting to acknowledge that it is through English that minority communities have access to the privileges of modernity.

What they seem not to recognize is that, as a socially disadvantaged child, I regarded Spanish as a private language. It was a ghetto language that deepened and strengthened my feeling of public separateness. What I needed to learn in school was that I had the right, and the obligation, to speak the public language. … Without question it would have pleased me to have heard my teachers address me in Spanish when I entered the classroom. But I would have delayed – postponed for how long? – having to learn the language of public society. I would have evaded – and for how long? – learning the great lesson of school: that I had a public identity.

(Rodriguez, 1981)

So what’s new on the linguistic landscape?

Session Title: Learning to Read and Write Cree Syllabics Presented by: Kevin Lewis, (Blue Quills First Nations College, St Paul, AB)Dates: 13 Weeks: Sept 9, 16, 23, 30, Oct 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov 9, 18, 25 Dec 2, 9Time: 4:00 – 5:00 pm

ElluminateWebinars. This series will be delivered through the Elluminate Webinar system. This Internet-based presentation medium is very user friendly. Once registered, participants will receive step-by-step assistance with the Elluminate set-up and computer testing instructions via email.

Professional Development Opportunity

Week 3 September 23, 2010

1. Review last week

-“i” sounds

2. “e” sound

(i) Six syllabics ᒣᓂᑲᐣ

(ii) Three Syllabics ᐁᒥᐦᑳᐧᓂᐢ

ᐊᑭᐦᒋᑫᐃᐧᐣ akihcikewin|

||

ᐊ

ᐊ|

ᐊ||

ᐊᐊ

ᐊᐊ|

ᐊᐊ||

ᐊᐊᐊ

ᒥ

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Review-ᐃᒋ

ᒋᐢᑌᒪᐤ cistemawᓯ

ᓯᑳᐠ sikâkᔨ

ᔨᐹᑎᓯᐣyipâtisinᓂ

ᓂᐸᐤ nipawᑭ

ᑭᓯᐣ kisinᒥ

ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ mitâtaht

ᐃ

ᐃᐢᑫᐧᐤ

ᐱ

ᐱᒥᕀ

ᑎ

ᑎᒦᐤ

ᓀ

ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐤ

nehiyaw

http://www.scoop.it/t/indigenous-language-education-and-technology

Europe

The Norwegian North Sàmi language has been programmed into downloadable dictionaries (http://giellatekno.uit.no/words/dicts/index.eng.html).

Gaelic bloggers are sharing tips on the use of the Irish language (http://blogs.transparent.com/irish/).

Students of Manx, the indigenous language of Isle of Man, are using smart phone and tablet apps to improve their proficiency (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-

isle-of-man-20392723)

North America

A CD ROM self-study course has been developed in Navajo which is spoken in the South-West U.S. (http://shop.multilingualbooks.com/collections/navajo/talk-now).

Learners of Cherokee (spoken in the South-Central U.S.) can communicate within a virtual world (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmP17acPYCE).

The Ojibwe of Manitoba, Canada are using an iPhone app to revitalize their language (http://fner.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/ojibway-language-iphone-ipad-app-ogoki-

learning-systems-inc) as are the Winnebago in the Mid-West U.S. (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/save-endangered-languages-tribes-

turn-tech).

Africa

Orthographies and databases are being developedfor oral languages in Kenya (Wamalwa and Ouloch 2013).

Ancient stories are being recorded in the indigenous languages of Mali (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHB-yMoDhYo).

An online language learning company (busuu.com) is offering a course in the whistle language of the Canary Islands (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =jkGwzFYj6dE).

Central and South America

Ground breaking language documentation of the Kĩsêdjê language is being done in Brazil (http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/student-profile-rafael-nonato-0722.html).

A talking dictionary of the Pipil language of El Salvador has been developed (http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/pipil/).

Recordings of personal narratives of the Aché people in Paraguay are being made (http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/ache/project/).

Asia Digital storytelling software now includes some

of the minority languages of China (http://www.chinasmack.com/2013/stories/phonemica-americans-mapping-and-preserving-chinese-dialects.html).

Folklore recordings and an online dictionary have been completed for the Ainu language of Japan (http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/

10125/5110/5110.pdf?sequence=2).

Lessons in the Tajik language of Uzbekistan are now available on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWlSuuGMMbc)

Arctic Asynchronous online lessons are available in

Inuktitut, one of the languages of the Arctic (www.tusaalanga.ca/lesson/lessons).

Middle East Online storytelling in Chaldean, spoken in Iraq, can

help speakers achieve fluency (http://elalliance.org/projects/languages-of-the-middle-east/neo-aramaic/).

Pacific

Indigenous sign language from Central Australia can now be learned via online videos (http://iltyemiltyem.com/sign/).

An online dictionary has been created for the Rapa Nui language of Easter Island (Makihara, 2004)

Digital storytelling in Pacific Island languages are available through http://italklibrary.com/

Thank you for your interest.

Now over to you for questions…

Dr. Allyson EamerFaculty of Education

UOITOntario, Canada