“fulis gatetrebis globaluri problema da saqartvelos …press.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/phd - am...
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti
sadoqtoro programa: biznesis administrireba
aleqsandre miqelaZe
sadisertacio naSromi
“fulis gaTeTrebis globaluri problema da
saqarTvelos gamowvevebi“
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: SoTa SaburiSvili
ekonomikis doqtori,
Tsu asocirebuli profesori
Tbilisi
2018
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
2
Sinaarsi
Sesavali .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Tavi I. fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis pirobebSi .................................... 14
1.1. Semosavlebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero
Sexedulebebis sistematizacia ......................................................................................................................... 14
1.2. fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ................................................... 30
1.3. fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi .............................................................. 34
Tavi II. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ... 51
2.1. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi .. 51
2.2. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba qveynebis mixedviT ..................... 63
2.3. eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi .................................................................................................................................................. 72
2.4. axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad ........................... 83
Tavi III. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebebi
saqarTveloSi ......................................................................................................................................................................... 93
3.1. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da
samarTlebrivi baza saqarTveloSi ............................................................................................................. 93
3.2. fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi .............................................. 112
3.3. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa
da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva ............................................................................... 128
Tavi IV. kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi ............................................................. 135
4.1. kvlevis meTodologia .................................................................................................................................... 135
4.2. hipoTezebis Semowmeba .................................................................................................................................... 138
daskvna ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 174
gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................................................................................... 185
3
cxrilebis nusxa
cxrili 1. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis etapebi
cxrili 2. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ZiriTadi
saerTaSoriso dokumentebi
cxrili 3. deklarirebis moTxovnebi qveynebis mixedviT
cxrili 4. jinis koeficientis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi 2006.-2016ww.
cxrili 5. ofSorebidan ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi
saqarTveloSi 2003.-2015ww. (aTasi aSS dolari)
cxrili 6. miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri monacemebi 2016w.
cxrili 7. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da mSp-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli
post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.
cxrili 8. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da investiciebis indeqsirebuli
maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012-2016ww.
cxrili 9. Savi fulisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis indeqsirebuli
maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.
cxrili 10. Savi fulis, korufciis da mSp-s zrdis indeqsirebuli
maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.
cxrili 11. Savi fulis, korufciis da investiciebis indeqsirebuli
maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.
cxrili 12. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis, korufciis da puis indeqsirebuli
maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.
grafikebis nusxa
grafiki 1. saqarTvelos jinis koeficienti samomxmareblo xarjebis
mixedviT 2004.-2016ww.
grafiki 2. jinis koeficienti post-sabWoTa qveynebSi 2010.-2015ww.
grafiki 3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2012.-2016ww. (mln
aSS dolari)
sqemebis nusxa
sqema 1. kvlevis modeli
sqema 2. ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis wyaroebi
4
sqema 3. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis riskis done TiToeul etapze
sqema 4. Savi fulis mimRebi obieqtebi
sqema 5. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze
sqema 6. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze
sqema 7. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze
sqema 8. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis miznebi
sqema 9. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebi
sqema 10. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba CarTuli fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
sqema 11. sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciuli erTeulebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze
sqema 12. faqtorebi, romlebic xels uwyoben fulis gaTeTrebas
saqarTveloSi
diagramebis nusxa
diagrama 1. 10 wamyvani qvelmoqmedi qveyana bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
diagrama 2. ofSorebidan gancxorielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2002.-2016ww. (aSS dolari)
diagrama 3. saqarTvelos erovnuli antikorufciuli sistemis institutebi
2011.-2015ww.
diagrama 4. safinanso seqtoridan miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri
monacemebi, 2016w.
diagrama 5. arasafinanso seqtoridan miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri
monacemebi, 2016w.
diagrama 6. finansuri monitoringis samsaxurSi Sesuli informaciis
saerTo moculobis cvalebadobis tendencia 2014.-2016ww.
diagrama 7. samarTaldamcavi organoebisTvis gadagzavnili saqmeebis
raodenobis dinamika 2014.-2016ww.
5
Sesavali
Temis aqtualuroba. fulis gaTeTreba XXI saukunisaTvis axali
movlena ar aris. biznes-operatorebis nawili yovelTvis cdilobda
Semosavlebis WeSmariti wyaros damalvas. Tumca, Tu es problema XX
saukunis 80-ian wlebamde mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze
ganixileboda, dResdReobiT man saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba SeiZina,
vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis Sedegad kriminalebis xelSi Tavs iyris
ekonomikuri Tu politikuri Zalaufleba, romelic saSiSia qveynis rogorc
socialuri, aseve ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis da finansuri bazris
mTlianobis rRvevaSi gamoixateba.
XXI saukuneSi komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebma gaaiola
kontaqti ucxoel partniorebTan da gaamartiva saerTaSoriso garigebebis
ganxorcielebis procedura. amasTanave, Tanamedrove teqnologiebma axali
stimuli misca rogorc kanonier samewarmeo, aseve danaSaulebrivi
saqmianobis ganviTarebas, rac xels uwyobs Crdilovani sferos warmoqmnasa
da erovnuli ekonomikis deformirebas. eWvqveS dgeba fulad-sakredito
politikis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos sakmaod
saintereso geografiuli mdebareoba aqvs. igi evropisa da aziis
gadakveTaze mdebareobs da vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebi ZiriTadad
transnacionaluri xasiaTisaa, arsebobs am sqemebSi qarTuli ekonomikis
CarTvis safrTxec. saxelmwifos mxridan aucilebelia gaazrebuli
reagireba, raTa qveynis ganviTareba ar Seferxdes. es mizani qmnis
saWiroebas SevimuSavoT Tanamedrove midgomebi da sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis, romelic
daeyrdnoba kvlevas da iqneba ufro efeqtiani aRniSnuli problemis
aRmofxvrisaTvis.
fulis gaTeTrebaze arsebulma literaturulma analizma dagvanaxa,
rom aRiniSneba empiriuli naSromebis simwire, romlebic swavloben fulis
gaTeTrebas, korufciasa da pirdapir ucxour investiciebs Soris
damokidebulebas saqarTveloSi, rac zrdis kvlevebis ganxorcielebis
saWiroebas. amrigad, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis detaluri ganxilva
mniSvnelovnad daexmareba rogorc zedamxedveli organoebis, ise kerZo
6
seqtoris TanamSromlebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebis
gamovlenasa da aRkveTaSi.
naSromis mecnieruli damuSavebis done. fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebis
tipologiasa da principebs, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben damnaSaveebi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis operaciebis dagegmvisas, qarTul
akademiur wreebSi jer ar daTmobia saTanado yuradReba, xolo fulis
gaTeTrebasa da korufcias, jinis koeficients da investiciebs Soris
damokidebulebis analizi arcerT empiriul kvlevaSi ar aris
warmodgenili. winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia raodenobrivi kvlevis
meTodebi. wamyvani mecnierebis naSromebis analizis da sinTezis Sedegad
Camoyalibda hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda monacemebis damuSavebiT.
amrigad, midgoma, romelsac efuZneba naSromi, gulisxmobs arsebuli
Teoriis (hipoTezis) empiriuli kvlevis saSualebiT Semowmebas. kvleva
atarebs pozitiur xasiaTs, romelSic gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva
analitikuri xerxebi.
kvlevis mizani da amocanebi. kvlevis mizania saqarTveloSi fulis
gaTeTrebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebis
kompleqsuri Seswavla da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba aRniSnuli problemis
prevenciis da aRmofxvris mizniT.
kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, dasmulia Semdegi amocanebi:
fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mecnierTa Sexedulebebis
Seswavla;
fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso sqemebis analizi;
fulis gaTeTrebas, korufciasa da ekonomikur zrdas,
investiciebsa da pirdapir ucxour investiciebs Soris damokidebulebis
Seswavla;
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebisa da institutebis
analizi da fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis saerTaSoriso standartebis
kvleva;
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis analizi, romlebic mimarTulia
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad;
7
saqarTveloSi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis warmomSobi
mizezebisa da sirTulis kvleva;
saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi sakanonmdeblo bazis
analizi da saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi saxelmwifo
politikis kvleva;
rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
aRkveTis xelSewyobis mizniT.
kvlevis hipoTeza. Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis analizma
gviCvena, rom sadisertacio naSromSi gamokveTili miznis misaRwevad,
mizanSewonilia Semdegi hipoTezebis Semowmeba.
h1: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;
h2: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba investiciebze;
h3: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze;
h4: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;
h5: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze;
h6: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze.
kvlevis sagani, obieqti da modeli. kvlevis sagans warmoadgens
fulis gaTeTrebis problemis Teoriuli, meTodologiuri da praqtikuli
sakiTxebis erToblioba da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi gamocdileba. kvlevis obieqtia
saqarTveloSi arsebuli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema, misi zogadi
zemoqmedeba da damokidebuleba biznesis garemosTan, romelic SeiZleba
davajgufoT saerTo socialuri, ekonomikuri, saxelmwifo-politikuri,
samarTlebrivi, teqnologiuri Tu sxva niSnebis mixedviT.
kvlevis modeli. naSromis kvlevis modeli warodgenilia sqema 1-Si,
romelic ikvlevs Savi fulisa da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
urTierTkavSirs.
8
kvlevis meTodi. naSromSi gamoyenebulia raodenobrivi kvlevis
meTodebi. arsebuli Teoriebisa da mecnierebis naSromebis analizisa da
sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibda hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda empiriuli
kvlevis gamoyenebiT.
sqema 1. kvlevis modeli
naSromis Teoriuli safuZveli. literaturis analizma gamoaaSkarava,
rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ufro metad zaraldebian
fulis gaTeTrebis SedegebiT, vidre ganviTarebuli. fulis gaTeTreba zians
ayenebs qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, amcirebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
dones da negatiurad moqmedebs finansur institutebsa Tu bazrebze.
istoriuli faqtebis moZiebiT vlindeba yvela is negatiuri zemoqmedeba,
romelic SeiZleba fulis gaTeTrebam moutanos saxelmwifos. xSir
SemTxvevaSi, fulis gaTeTrebas Tan sdevs korufciis maRali donec, rac
aseve negatiurad aisaxeba rogorc qveynis ekonomikaze, ise mosaxleobaSi
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobis donisa da fulis gaTeTrebis
masStabebis zrdaze. fulis gaTeTrebis maRali done xSirad eWvis qveS
ayenebs qveynis reputacias saerTaSoriso asparezze, vinaidan is asaxavs
qveyanaSi korufciis maRal dones. aRniSnuli faqti uaryofiTad moqmedebs
potenciur investorebze, radgan ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic
xasiaTdebian ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebisa da korufciis maRali
doniT, naklebad izidaven pirdapir ucxur investiciebs. fulis gaTeTrebis
Hh2
h3
h6
Hh1
ekonomikuri zrda
Hh4
Hh5
Savi fulis gaTeTreba investiciebi
pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi
9
winaaRmdeg aqtivobebi unda moicavdes sabanko aqtivobebis, gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis monitorings, statistikuri angariSebis damuSavebas da
sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas, rac dadebiTad imoqmedebs qveynis ekonomikur
zrdaze.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis fenomens da
masze moqmedi faqtorebis retrospeqtiul analizs, axali teqnologiebis
rols fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad qarTul akademiur wreebSi aqamde
jer ar daTmobia saTanado yuradReba, xolo misi kavSiris analizi
ekonomikur zrdasTan, korufciasTan, investiciebsa Tu pirdapir ucxour
investiciebTan arcerT empiriul kvlevaSi ar aris warmodgenili.
sadisertacio naSromi warmoadgens siaxlis matarebels da kontributors
arsebuli codnis Sesavsebad. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naSromis
mecnieruli siaxleebia:
sistematizirebulia msoflios sxvadasxva mecnieris Tu
saerTaSoriso organizaciis, samarTlebrivi dokumentebis gansazRvreba
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb Semdegi ori jgufis mixedviT: a) fulis
gaTeTreba, rogorc procesi, da b) fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc mizani;
gamovlenilia Savi fulis negatiuri zemoqmedeba investiciebze,
pirdapir ucxour investiciebsa da ekonomikur zrdaze;
erTmaneTisgan Tvisebrivad gamijnulia fulis gaTeTrebis
fazebi da meTodebi, romlebic moicavs ganTavsebas, danawevrebasa da
integracias da gamovlenilia maTi riski fulis gaTeTrebis TiToeul
etapze;
gamovlenilia Savi fulis mimRebi yvelaze aqtualuri obieqtebi,
romelic xasiaTdeba fuladi saxsrebis brunvis maRali maCvenebliT. esenia:
finansuri institutebi, saTamaSo biznesi, valutis gadamcvleli jixurebi,
antikvaruli, saiuvilerio maRaziebi, Tu sxv.;
gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze: “smerfingi” -
wvrili banknotebis gadaqceva maRali Rirebulebis aqtivad, operaciebis
struqturireba naRdi fuliT, sxv.;
10
gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze:
eleqtronuli gadaricxva, virtualuri valutebis SeZena, sxv. aseve,
gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis
mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze: uZravi qonebis gayidva,
gaTeTreba onlain saTamaSo platformebis meSveobiT, garigeba fasTa
cvlilebiT, sxv.;
gamovlenilia saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi
saerTo socialuri, saxelmwifo-politikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi
niSnebis mqone mizezebi da pirobebi:
dadgenilia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs post-
socialistur qveynebSi ekonomikur zrdaze, investiciebisa da pui-s
moculobaze, amasTanave, misi Sedegi ufro Zlieria, rodesac zemoqmedebisas
gaTvaliswinebulia korufcia.
naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis Sedegebi mniSvnelovania
fulis gaTeTrebis problemis SeswavliT dakavebuli mecnierebisaTvis an
sxva dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. kvlevis procesSi gamovlenilia im zogadi
da specialur faqtorTa erToblioba, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis procesze. amasTanave, gamovkveTeT sadisertacio
TemisTvis saintereso 6 Teoriuli mosazreba, davadgineT fulis
gaTeTrebis maCvenebelze calke da erTianad moqmedi faqtorebis zegavlena,
ris Sedegadac, CavatareT empiriuli kvleva da miviReT an uarvyaviT
CvenTvis saintereso konkretuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi. miRebuli Sedegebi
adekvaturad da miznobrivad pasuxobs fulis gaTeTrebis problemis
gadaWras da mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs aRniSnuli sakiTxiT
dainteresebuli pirebis kvlevebSi. aseve, gaanalizebulia saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi normebi, standartebi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis roli
aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad, saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis
aRmkveTi sakanonmdeblo baza da SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis mizniT.
naSromis publikacia da aprobacia. naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
gamoqveynebulia Semdeg SromebSi:
11
1. “Tanamedrove teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebaSi” (iteas
saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali, maisi, 2018); (inglisur enaze)
2. “fulis gaTeTrebis zemoqmedeba socialuri kapitalis
formirebasa da pui-s mozidvaSi“ (buRaltruli aRricxva, samecniero-
praqtikuli Jurnali, saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da
auditorTa federacia, ianvari, 2018);
3. “fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso da erovnuli
gamocdileba“ (Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tebervali, 2018);
4. “Savi fuli da misi zemoqmedeba mdgrad ekonomikur
ganviTarebaze” Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tebervali, 2018); (inglisur
enaze)
5. “bitkoini saqarTvelos Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi”
(Jurnali ekonomikisa da biznesis Sesaxeb, dekemberi, 2017); (inglisur enaze)
6. “fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebi da axali teqnologiebis roli
mis gamosavlenad” (Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, agvisto, 2017);
7. “fulis gaTeTrebis faqtoruli analizi” (Jurnali ekonomika da
biznesi, tomi X, N2, 2017).
naSromis moculoba da struqtura. naSromi moicavs kompiuterze
nabeWd 197 gverds. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, oTxi Tavisa da daskvniTi
nawilisgan. mas Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.
pirveli Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis
pirobebSi” Sedgeba sami paragrafisgan. pirvel paragrafSi, “Semosavlebis
legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero Sexedulebebis
sistematizacia“ ganxilulia ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis
kanonieri saxis micemis Sesaxeb adgilobrivi da ucxoeli mecnierebis
konceptualuri Sexedulebebi.
meore paragrafSi, “fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri
aspeqtebi“ mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebs qveynis mdgrad
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, mis zegavlenas investiciebze da gamovavlenT
rogorc aRniSnuli danaSaulis negatiur Sedegebs saxelmwifosaTvis, ise
kavSirs sxva aralegalur aqtivobebTan.
mesame paragrafi “fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi”
miznad isaxavs legalizaciis meqanizmebis unificirebuli meTodis
12
gamovlenas da mis detalur ganxilvas TiToeul etapze.
meore Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso
gamocdileba“ warmodgenilia Semdegi oTxi paragrafiT. pirvel paragrafSi,
“saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi“
ganxilulia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ukanonod miRebuli fuladi
saxsrebis legalizaciasTan. aRniSnul qveTavSi gavecnobiT, fulis
gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa Tu gaerTianebebs,
romlebic dakavebulni arian aRniSnul problemasTan brZoliT.
meore paragrafi “fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba
qveynebis mixedviT“ eZRvneba ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis
legalizaciasTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavlas.
aRniSnuli kvleva moicavs sxvadasxva qveynis samecniero JurnalSi,
publikaciebSi, qveynebis normatiuli aqtebis mimoxilvas.
mesame paragrafSi “eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi” yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
eleqtronul valutebze, romlebic dResdReobiT axal gamowvevas
warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CarTuli
organizaciebisaTvis.
meoTxe paragrafSi “axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis
gamosavlenad“ ganvixileT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, romlebic xels
uwyoben ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis
gamovlenasa da maT Semdgom prevencias.
mesame Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebebi
saqarTveloSi” warmodgenilia sami qveTaviT. pirvel paragrafSi “fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da samarTlebrivi
baza saqarTveloSi” ganvixilavT saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebas. mimovixilavT rogorc sakanonmdeblo
bazas, aseve, sxvadasxva specializebul institutebsa da aRniSnul
problemasTan sabrZolvelad SemuSavebul dokumentebs. paragrafi gvaZlevs
informacias saqarTveloSi ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi
saxsrebis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.
meore qveTavSi “fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi
saqarTveloSi” mimoxilulia saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis gamomwvev
13
mizezebs da gamovavlenT fulis dabandebisaTvis mimzidvel sferoebs.
gavaanalizebT ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis legalizaciaze moqmed
faqtorebs, romlebic dajgufebulia sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT.
mesame paragrafis “saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva”
mizania ukanasknel wlebSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis analizi.
meoTxe Tavi “kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi” daeTmo
kvleviT nawils, sadac sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielda
monacemTa analizi da Semowmda hipoTezebi, romlis Sedegebic gamotanilia
naSromis daskvniT nawilSi. pirvel paragrafSi, “kvlevis meTodologia“
ganxilulia kvlevis strategia da kvlevis dizaini.
meore paragrafSi, “hipoTezebis Semowmeba” Segrovebuli monacemebiT
SevamowmeT hipoTezebi da gamovitaneT Sesabamisi daskvnebi.
14
Tavi I. fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis pirobebSi
1.1. Semosavlebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero
Sexedulebebis sistematizacia
mocemul paragrafSi ganxilulia Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Teoriul-
meTodologiuri aspeqtebi, misi evolucia, sxvadasxva adgilobrivi da
ucxoeli mecnieris konceptualuri Sexedulebebi. analizis Sedegad
gamoikveTa Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis istoria warmoSobidan
Tanamedrove etapamde.
Savi fulis gaTeTreba iseve, rogorc danaSaulis sxva saxeebi,
xasiaTdeba warmoSobisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis istoriiT. am movlenis
genezisis Seswavla mogvcems saSualebas, SevimuSavoT yvelaze zusti
gansazRvreba danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli saxsrebis legalizaciis
Sesaxeb.
ukanonod miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTreba pirvelad dafiqsirda
CineTSi tanis dinastiis ayvavebis periodSi (618–907 ww.), rodesac daiwyes
e.w. mfrinavi Savi fulis gamoyeneba (fei-Cien). dResdReobiT, cnobilia misi
mravalferovneba, romelic atarebs saxelwodebas “xandi” (pakistani),
“xukuani” (honkongi), “ksavilaadi” (somali), “feikvani” (tailandi), “padala”
(filipinebi)1. amierkavkasiaSi, xSirad gamoyenebadia arabuli warmoSobis
sityva “havala”, romelic aris fulis gadacemis uZvelesi meTodi da ukve
saukuneebia rac gamoiyeneba. fuladi tranzaqciebi havalas brokerebsa da
momxmareblebs Soris yovelgvari xelSekrulebebis gareSe xorcieldeboda.
sistema ndobis faqtorzea damyarebuli. sityva “havala” iTagmneba rogorc
“gadacema”. aRniSnuli sistemis mTavari principi Suamavlebis daxmarebiT
Tanxis gacemaa. msgavsi praqtika ukve mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi
ZiriTadad arabeTsa da aziis qveynebSi gamoiyeneboda2. zogierT qveyanaSi es
xerxi sesxis gacemis legitimur saSualebasac ki warmoadgens. Tumca,
fulis gaTeTrebis maRali riskis arsebobis gamo mTavrobebs ar moswonT
fulis brunvis msgavsi forma, radgan ver xerxdeba Tanxebis kontroli da
1Иванов А., Экономические Индикаторы Эффективности Системы Противодействия Отмыванию Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем И Финансированию Терроризма, 2016, С.15 2Ladányi É., Kobolka I., The Hawala System, 2016, P.415-418
15
dabegvra. havala aseve moiazreba, rogorc “aziuri sqema”, “arasabanko
gadaricxvebis sistema”, romelic erTiandeba erToblivi saxelwodebiT
`fuladi gadaricxvebis sistema”3. m. patrikis da h. sandhus mosazrebiT
havala aris sistema, romelic Camoyalibda aziaSi. misi roli Savi fulis
gaTeTrebaSi dResac aqtualuria4. istoriuli faqtebis mimoxilviT
vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebs, maT Soris aralegaluri
saxsrebiT tranzaqciebs, aqvs Rrma istoriuli safuZvlebi. Savi fulis
gaTeTreba istoriulad dakavSirebulia mekobreebis epoqasTan. XVII
saukuneSi, mekobreebi, romlebic itacebdnen savaWro xomaldebs, moparul
saxsrebs xarjavdnen maT mierve daarsebul qalaqebsa da saxelmwifoSi.
amasTanave, iyo SemTxveva, rodesac inglisis dedofali elisabed I
mfarvelobda mekobreebs. magaliTad, Ciles, perusa da panamis mZarcvelebi-
f. dreiki (1540–1596) da r. xokinsi (1652–1622) oficialurad ricxavdnen
moparuli saxsrebis garkveul wils inglisis xazinaSi. inglisma 1612 wels
ganaxorciela ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mflobel
damnaSaveTa amnistireba. saxelmwifom sruli Sewyaleba gamoucxada
mekobreebs im pirobiT, rom isini Sewyvetdnen danaSaulis Cadenas da
amasTanave, sruliad SeinarCunebdnen miRebul Semosavlebs5.
termini `binZuri fuli” (ing. Dirty Money) da “Savi fulis recxva” (ing.
Money Laundering)-warmoiSva aSS-Si 1920-ian wlebSi6, rodesac amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma miiRo me-18 Sesworeba konstituciaSi, romlis
mixedviT, aSS-s teritoriaze ikrZaleboda alkoholuri sasmelis warmoeba
da realizacia. kriminalebma daiwyes alkoholuri sasmelebis Crdilovani
warmoeba da maTi aralegaluri gayidva. aRniSnuli saqmianobidan miRebuli
Semosavali aSS-Si milionebs utoldeboda. aralegalurma warmoebam
masobrivi korufciac ki moicva.7 beWdviTi saxiT, termini “fulis
gaTeTreba” pirvelad 1973 wels aSS-s prezident riCard niqsonisa da
“uotergeitis” skandalTan dakavSirebiT gamoCnda. 1972 wels prezidentis
3Зимин О.В., Хавала Для Нелегала, 2007, С.74-77. 4 Patrick M., and Harjit S., The Hawala Alternative Remittance System And Its Role In Money Laundering, 2001, P.1 5 Цветков И., Пираты: Легеды И Реалии, Архенгольц Ф. История Морских Разбойников Среди Земноморья И Океана, 1991, С.368 6 Данилова Н. А., О Противодействии Легализации (Отмыванию) Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем, 2008, С.25-30. 7 Тер-Аванесов И.Г., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2005, С.15-16
16
postze xelmeored arCevisaTvis niqsonma Seqmna saarCevno komiteti,
romelmac momavali saarCevno kampaniisaTvis finansuri bazis farulad
Seqmna daiwyo. uotergeitSi demokratiuli partiis nacionaluri komitetis
Stabis gatexvis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom komitetSi gaTeTrebuli fuli
Sedioda8. pirovneba, romelmac SeimuSava fiskaluri organoebisaTvis
Semosavlebis damalvis meTodebi, iyo meier lanski. kriminaluri sqema
gulisxmobda Semdegs: ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli Savi fuli Tavsdeboda
sruliad kanonier organizaciebSi, romelic aerTianebda ramdeni fiqtiur
kompanias. aRniSnuli kompaniebi gadaaadgilebdnen Semosavlebs sabanko
angariSebs Soris kvalis arevis mizniT, gaTeTrebis bolo stadiaze ki Savi
fuli mepatrones ubrundeboda “gaTeTrebuli” saxiT9. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia finansur
sferoSi erT-erTi umZimesi danaSaulis formaa, XX saukunamde aRniSnuli
danaSauli damoukideblad ar ganixileboda10. samoqalaqo enciklopediuri
leqsikonis ganmartebiT, legalizacia aris ukanono SemosavlisaTvis
kanonieri saxis micema, romelic moicavs SeZenas, gamoyenebasa da gadacemas,
agreTve, misi namdvili warmoSobis, mesakuTris an mflobelis, qonebrivi
uflebebis damalvas, SeniRbvas an aRniSnuli qmedebis Cadenis mcdelobas11.
ukanono saqmianobiT dagrovil kapitals aqvs SeniRbuli warmomavlobis
istoria12. Tumca, aseTi Semosavali ar SeiZleba iwodebodes kanonierad.
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gaTeTrebis, SeniRbvis mTliani procesi ar
SeiZleba iwodebodes legalizaciad. SeiniSneba Seusabamoba leqsikonebSi
mocemul gansazRvrebas da realurad arsebul movlenas Soris. analogiur
pozicias emxrobian a. SaSkova da o.i. iakimovi, romlebic Tvlian, rom
saWiroa aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma mocemuli movlenis
ganxilvisas13. aucilebelia aRniSnuli movlenis procesebis Rrma analizi
da maTi kompleqsurad ganxilva, rogorc iuridiuli, aseve, ekonomikuri,
8 Gerth J., Richard Il And Organized Nixon Crime, New York, 1972, P.43 9 Робинсон Д., Всемирная Прачечная: Террор, Преступления И Грязные Деньги В Оффшорном Мире, 2004, С.539 10 Карлеба В.А., Исторические, Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты Противодействия Легализации (Отмыванию) Преступных Доходов В России, 2004, С.62 11saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=22650 12 Шашкова А.В., Зарождение понятия «Легализация, Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем», 2011, С.27-32 13 Антипова О Н., Борьба С Отмыванием Денежных Средств, 2012, С.542.
17
socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTanave,
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, ukanono saqmianobiT miRebulma fuladma
saxsrebma unda miiRon kanonieri saxe da legalizebulis statusi, raTa
uzrunvelyofil iqnas ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis warmomavlobis
dafarva da ar daeqvemdebaros konfiskacias. Semosavlebi, miRebuli
kanonsawinaamRdego qmedebebiT, ar SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas kanonierad,
magram rTuli finansuri maqinaciebis ganxorcieleba xels uwyobs
damnaSaves, SeniRbos miRebuli Semosavlebis wyaro da warmoadginos
legalurad14. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom sruliad
safuZvliania termini “legalizaciis” gamoyeneba aRniSnul movlenasTan
dakavSirebiT. amasTanave, qarTul literaturul sivrceSi sakmaod rTulia
moviZioT termini `garecxva” legalizaciis sinonimad. i.g. ter-avanesovis
mixedviT, aRniSnuli sityva warmoadgens barbarizms da dRevandelobamde
mxolod damnaSaveTa wreebSi gamoiyeneboda15. analogiur pozicias eyrdnoba
n. makarova16. n. ivakina xazs usvams terminis zusti formulirebis
saWiroebas17.
terminis “Savi fulis gaTeTreba” gamoyeneba legalizaciis sinonimad
iwvevs kritikas avtorTa erT jgufSi. o. u. iakimovi erT-erTi
mecnierTagania, romelic aRniSnuli danaSaulis aRwerisaTvis emxroba
gaTeTrebis gamoyenebas samecniero literaturaSi da ar aRiarebs mas
legalizaciis sinonimad18. termini “legalizacia” bunebrivia ufro
misaRebia iuridiuli formiT, vidre “gaTeTreba” an “garecxva”. Tumca,
mecnierTa mier zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi gvaZlevs safuZvels,
davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli terminebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian, magram
erTi unificirebuli terminis SemoRebis miznad dasaxva ar aris swori.
gansazRvrebis zusti formulirebisaTvis aucilebelia, ganvixiloT
ucxoeli da adgilobrivi eqspertebis mier SemoTavazebuli ganmartebebi.
danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis ganmarteba
14 Быстрова Ю. В., Этимологическое Значение Термина «Легализация (Отмывание) Доходов Или Иного Имущества, Добытых Преступным Путем», 2010, С.115-128. 15 Тер-Аванесов И Г., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2005, С.15 16 Макарова Н., Налоговые Преступления, Легализация (Отмывание) Денежных Средств, 2000, С.183-186. 17 Ивакина Н., Русский Язык Российского Права, Российская Юстиция, 2000, С.26-28. 18 Якимов, О. Ю., Легализация Имущества, Приобретенного Заведомо Преступным Путем: Региональное Состояние, Возможности И Пути Противодействия На Местном Уровне, 2004, С.68-79
18
uaxloes warsulSi iqna mocemuli. kriminaluri sferodan, maT Soris
narkobiznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizeba evropaSi 1980-iani
wlebidan iRebs sawyisebs19. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg terminTa
ganmartebebi da pirveli meqanizmebi masTan sabrZolvelad arsebobda
rogorc daniaSi, ise did britaneTsa da safrangeTSi20. Tumca, aSS aris
pirveli im qveyanaTa Soris, romelmac gadamWreli zomebi miiRo aRniSnuli
problemis prevenciis mizniT. swored aSS-m gamoavlina, rom organizebuli
danaSaulis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia naRdi fuladi masebi, vinaidan
aseTi resursisaTvis kvalis damalva ufro martivia kriminaluri
sferosaTvis21. aRniSnulma faqtma ganapiroba naRdi Savi fulis mimoqcevis
aRricxvianobis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba. e.a. ivanovi amtkicebs, rom termini
“Savi fulis gaTeTreba” miRebuli iyo narkobiznesis aqtiurobis donis da
aRniSnuli saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis damalvis faqtebis zrdis
Sedegad22.
eqspertebi gansxvavebulad gansazRvraven “ukanonod miRebuli
Semosavlebis legalizacias”, romelic damokidebulia gaTeTrebis
procesze an mis saboloo mizanze. gvaqvs SesaZlebloba avtorTa arsebuli
Sexedulebebi gavyoT or jgufad: Savi fulis gaTeTreba-rogorc procesi,
meore jgufi-rogorc mizani.
fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc procesi
o.u. iakimovi amtkicebs, rom “gaTeTrebis” qveS aucilebelia,
vigulisxmoT “moqmedebaTa kompleqsi, romelic gamiznulia miRebuli
SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemaze, gamoyenebasa da mis Semdgom
gankargvaze”. umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseTi qoneba miRebulia mZime danaSaulis
Cadenis Sedegad23.
v.d. lariCevis formulirebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris “procesi,
romlis drosac danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli Savi fuli
19 Алешкина И., Предмет Доказывания И Особенности Оценки Доказательств При Расследовании Преступлений, Связанных С Легализацией (Отмыванием) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенного Незаконным Путем, 2002, С.9 20 Delmas-Marty M., Les Grands Sistemes De Politique Criminelle, 1992, P.308 21 Отмывание Денег В Нарушение Формотчетности По Наличным Операциям, 1995, С.380 22 Иванов Э. А., Система Международно-Правового Регулирования Борьбы С Легализацией «Отмыванием Доходов», Полученных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.53 23 Якимов О. Ю., Легализация Имущества, Приобретенного Заведомопреступным Путем: Региональное Состояние, Возможности И Пути Противодействия На Местном Уровне, 2004, С.68-79
19
gaedineba sabanko sistemis meSveobiT imgvarad, rom SeuZlebelia am
saxsrebis ukanono warmomavlobis dadgena“24. am kategoriis danaSaulis
didi nawili dakavSirebulia korufciasTan, TaRliTobasTan, informaciuli
teqnologiebis gamoyenebasTan.
g. boskoviCis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebSi SeiZleba,
gamoyenebul iyos rogorc sabanko sferoSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva
tipis operaciebi, aseve arasabanko operaciebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli
iqneba eleqtronul valutasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan da sxv.25.
r. klaesensis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis bunebidan gamomdinare
aqtivobebi gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT, Tumca, tendencia erTia: Savi
fulis gamTeTreblebi cdiloben Tanxebis gatanas iseTi tipis qveynebSi,
sadac sustia ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
sakanonmdeblo baza26.
j.b. veldis mixedviT kriminalistebi da Savi fulis gamTeTreblebi
kvlav ganagrZoben axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas boroti ganzraxviT.
amasTanave, kriminalistebi aqtiurad iyeneben sxvadasxva qveynis
kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul xarvezebs fulis efeqtianad gaTeTrebisaTvis27.
j. madingeris azriT, fulis gamTeTreblebis saboloo mizania aseTi
gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis Tavisuflad gankargva, romelic SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva meTodebis kombinaciiT28.
j. treham aRniSna, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris saxsrebis
SeniRbvis mcdeloba, romelsac xels uwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis
arseboba da sxva qveynebidan rTulad identificirebadi wyaros mqone
investiciebis Semodineba. is aseve aRniSnavs, rom tranzituli ekonomikis
mqone qveynebi xasiaTdebian Savi fulis gaTeTrebis maRali doniT29.
24 Ларичев В.Д., Мошенничество В Сфере Страхования: Предупреждение, Выявление, Расследование, 2005, С.160 25 Boskovic G., Types Of Money Laundering And Suppression Methods, Police Academy, Belgrade, 2003, P.31 26 Claessens R., Research Paper On Ethics, Corporate Values And Prevention Of Money Laundering, The Serbian Banks Association, Belgrade, 2006, P.35 27 Weld Jean B., Current International Money Laundering Trends And Anti-Money Laundering Co-Operation Measures, Resource Material Series, 2011, P. 37-47 28 Madinger J., Money Laundering a Guide for Criminal Investigators, 2011, http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3140/3/03_literature%20review.pdf 29Trehan J., Crime and Money Laundering: The Indian Perspective, 2004, http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3140/3/03_literature%20review.pdf
20
m. milenoviCis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris organizebuli
danaSaulis saxe, romelic ar SeiZleba, ganixilebodes calkeuli qveynis
problemad. qveynisaTvis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva
meTodebis miReba ki, rogoricaa Savi sia fulis gamTeTreblebTa,
kriminalTa, organizebuli kriminaluri Tu teroristuli dajgufebebisa
da maTi wevrebis Sesaxeb iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva samTavrobo Tu
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier informaciis arseboba xels Seuwyobs
aRniSnuli problemis prevencias30.
n. Cengis mosazrebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romlis
drosac erToblivi dajgufeba sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT cdilobs
Semosavlis realuri wyaros damalvas. Tumca, aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebelia ara mxolod calkeuli individebis gamoyenebiT, aramed
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis CarTviTac31.
j. robinsonma xazi gausva Savi fulis gaTeTrebis arss da gamokveTa
misi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. misi azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris
aqtivobaTa kompleqsi, romelic scdeba adgilobriv sazRvrebs32.
g. smitisa da h. volkeris azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis mTavari arsi
aris misi gamoyenebis kanonieri uflebis mopoveba, romelic SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT. amasTanave, gamTeTreblebi iyeneben,
rogorc sabanko operaciebs, aseve, naRd fuls33.
g. pembertonis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema arsebobs da
es msoflio masStabis problemaa. kriminalebi kargad floben informacias
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb da mis minimalur donemde dasayvanad
gamoiyeneben sxvadasxva meTodebs34.
m. silkmenisa da v. iovanoviCis mosazrebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba
aris aqtivobaTa kompleqsi, romelic mimarTulia wyaros realuri arsis
SesaniRbad. amasTanave, procesebSi CarTulni arian aramxolod kriminalebi,
30Milenovic M., Research Paper on Money Laundering, Pulse Magazine On Corruption, Centre For Management, Belgrade, 2004, P.1-6 31Cheng N., the Effectiveness of Money Laundering Investigations in Fighting Transnational Crime: A Comparison of the United States and Hong Kong, 2012, P.6-7 32Robinson J., The Laundrymen: Inside Money Laundering, The World's Third-Largest Business, Arcade Publishing, New York, 1998, P.4 33Russell G., and Walker J., the Illegal Movement of Cash and Bearer Negotiable Instruments: Typologies and Regulatory Responses, 2010, https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi402 34Pemberton G., Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Vancouver Integrated Proceeds Of Crime Section, Money Laundering In Securities Markets, 2000, P.1-2
21
aramed saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebic. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
aucilebelia, problemis kompleqsurad Seswavla da mis winaaRmdeg
brZolisaTvis codnis da kvalifikaciis amaRleba35. s. smitisa da d.
eriqsonis mosazrebiT kriminalistebi gamoiyeneben sxvadasxva meTodebs
aralegaluri wyaros Sesaxeb realuri informaciis SesaniRbad.
aRniSnulisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc personali, aseve, ofSoruli zonebi
da sxvadasxva kvalifikaciis individebi36.
d. jelikos kvlevis mixedviT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis aqtivobebi
jgufuri danaSaulis xasiaTisaa, romlis winaaRmdegac aucilebelia
makontrolebeli organoebis gaZliereba, finansuri da sxva sistemebis
danergva, ganaxleba da Sida makontrolebeli organoebis datreningeba
aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad”37.
germaneli avtori k. kotke Savi fulis gaTeTrebaSi gulisxmobs
sxvadasxva samarTaldarRveviT miRebuli Semosavlebis gamoyenebis
process38.
a.v. korotkovis gansazRvrebiT, ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia
aris “saxsrebis warmomavlobis dafarvis procesi im mizniT, rom ukanono
Semosavlebi kanonieri saxiT, moZravi an uZravi qonebis SeZenis, legalur
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi investirebiT da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT
CarTul iqnas ekonomikur brunvaSi oficialuri saxiT”39.
v.m. alievis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris “negatiuri socialuri
movlena, romlis safuZveli Semosavlebis warmomavlobis bunebis,
materialuri keTildReobis an maTTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis namdvili
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarvis procesia”40.
35Sikman, M., & Jovanovic, V., The Concept of Money Laundering As a Manifested Function of Organized Crime. Security, Police, Citizens, Mia Republic Srpska-Department Of Police Education, Banja Luka, N. 1-2/10, 2010, P.81-100 36Smith, S. L., And Ericson D., Money Laundering Monitor, U.S. Department Of Justice, Criminal Division, Asset Forfeiture & Money Laundering Section, 2008, P.3 37Zeljkodj B., Contemporary Tendencies in Money Laundering Methods: Review of the Methods and Measures for Its Suppression, 2011, P.10, 15-17 38Kottke K., Schwarzgeld-Was Tun? Handbuch Für Das Scharzgeld-Steuerrecht; Entstehung, Unterbringung, Aufdeckung, Legalisierung Von Unversteuerten Geldern. Häufe, Freiburg, 1999, P.26-27 39Коротков И. В., Уголовно-Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты Борьбы Против Легализации (Отмывания) Незаконных Доходов, 2004, С.54-62 40Алиев В. М., Криминологическое И Уголовно-Правовое Исследование Легализации Доходов Добытых Пресупным Путем, 2001, С.17.
22
k. hinterseris mixedviT, termini “Savi fulis garecxva” gulisxmobs
sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa daxmarebiTac damnaSaveebi niRbaven ukanonod
miRebuli Savi fulis wyaros da sakuTrebis uflebas iseT garigebebSi
monawileobiT, romlebic am fuls warmoaCens kanonieri wyaroebidan
miRebulad41.
danaSaulebrivi Semosavlebis legalizaciis calkeuli konkretuli
niSnebi mohyavs n. a. lopaSenkos, romlis azriTac “Savi fulis gaTeTreba
aris procesi, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime etapisagan: finansuri
operaciebisa da garigebebis formiT gamoxatuli Tanamimdevruli
qmedebebisagan, romelTa mizanicaa danaSaulebrivi saxsrebis araCrdilovan
ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTva da am saxsrebis warmomavlobisTvis kanonieri
saxis micema”42. ganmartebebi umeteswilad asaxaven problemis ZiriTad
Sinaarss. Tumca, naklebi yuradReba eTmoba gaTeTrebis process. m.n.
zacepini Semosavlebis legalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc
“danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebrivi faseulobebis CarTvas
legalur ekonomikur brunvaSi, raTa daifaros maTi warmomavloba43”.
sainteresoa, aseve n. kepulaZisa da r. sulamaniZis naSromi Temaze “ukanono
Semosavlebis legalizacia-Savi fulis gaTeTreba”. aRniSnuli naSromi
xazs usvams saxelmwifos rols aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad da
terminis dazustebis aucileblobas44.
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis samarTalmcodneobis
doqtoris s. asaniZis SexedulebiT “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia aris ukanono gziT miRebuli qonebis warmoSobis wyaros
Sesaxeb cnobebis ganzrax damaxinjeba, romelic xorcieldeba maTi
legalur ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTvis gziT, raTa daifaros maTi
marTlsawinaaRmdego miRebis faqti da uzrunvelyofil iqnas am qonebis
Tavisuflad gankargvis SesaZlebloba“45.
41Hinterseer K., The Wolfsberg Anti–Money Laundering Principles, Journal Of Money Laundering Control, 2001, P.25-41 42Лопашенко А., Преступления В Сфере Экономической Деятельности, 1997, С.359-363. 43Зацепин М.Н., Безопасность Предпринимательства: Криминологические И Уголовно-Правовые Проблемы. Екатеринбург. 1995. С.192 44kepulaZe n., sulamaniZe r., ukanono Semosavlebis legalizacia–Savi fulis gaTeTreba, 2015, gv.4-5 45asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis (Savi fulis GgaTeTrebis) kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, 2012, gv.22
23
gaTeTrebuli Savi fuli warmoadgens SeniRbul, warmomavloba
dakargul saxsrebs, romelic miRebulia aralegaluri saqmianobidan, xolo
sabanko sistemis gamoyenebiT gadanawilebulia ramdenime angariSze.
amasTanave, aRniSnul TanxasTan dakavSirebiT, ganxorcielda rigi operacia,
garigeba, raTa ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebi aRreuliyo kanonier
saxsrebSi46. mocemul gansazRvrebaSi zustad aris warmodgenili gaTeTreba,
rogorc procesi. Tumca, aqcenti gakeTebulia mxolod fuladi saxsrebis
gaTeTrebaze da ar aris naxsenebi, rom aseve SesaZlebelia arafuladi
saxsrebis gaTeTrebac.
v.a. tarani Savi fulis gaTeTrebas ganixilavs, rogorc procedurebs,
romlis Sedegad Savi fuli sabanko dawesebulebebsa Tu sxva sakredito-
finansur sferoebSi gaivlis im mizniT, rom maT saboloo stadiaze mieceT
kanonieri Semosavlis saxe47. avtorebi ar azusteben ekonomikuri
saqmianobis seqtorebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba ukanonod miRebuli
Semosavlebis legalizaciisaTvis.
m. levi aRniSnavs, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris kriminaluri
saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebis
gamoyenebiT, maT Soris, valutis gadacvliT. saxsrebi miRebulia ZarcviT,
korufciiT, narkotikebis yidva-gayidviT da sxv. gaTeTrebis saboloo
mizans ki arsebuli saxsrebis sufTa fulad gardaqmna warmoadgens48. m.
levi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis procesebisTvis iTvaliswinebs mxolod
finansur operaciebs da swored aq vlindeba aRniSnuli ganmartebis
naklovaneba. realurad, damnaSaveTa dajgufeba sakuTar instrumentebad
legalizaciisaTvis gamoiyenebs arasafinanso seqtorebsac.
s. g. lovkis mixedviT, “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis
procesi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva sferoebis gamoyenebiT ukanono
saxsrebisaTvis legitimuri statusis miniWebas“49. avtori samarTlianad
aRniSnavs, rom legalizacia moicavs ukanono Semosavlebis kanonier
46U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Information Technologies for Control of Money Laundering, Washington, Dc: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995. P.12-16 47Щегорцев В.А., Таран. В.А., Мировая Экономика, Мировая Финансовая Система, Международный Финансовый Контроль, 2005, С.345 48Larry B., Lambert. Underground Banking and National Security, California, 1996, P.3 49Ловкий С.Г., Документирование Деятельности Организованных Групп, Занимающихся Легализацией (Отмыванием) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Незаконным Путем, 2001, С.20
24
ekonomikur saqmianobebSi CaSvebas. Tumca, ar aris mocemuli meTodebi,
romelTa daxmarebiTac xdeba am Semosavlebis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi
CarTva da legitimuri statusis miniWeba.
v. a. nikulinis poziciiT, ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi
saxsrebis legalizacia “warmoadgens materialuri Rirebulebis mqone
aqtivebisaTvis kanonieri formis miRebis saboloo etaps”50. aRniSnuli
gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, v. a. nikulini iTvaliswinebs ukanonod
miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis mxolod ukanasknel stadias, im
dros, rodesac TviT procesi mravaletapian proceduras warmoadgens.
v. u. emi Tvlis, rom “gaTeTrebis procesi sruldeba ukanonod
miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemiT, rodesac ukve
SesaZlebeli xdeba miRebuli aralegaluri Semosavlebis kanonierad
gamoyeneba”51. analogiur pozicias efuZneba k. v. tetiukovic52. aRniSnuli
gansazRvrebebi ar moicavs ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri
saxis micemis yvela etaps. Tu aRniSnuli gansazRvrebiT vixelmZRvanelebT
da ar mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis safexurebs, aRniSnuli
procesis gamokvlevisas damnaSavis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis aRZvra rTuli
iqneba.
fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc mizani
mecnierTa meore jgufi legalizacias ganixilavs ara rogorc
process, aramed mizans, romlis miRwevasac cdiloben borotmoqmedni.
1984 wels aSS_Si organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT Semdgar
saprezidento komisiaze gamoyenebul iqna Semdegi formulireba “Savi
fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac imaleba misi arsi,
ukanono warmomavloba an ukanono Semosavlebis gamoyeneba im mizniT, rom
aralegalurad miRebuli Semosavlebi SeiniRbos ise, rom mas sabolood
kanonieri warmomavloba mieces”53. aRniSnulis analogiur gansazRvrebas
gvTavazobs C. goridemi, romelic legalizacias warmoadgens rogorc
50Никулина В.А., Правовые Аспекты Соучастия В Легализации Незаконных Доходов, 2000, С.17 51Эм В.Ю., Уголовно-Правовая И Криминологическая Характеристика Легализации (Отмывания) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.9 52Тетюков К.В., Легализация Преступных Доходов Уголовно-Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты, 2003, С.18 53William R., Schroeder, Money Laundering. A Global Threat And The International Community’s Response, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2001, P.1-7
25
meTodebis erTobliobas, gamiznuls realuri wyaros SeniRbvaze da/an
sakuTrebis uflebis, Semdgomi gankargulebis uflebis mopovebaze54.
germaneli mecnierebi, maT Soris x. kerneri da e. daxi, romlebic
aRniSnul sferos ukve ramdenime welia Seiswavlian, aRniSnaven, rom Savi
fulis gaTeTreba iyofa or stadiad.
pirvel stadiaze, sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT,
xorcieldeba ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis damalva;
meore etapze xdeba regularuli Semosavlebis miReba55.
mocemuli gansazRvrebiT, damnaSavis ZiriTadi mizania Semosavlebis
damalva maTi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT. realuri mizani ki, romelic
gulisxmobs kriminaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis
kanonieri saxis micemas, gamokveTili araa. msgavs gansazRvrebas iZleva
profesori b. v. volJekini, romelic gaTeTrebas mimoixilavs rigi
finansuri operaciebis ganxorcielebiT. finansuri operaciebi mimarTulia
ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis warmomavlobis damalvaze, raTa
aralegaluri saxsrebi uproblemod ganTavsdes biznesSi SemdgomSi mogebis
miRebis mizniT56. Tumca, zogierTi mecnieri, maT Soris, a. groSevi da z.
txaiSaovi, sapirispiros amtkiceben. isini Tvlian, rom ukanono
Semosavlebis ganTavseba legalur biznesSi ar warmoadgens damnaSaveTa
pirvelad mizans57.
l.karCmeri sakuTar naSromSi aRniSnuli danaSaulis gamokvlevis
dros termins Semdegnairad gansazRvravs-aralegaluri saqmianobiT
miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romelic gamiznulia
miRebuli Semosavlebis wyaros damalvasa da SemdgomSi mis konvertaciaze
im mizniT, rom miRebuli ukanono Semosavlebis wyaros aRmoCenis
SesaZlebloba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, xolo TviT Semosavlebs
legaluri saxe mieceT58.
54Goredema C., Money Laundering In East And Sothern Africa: A Preliminary Overview Of The Threat, 2002, P.4-5 55Кернерх Х., Дах. Э., Отмываниеденег: Путеводитель По Действующему Законодательству И Юридической Практике, 1996, С.36-37. 56Волженкин Б.В., Экономические Преступления, 1999, С.107 57Грошев А., Тхайшаов З., Понятие Легализации (Отмывания) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества В Отечественному Головном Праве, 2006, С.3-7. 58Karchmer C. L., Strategies For Combating Narcotics Wholesalers, Investigative Approaches That Work, Washington, D.C. Police Executive Research Forum, 1992
26
k. borani Tvlis, rom “Savi fulis gaTeTreba es aris procesi,
romlis Sedegad individi malavs arsebul ukanonod miRebuli
Semosavlebis wyaroebs im mizniT, rom SemdgomSi kriminals hqondes misi
Tavisuflad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba”59.
m. n. zacepini amtkicebs, rom “gaTeTreba” gulisxmobs arsebuli
ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli qonebis kanonier saqmianobaSi CarTvas im
mizniT, rom daifaros misi ukanono warmomavloba60. gansazRvrebaSi ar aris
dazustebuli, romeli meTodebiT aris SesaZlebeli aRniSnuli miznis
miRweva.
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis globaluri
gamocdilebisa da sxvadasxva meTodebis Seswavlis Sedegad, d. v. besedinma
Camoayaliba sakuTari gansazRvreba: “legalizacia gulisxmobs procesebis
erTobliobas, romelic moicavs SeTanxmebebs, finansur da sxva tipis
operaciebs. aRniSnuli qmedebebi gamiznulia ukanonod miRebuli
Semosavlebis kanonier ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTvaze, raTa mas
sabolood legitimuri saxe mieces”61.
o. l. peduni ukanono qmedebebiT miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
qveS gulisxmobs process, romlis farglebSi, Semosavlebi Tavsdeba
safinanso institutebSi, raTa SemdgomSi investirdes kanonier ekonomikur
saqmianobaSi. sxvadasxva procesebis gamoyenebiT, danaSaulebrivi kapitalis
mimoqceva saboloo etapze uzrunvelyofs kriminalisTvis gaTeTrebuli
resursebis mibrunebas misi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT62. warmatebul
formulirebas gvTavazobs i. v. radzevanovskaia, romelic efuZneba
evropeli mecnierebis naSromebs. misi mosazrebiT, “legalizacia
moxsenebulia, rogorc procesi an qmedebaTa kompleqsi, romlis farglebSi
ukanono Semosavlebi, saxeSecvlili, ramdenime meTodis gamoyenebiT
59Boran C., Money Laundering, American Criminal Review USA, 2003, P.847-871 60Зацепин М.Н., Безопасность Предпринимательства: Криминологические И Уголовно-Правовые Проблемы, 1995, С.192 61Беседин Д.В., Международно-Правовое Сотрудничество Государств В Борьбе С Легализацией Преступных Доходов, 2005, С.29 62Педун О.Л., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.11
27
legalur biznesSi CarTvis gziT gardaisaxeba legalur saxsrebad”. aseTi
qmedebebi gamiznulia kanonsawinaaRmdego warmomavlobis SesaniRbad63.
interpolis biuletenSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba ganimarta
Semdegnairad: “Savi fulis gaTeTrebis mizania ukanono qmedebebis Sedegad
miRebuli Savi fuliT maqinaciebis imgvarad warmoeba, rom miRebis wyaro
aRmoCndes kanonieri”64. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi termini “danaSaulebrivi
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlis legalizacia” pirvelad gaeros 1988
wlis venis “narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis
ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciaSi gamoiyenes65.
konvenciis Tanaxmad, Semosavlis legalizaciaSi igulisxmeba operaciaTa
kompleqsi, romelic miznad isaxavs Semosavlebis warmomavlobis dafarvas.
moqmedebebis qveS igulisxmeba:
qonebis gadacema an konversia, Tu cnobilia, rom aseTi qoneba
miRebulia ukanono saqmianobis Sedegad an Tu pirovneba CarTulia aseT
aqtivobebSi iseve, rogorc realuri wyaros, warmoSobis istoriis,
adgilmdebareobis damalva;
qonebis, fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgileba, Tu cnobilia, rom
aRniSnuli Semosavali miRebulia kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis Sedegad.
aseve, Semosavlis miReba, floba da gamoyeneba, Tu cnobilia, rom
aRniSnuli qoneba miRebulia ukanono saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebis
Sedegad;
Tanamonawileoba an/da arakanonier SeTanxmebaSi monawileobis
miReba; zedamxedveloba, Tanamzraxveloba, an/da konsultaciis gaweva miznis
misaRwevad66.
termini SemoRebul iqna 1990 wlis 8 noembers evropis sabWos
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis,
gamovlenis da amoRebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac aRiara “narkobiznesidan da
sxva aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi ukanonod”. 1988
wlis 19 dekembris konvenciaSi miTiTebulia damnaSaveTa qmedebebi, romelic
63Радзевановская Ю.В., Легализация (Отмывание) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем (Уголовно-Правовая И Криминологическая Характеристика), 2005, С.11 64Interpol, http://www.interpol.int/crime-areas/financial-crime/money-laundering 65United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances, 1988, P.2-3 66Ramaswamy J., Overview of Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Program, 2013, P.1-2
28
gamoarCevs Savi fulis gaTeTrebas sxva saqmianobisagan. evropis konvenciis
mixedviT da finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis gansazRvrebiT (FATF):
“aralegalurad miRebuli Savi fulis legalizacia aris procesi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis ganTavsebas da SemdgomSi
finansur-sakredito sistemaSi gadatanas. aseve, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli
saxsrebiT nebismieri sxva qonebis SeZena. gaTeTrebis saboloo etapi ki
kriminals saSualebas aZlevs damoukideblad, kanonierad gamoiyenos
aRniSnuli saxsrebi survilisamebr”67. arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebi
saxelmwifosagan iTxoven ukanono SemosavlebisaTvis Semdegi aqtivobebis
mikuTvnebas:
konversia, an Semosavlebis gadatana, Tu cnobilia, rom aseTi
qoneba miRebulia ukanono saqmianobis SeniRbvis, damalvis Sedegad. aseve,
daxmarebis gaweva im pirovnebisaTvis, romelic CarTulia aralegalur
saqmianobaSi;
miRebuli Semosavlebis realuri wyaros, adgilmdebareobis
damalva an SeniRbva misi Semdgomi gankargvis uflebis mopovebis mizniT, Tu
cnobilia, rom aseTi qoneba warmoadgens Semosavals ukanono saqmianobidan.
saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, reglamentebi, romlebic dadgenilia
ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad,
xazs usvamen aRniSnuli problemis mniSvnelobas. danaSauli xorcieldeba
etapobrivad da ZiriTadad damokidebulia droiT monakveTebSi Casatarebel
operaciebze.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia
ganmartebulia, rogorc ukanono SemosavlisTvis kanonieri saxis micema,
SeZena, gamoyeneba, gadacema an sxva moqmedeba, agreTve misi namdvili
warmoSobis, mesakuTris an mflobelis an/da qonebrivi uflebebis damalva
an SeniRbva an/da aseTi qmedebebis Cadenis mcdeloba68. legalizaciis sagani
ar moicavs mxolod danaSaulebriv Semosavlebs, am formulirebis
mixedviT, samarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi moqceulia sxva
samarTaldarRvevebidan miRebuli Semosavlis legalizaciac.
67Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Supplement To Authentication In An Internet Banking Environment, P.1-20 68http://www.kavkasreestri.ge/download/kanonebi/kanoniukanonoshemosavlis.pdf, muxli 2. terminTa ganmarteba (25.02.2004, 3422), gv.1
29
gansazRvrebaSi miTiTebulia ara mxolod ukanono Semosavlis SeZena,
gamoyeneba, gadacema, aramed xazgasmulia misi namdvili warmoSobis wyaros
damalva an SeniRbvac. ucxoeli eqspertebis mier SemoTavazebuli
ganmartebebidan vnaxeT, rom aqcenti keTdeba arakanonieri saqmianobidan
miRebul Semosavalze, romelic mocemul ganmartebaSi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli. saWiroa, aRvniSnoT, rom miTiTebul ganmartebaSi ar
aris asaxuli konkretuli meTodebi, romlis daxmarebiTac xdeba
legalizacia da ar aris aqcentirebuli borotmoqmedis mizani, romlis
miRwevasac cdilobs individi Semosavlis ukanono wyaros damalvis dros.
ZiriTadad, yvela definicia, romelic gansazRvravs “Semosavlebis
legalizebas” efuZneba evropis konvencias, romlis Tanaxmad
“Semosavlebis” qveS igulisxmeba nebismieri ekonomikuri sargebeli
miRebuli ukanono saqmianobis Sedegad. ekonomikuri sargebeli “SeiZleba
Sedgebodes materialuri sakuTrebisagan, romelic SesaZlebelia
gamosaxuli iyos uflebiT moZrav an/da uZrav qonebaze da uflebriv
dokumentebze, romliTac dasturdeba aRniSnul qonebaze sakuTrebisa da
gankargvis ufleba”69.
e. n. kondrati aRniSnavs, rom “legalizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi
meTodebi, finansuri operaciebi, romlis Sedegad ukanono Semosavlebi
sakuTar pirvandel wyarosTan wyveten kavSirs, icvlian warmomavlobas da
xdebian sruliad kanonieri”70.
davadgineT, rom ar arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis erTiani gageba,
vinaidan avtorTa erTi jgufi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis qveS
moicavs procesebs, sxvadasxva manipulaciebs, romlis daxmarebiTac
ukanonod miRebul Semosavlebs eZleva legaluri saxe. sxva avtorebi Savi
fulis gaTeTrebas ki ganixilaven rogorc damnaSavis saboloo mizans,
romlis Sedegad ukanaskneli iZens legalur statuss da gamodis
danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis kanonieri mflobeli. zemoT
moyvanili gansazRvrebebidan ramdenime moicavs ekonomikur arss. Tumca,
dRemde ar aris siRrmiseulad Seswavlili Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
69Глушков В., Теневые Процессы В Экономике: Области Формирования И Динамика Распространения, 2008, С.48-56 70Кондрат Е.Н., Основные Способы Легализации (Отмывания) Преступных Доходов Результате Совершения Коррупционных Преступлений, 2011, С.61-66.
30
ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. Cven SevecadeT, SemogveTavazebina Cveneuli
interpretacia: “aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli ekonomikuri
sargeblis legalizacia mravaletapiani ukanono qmedebaa, romelic
negatiurad aisaxeba sazogadoebasa da mTlianad saxelmwifos
mdgomareobaze. Savi fulis gaTeTreba warmoadgens finansuri
institutebisa da informaciul-teqnologiuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT
fuladi Semosavlebis ganawilebis, SeniRbvis, gardaqmnis process, romlis
mizania realuri wyaros damalva, SemdgomSi ekonomikur-funqcionalur
seqtorSi dabandebis mizniT, raTa arsebulma Semosavlebma miiRon
legaluri saxe kanonieri gamoyenebisaTvis”.
1.2. fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
aRniSnul qveTavSi mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebs
qveynis mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da gamovavlenT aRniSnuli
danaSaulis kavSirs sxva aralegalur aqtivobebTan.
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi. zogierTi mocemuli kontrargumenti damajereblad gveCveneba,
magram SesaZloa, mcdari aRmoCndes da sakmaod saSiSi gardamavali
ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis. danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli Savi fuli
axali danaSaulis Cadenas xmardeba, rac ekonomikis moSlas uwyobs xels71.
debuleba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos Savi fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZola xels
uSlis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ekonomikur ganviTarebas, FATF-is
xelmZRvanelobis azriT, mcdaria. “sainvesticio SimSilis” pirobebSi
aralegaluri investiciebis mozidvam qveynis ekonomikas SesaZlebelia
mxolod droebiTi dadebiTi Sedegebi moutanos72.
Savi fulis zegavlena investiciebze. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
problemis SeswavliT dakavebulma mecnierma o. okunkolam, romelmac
Seiswavla Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebi investiciebze, daaskvna, rom
Savi fulis gaTeTrebasa da sxva finansur danaSauls negatiuri
zemoqmedeba aqvs qveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da finansur stabilurobaze,
rac qmnis qveynebis urTierTTanamSromlobis saWiroebas aRniSnuli
71Malkin L., Elizuv Y., The Dilemma of Dirty Money, World Policy Journal, #3, 2008, P.38-47 72janaSia j., XXI saukunis gamowveva, 2002, gv.229-231
31
problemis negatiuri efeqtebis Sesamcireblad, romelic moicavs, magram ar
Semoifargleba, mxolod investiciebiT, samuSao adgilebiTa da axali
teqnologiebis danergviT73. grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis
doqtor n. osaZis naSromSi “transnacionaluri danaSaulobis ekonomikur
formebTan brZolis problemebi“ Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
transnacionaluri xasiaTis tendenciebis kvlevisas dadginda, rom
saqarTveloSi aralegaluri Savi fulis arseboba da am saxsrebiT
investiciebis ganxorcieleba auaresebs mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
temps74.
a. aiodegis mixedviT Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs ekonomikur
zrdasa da finansur stabilurobaze. vinaidan, safinanso institutebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben investiciebze, maT xeli unda Seuwyon Savi
fulis gaTeTrebis problemis Semcirebas resursebis mikvlevadobis
efeqturobis gazrdiT75.
a. idovum gamoikvlia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs negatiuri
Sedegebi investiciebze, romelic moqmedebs mdgradi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis zrdis tempze da safrTxis qveS ayenebs qveynis politikur
stabilurobasa Tu sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas76.
Savi fulis zegavlena pirdapir ucxour investiciebze. UNCTAD-is
mixedviT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi xels uwyobs adgilobrivi
biznesis ganviTarebas, saeqsporto konkurentunarianobis, dasaqmebulTa
raodenobisა da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis amaRlebas. Sedegad,
saxelmwifo maqsimalurad unda cdilobdes Seqmnas iseTi sainvesticio
klimati, romelic xels Seuwyobs investiciebis mozidvas77. pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi izrdeba, rodesac investorebs sjeraT, rom
saxelmwifo aqtiurad ebrZvis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemas.
amasTanave, Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs aramxolod erovnul
73Okunlola O., Money Laundering: A Threat To Sustainable Democracy In Nigeria, Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 2014, P.91 74janaSia j., XXI saukunis gamowveva, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.5-6 75Aluko A., The Impact Of Money Laundering On Economic And Financial Stability And On Political Development Of Developing Countries, University Of London, London, 2011, P.107 76Idowu A., Anti-Money Laundering Policy And Its Effects On Bank Performance In Nigeria. Business Intelligence Journal, 2012, P.367-373 77United Nations Conference On Trade And Development, World Investment Report: Investor Nationality: Policy Challenges, 2016, P.116
32
Semosavalze, aramed pirdapir ucxour investiciebzec. Savi fulis
gaTeTreba ekonomikasa da biznesSi ganxilvis erT-erT aqtualur Temad
rCeba. sainteresoa mosazreba, rom iuridiuli normebis simkacrem SeiZleba
gamoiwvios investiciebis araTu mozidva, aramed qveynidan gatana78.
Savi fulis zegavlena ekonomikur zrdaze. b. bartletis kvlevis
Sedegad dadginda, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rac xels uSlis ekonomikur zrdas da
amcirebs qveynis mwarmoeblurobis dones, ukanono fondebs ki danaSaulisa
da korufciis sferoSi gadaisvris, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba ucxouri
investiciebis done da ekonomikuri aqtivoba79. arsebuli literaturis
analizma aseve gamoaSkarava Savi fulis kavSiri aramxolod mTlian Sida
produqtTan an pirdapir ucxour investiciebTan, aramed korufciis
maCveneblebTanac.
Savi fuli da korufcia. o. okunlola erT-erTi pirvelTagania,
romelmac aRmoaCina dadebiTi damokidebuleba korufciasa da Savi fulis
gaTeTrebas Soris. “Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris finansuri danaSauli,
romelsac negatiuri zegavlena aqvs ekonomikis ganviTarebaze,
gansakuTrebiT investiciebze”80. a. jeini kvlevebze dafuZnebiT gamoTqvams
mosazrebas, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba arRvevs finansuri institutebis
funqcionirebas korufciiTa da saxelmwifo qonebis aramiznobrivi
flangviT, romelic xorcieldeba korumpirebuli pirisa da kriminalis
mier.“ anti-korufciuli da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
meqanizmebis aqtiurad gamoyeneba zrdis investiciebis Semodinebis
maCveneblebs. korufcia SesaZloa, gamovlindes, politikosebis
gamdidrebiT, sajaro sikeTis miTvisebiT da ekonomikuri araefeqturobiT.
korufcia itacebs saxelmwifos rols resursebis gadanawilebaSi, riTac
vnebs makroekonomikur maCveneblebs81. z. drabeki da v. paini aRniSnaven, rom
investiciebi SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos korufciis doneze. orive
eqspertis mosazrebiT, arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
78Ihsan I., & Razi A., Money Laundering - A Negative Impact On Economy, 2012, P.2-8 79Bartlet B. L., The Negative Effects Of Money Laundering On Economic Development, Platypus Magazine, December, 2002, 80Okunlola O. C., Money Laundering: A Threat To Sustainable Democracy In Nigeria, Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 2014, P.91 81Jain A.K., Corruption: A Review. Journal Of Economic Surveys, 2001, 15, (1)
33
ramdenime iuridiuli dokumenti, romelsac SeuZlia gaTeTrebis procesebis
Seferxeba da aRniSnuli problemis donis Semcireba82. k. Canderi aseve
fiqrobs, rom arastabiluroba, korufciis maRali done da susti
sakanonmdeblo sistema biznes operatorebs kapitalis gatanisken ubiZgebs83.
a. marhubim Seiswavla damokidebuleba korufcias, fasebis donis,
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis efeqtebs Soris. misi azriT, korufcia zrdis
inflacias84. m. jonstonis kvlevis Sedegad ki dadginda, rom korufcia
zrdis inflaciasa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebas85. p. keeferma da s. kneqma
Seiswavles korufciis fenomeni da socialuri faqtorebi evrokavSiris
ramdenime qveyanaSi. kvlevebma daadgina, rom korufciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
Semosavlebis araTanabari gadanawileba86. s. guptas, h. avudis da a. Termes
kvlevis mixedviT, korufcia da Savi fulis gaTeTreba xels uwyobs
siRaribis donis zrdas87. s. rouz-akermani sakuTar kvlevaSi amtkicebs, rom
korufciam da Savi fulis gaTeTrebam SeiZleba, gamoiwvios ekonomikuri
keTildReobis araracionaluri gadanawileba, rac iwvevs zogierTi
jgufisaTvis meti sargeblis miRebas, vidre sxvebisTvis88. korufcia zrdis
Semosavlebis uTanabrobas da aferxebs ekonomikis ganviTarebas. maRali
korufciis done zrdis Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobas da
moqmedebs jinis koeficientze. korufciis zemoqmedeba Semosavlebis
uTanasworobas Soris gasaTvaliswinebelia. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma
SesaZlebelia, gamoiyenon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi aRniSnul
problemasTan dakavSirebiT. s. brijitma gamoikvlia, rom Savi fulis
gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, rac zrdis finansuri
danaSaulisa da terorizmis dafinansebis SesaZleblobebs. Tu qveyanas
eqneba SesaZlebloba dasZlios Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema, sxva
finansuri danaSauli da terorizmi, qveynis socialuri mdgomareoba
82Drabek Z., And Payne W., The Impact Of Transperency On Foreign Director Investment, Staff Working Paper, Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1999, Erad-99-02, 83Chander K., What Is Capital Flight? The World Economy, Vol. 25, 2002, P.341-58 84Fahim A., Al-Marhubi, Corruption And Inflation, 1999, P.27 85Johnston, M., Corruption, Inequality, And Change, Corruption, Development And Inequality, London: Routledge, 1989, P.13-37 86Keefer, P. And Knack, S., Why Don’t Poor Countries Catch Up? A Crossnational Test of an Institutional Explanation, Economic Inquiry 35, 1997, 590-602. 87Gupta, S., Davoodi, H., And Alonso-Terme, R., Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality And Poverty?” Economics of Governance 3: 2002, 23-45. 88Rose-Ackerman S., Corruption And Government: Causes, Consequences, And Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, P.9
34
gaumjobesdeba89. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mZime adgilobrivi fiskaluri
politikisaTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, xSirad investorebs gaaqvT
kapitali sxva qveyanaSi90. aucilebelia, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
sagadasaxado sistemis mniSvnelobaze. qveynebSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli
sagadasaxado sistema erT-erTi faqtoria, romelic xels uwyobs kapitalis
gatanas sxva qveyanaSi, zustad amitom aris, rom sagadasaxado oazisebi
sakmaod efeqtianad izidaven ucxour investiciebs. saintereso kvleva aris
aseve warmodgenili j. Bradas mier, romelmac daaskvnes, rom pui-s 10%
aralegalur nakads warmoadgens91. arakanonieri gziT miRebuli fuladi
nakadebis moculoba, romelic gadaadgildeba ganviTarebadi qveynebidan,
SesaZlebelia, meti iyos vidre erTi trilioni aSS dolari wlis
ganmavlobaSi. mkvlevrebis azriT, qveynidan Savi fulis, kapitalis gatana
dakavSirebulia warmoSobis realuri wyaros damalviT, xolo ukanono
Semosavlebis legalizaciis procesze politikuri da organizaciul-
samarTlebrivi xasiaTis faqtorebis arseboba amcirebs aRniSnuli
problemis dones92.
Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs sxvadasxva negatiuri efeqti qveynis
mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. Tu mimovixilavT j. makdouelisa da j. novisis
kvlevas, SegveZleba gamovkveToT fulis gaTeTrebis negatiuri Sedegebi:
kerZo seqtorisaTvis legitimuri Ziris gamoTxra, kontrolis Semcireba
saxelmwifo struqturebSi, ekonomikuri stabilurobis rRveva, ekonomikuri
dovlaTis Semcireba, Tu sxv.93
1.3. fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi
am paragrafSi ganxilulia Savi fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi,
unificirebuli meTodebi da xerxebi. M
miuxedavad legalizaciis meqanizmebisa da sqemebis
89Yikona S., Slot B., Geller M., Hansen B., El Kadiri F., Ill-Gotten Money And The Economy, Experiences From Malawi And Namibia, 2011, P.16 90Commission Communication Com 254, Concerning the Need to Develop a Coordinated Strategy to Improve the Fight against Fiscal Fraud, 2006 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52007AE0406 91Brada J.C., Et Al., Illicit Money Flows As Motivates For Fdi: Evidence from a Sample Tradition Economics, 2010, P.2 92FATF, The Use Of The FATF Recommendations To Combat Corruption, 2013, P.147 93Mcdowell J., And Novis G., The Consequence Of Money Laundering And Financial Crime, Economic Perspective, 2001, P.6-8
35
mravalferovnebisa, maTi safuZveli praqtikulad erTi teqnologiaa.. am
teqnologiis arsi ki Semdegia: moaxdinos arsebuli saxsrebis investireba
ise, rom aqtivebis wyarom eWvi ar gamoiwvios. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
aucilebelia ukanonod miRebuli resursis sxva saxis aqtivSi investireba.
teqnologiur operacias, rodesac pirvelad xdeba ukanono aqtivis
investireba, “ganTavseba” ewodeba.
sqema 2. ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis wyaroebi
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia.
kriminaluri dajgufeba cdilobs, maleve gadavides meore-
“danawevrebis” fazaze. ukanono Semosavlebis mowyveta warmoSobis
wyarosgan mimarTulia kvalis arevaze, finansur operaciaSi legaluri da
aralegaluri aqtivebis SerwymiT. “danawevrebis” fazis Semdeg Savi fulis
gamTeTrebelTa qmedebebis gamomJRavneba rTuldeba. dgeba ukanaskneli
etapi, rodesac damkveTma unda miiRos Tavisi ukanono Semosavali
“legaluri” aqtivebis saxiT. kriminalistebis mier gasaTeTrebeli aqtivebi
partiebad iyofa da sxvadasxva sferoSi investirdeba.
cxrili 1. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis etapebi
ganTavseba danawevreba integracia
msxvili savaluto Tanxis formireba
dabali Rirebulebis mqone
banknotebiT
fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgileba sabanko angariSebze garigebis safuZvelze, raTa SeiniRbos
fuladi saxsrebis adgilmdebareobis da sakuTrebis
warmoSobis wyaro
gaTeTrebuli fuladi saxsrebis
ekonomikur aqtivobebSi
CarTva sxvadasxva finansuri
wyaroebi
narkobiznesi
iaraRis arakanonieri warmoeba da Semdgomi gayidva
trefikingi
danaSauli Tanamedrove teqnologiebis sferoSi
saxsrebis (maT Soris sabiujeto) arakanonieri gzebiT miTviseba
36
didi odenobiT ukanono valutis
konvertacia saeWvo formebSi
fiqtiuri pirebis angariSis gamoyeneba
instrumentebisa da garigebebis gamoyenebiT
Savi fulis deponireba ofSorul bankebSi, romlebic
regulirdeba Senatanebze informaciis gaucemlobis mkacri
kanonebiT
araoperirebadi da saeWvo korporaciebis gamoyeneba
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia.
Semdgom fazaze danawevrebuli aqtivebi konsolidirdeba
damkveTisaTvis mosaxerxebeli formiT. am etapma “integraciis” saxelwodeba
miiRo. “integraciis” stadiaze aralegaluri Semosavlebi ideba msoflio
sabanko sistemaSi keTilsindisierad naSovni saxsrebis saxiT94.
gaTeTrebis bazisuri sqemis samfaziani modeli amJamad yvelaze
gavrcelebulia samecniero literaturaSi. Tumca, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
sqemebi mravalferovania. am sqemebis teqnologiebis Seswavla mniSvnelovani
Teoriuli da praqtikuli amocanaa, vinaidan maszea damokidebuli ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis strategiis SerCeva.
gaTeTrebis analogiuri qmedebebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi iyo
cnobili. vaWrebi mevaxSeebTan, molaparakebis safuZvelze procents
ixdidnen jarimis saxiT. mevaxSe xels uwyobda vaWars, gaeTeTrebina
aralegalurad miRebuli saxsrebi. vaWari ki vadagadacilebis periodSi
mevaxSes jarimebis saxiT awvdida solidur Tanxas95.
m. lanskim aseve aRmoaCina Sveicariis bankebis danomrili angariSebis,
bahamis ofSorebisa da saTamaSo biznesis upiratesobebi vinaidan miRebuli
Semosavali ar eqvemdebareba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvras, miRebuli
Semosavlis wyaros identificireba saxelmwifos prioritetul interesTa
94Australian Government, Australian Transaction Reports And Analysis Centre, Introduction To Money Laundering, 2008, P.4 95Dr. Uribe R., Changing Paradigms On Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering Unit, America, Cicad/Oas, 2003, P.1
37
sferos scildeba. yvela did qveyanas aqvs Tavisi e.w. samalavi, sadac isini
fuls aTeTreben da gadasaxadebs malaven96.
sqema 3. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis riskis done TiToeul etapze
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
sqema 4. Savi fulis mimRebi obieqtebi
96xaCiZe n., ofSorebi: yvela qveynis arCevnebis dafinansebis wyaro, anu vin vis ebrZvis ofSorul omSi; Tbilisi, 2016, gv.9
aRreva
integracia
maRali riski
maRali riski
saSualo riski
saSualo riski
Seqmna
konsolidacia
ganTavseba
realizacia
maRali riski
38
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
biznesis sfero, romelic xasiaTdeba fuladi saxsrebis brunvis maRali
maCvenebliT
megobrebi da axloblebi
sadilero kompaniebi
obieqtebi
finansuri institutebi
turistuli saagentoebi
valutis gadamcvleli jixurebi
servisis mimwodebeli kompaniebi
39
sqema 5. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia
meTodebi
“smerfingi” – naRdi fulis gadaqceva
finansur instrumentad
wvrili banknotebis gadaqceva Zvirad Rirebul aqtivad
korespondentuli urTierTobebis
gamoyeneba bankebs Soris
ukanonod miRebuli Savi fulis gadaricxva
sazRvargareT
operaciebis struqturireba naRdi fuliT
sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis borotad
gamoyeneba yalbi kvalis Seqmna
koleqtiuri angariSebis gamoyeneba
tranzituli angariSebis gamoyeneba
finansur institutebze kontrolis daweseba
garantiebis gamoyeneba
gacvliTi saqmianoba
40
sqema 6. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia
meTodebi
qonebis yidva-gayidva
fuladi saxsrebis
gadaqceva finansur
instrumentad
Cekebis,
gadaricxvebis
gamoyeneba,
obligaciebisა da aqciebis SeZena,
sxv.
fulis ganTavseba
SesaZen aqtivebSi,
romelic SeiZleba
gaiyidos qveynis
SigniT an gareT
fondebis
eleqtronuli
gadaricxva
eleqtornuli
saSualebebis
gamoyeneba.
aRniSnuli meTodis
sirTules warmoadgens:
siswrafe, kvalis
damalvis maRali
xarisxi
Savi fulis
gadaricxva sxva
fondebis angariSze
fiqtiuri
garigebebis
gamoyenebiT
41
sqema 7. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia
meTodebi
uZravi qonebis
gayidva
gaTeTreba kazinosa da
latariis meSveobiT
transfertuli
fasebi – Semosavali,
rogorc gansxvaveba
fiqtiur da realur
fass Soris
Savi fulis ganTavseba
SesaZen aqtivebSi,
romelic SeiZleba
gaiyidos qveynis
SigniT an gareT
sakuTrebis deponireba
sabanko angariSebze
garigeba fasis
matebiT
fiqtiuri kompaniebi
da yalbi kreditebi
garigeba fasTa
SemcirebiT
qvemoT mocemulia legalizaciis ZiriTadi meTodebi:
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia sabanko sistemis gamoyenebiT
msoflio finansur sistemaSi bankebs centraluri adgili ukaviaT.
transnacionalur bankebs aqvT sakmaod farTo qseli filialebisა da
Svilobili bankebis saxiT mTel msoflioSi. globaluri da msxvili
transnacionaluri bankebi akontroleben mTeli sabanko aqtivebis
daaxloebiT 85%-s97. Semdegi donea adgilobrivi bankebi, romlebsac ucxour
bankebTan aqvT farTo sakorespondento urTierTobebis qseli. msoflio
sabanko sistemis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani jgufia ofSoruli bankebi. maT
gareSe praqtikulad arc erTi transnacionaluri bankis operaciebi ar
tardeba. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxis mkvlevris p. bernaskonis azriT,
gamTeTreblis mizania hqondes sabanko angariSi Seulaxavi reputaciis mqone
bankSi. amisaTvis saWiroa, aralegaluri Savi fuli ganTavsdes damnaSavis
mier kontrolirebad, an patara moculobis bankis sabanko angariSze da
sakorespondento kavSirebis meSveobiT gadatanil iqnas msxvil, unaklo
reputaciis mqone bankSi, romlis angariSebzec ukanono Semosavlebi
kanonier saxes miiReben98. msxvili anonimuri sabanko sistemis naTel
magaliTad, romelic warmatebiT funqcionirebda 2002 wlamde, SeiZleba,
davasaxeloT avstriuli sistema “Semnaxveli wignaki“, romelic iZleoda
saSualebas, naRdi saxsrebi ganTavsebuliyo Semnaxvel wignakebze. is
ixsneboda garkveuli kodiT. koduri sityvis dasaxeleba sakmarisi iyo Savi
fulis gasanaRdeblad. arsebobda 26 milioni aseTi Semnaxveli wignaki,
romlebzec jamurad 50 miliard aSS dolarze meti inaxeboda99, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom avstriis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 8.4 milionia,
sakmaod saintereso mignebaa100. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier
gamoxatulma negatiurma damokidebulebam avstriis xelisufleba aiZula,
gaeuqmebina anonimuri Semnaxveli wignakebis sistema. b. brexti ambobda: “Tu
gsurs Zarcva-iyide banki!“101. magaliTad, nauruSi 1990-ian wlebSi bankis
gaxsna daaxloebiT 6,500 aSS dolari Rirda102.
97http://www.allbanks.org/main/list/42.html 98Cambridge Study, Money Laundering, 2004, P.102-103 99Lilley P., Dirty Dealing, 2006, P.10-11 100http://www.austria.org/population/ 101Lilley P., Dirty Dealing, 2006, P.12 102Kochan N., The Washing Machine: How Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Soils Us, 2011
43
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia arasabanko finansuri
institutebis meSveobiT
arasabanko finansuri institutebi-sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da
sxva fondebi iseve, rogorc fuladi gzavnilis sistemebi, mkacr
konkurencias uweven bankebs da aqtiurad gamoiyenebian ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisaTvis. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisaTvis sakmaod moqnili
instrumentia angariSsworebis centrebi, romlebic fulad davalebebs
asruleben. isini mosaxerxebelia rigi finansuri danaSaulebis Casadenad.
fulad davalebebs iyenebs daaxloebiT 30 milioni adamiani yovelwliurad
biznesis sawarmoeblad, aseve, ojaxebisaTvis Savi fulis gasagzavnad.
fuladi gzavnilebis seqtori sxva fuladi momsaxurebebis seqtorTan
SedarebiT didi ar aris, magram masze wvdoma gacilebiT martivi da iafia.
eleqtronuli fuladi gadaricxvebi da kriptovalutebi
axali meTodebi gulisxmobs internetiTa da telefoniT
ganxorcielebul gadaricxvebs. aSS-s federaluri finansuri organizaciis
eqspertTa sabWom SeimuSava saxelmZRvanelo saxelwodebiT “internetis
identifikacia sabanko garemoSi103“. dokumenti finansur organizaciebs
rekomendacias aZlevs, gamoiyenon klientis saidentifikacio monacemebi
iseTi formiT, rom misaRebi iyos am produqtebisa da maTi
momsaxurebisaTvis. bankebi finansuri sistemis erT-erTi elementia da is
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi gamoiyeneba.
Senatanebis danawevrebis teqnologia
saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, araerTi qveynis
sakanonmdeblo Tu normatiuli aqtiT ganisazRvra finansuri operaciebis
zRvruli limitebi (15,000 evro, 10,000 aSS dolari, 30,000 lari). am
limitebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Sesaxeb savaldebulo
ar aris bankebis mier Sesabamisi saxelmwifo struqturisaTvis angariSgebis
formis miwodeba. imisaTvis, rom damnaSaveebma Tavi aaridon
ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Sesaxeb specialuri struqturebisaTvis
Setyobinebebis gagzavnas, Savi fuli iyofa mcire tranSebad.
birJebTan da safondo bazarTan dakavSirebuli Savi fulis
103Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Supplement To Authentication In An Internet Banking Environment, P.1-12
44
gaTeTrebis sqemebi
fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze operaciebis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT
garkveul firmebs an sxva uflebamosil pirebs, magaliTad: brokerebs,
damoukidebel finansur konsultantebsa da sxv. yvelaze martivi da
gavrcelebulia e.w. dabrunebis meqanizmi, romelic Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
araerT sqemaSi gamoiyeneba. davuSvaT, danaSaulebriv dajgufebas
aralegaluri Savi fuli aqvs qveyanaSi, sadac ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis aRkveTis susti meqanizmebia. brokerTan dadebul
xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebulia, rom bazarze ganxorcielebuli
operaciebidan miRebuli Semosavali unda gadairicxos kargi reputaciis
mqone banksa da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis kontrolis
mkacri meqanizmebis mqone qveyanaSi. gaxsnil angariSze iricxeba
aralegaluri Savi fuli104.
Savi fulis gaTeTreba sadazRvevo meqanizmebis meSveobiT
sadazRvevo momsaxurebis msoflio bazari (sadazRvevo premiebis
moculobiT) Sefasebulia 5.0 trilion aSS dolarad105. sadazRvevo biznesi
metad mravalferovania. ukanono Semosavlebis mflobeli sadazRvevo
saagentosTan debs garigebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs sadazRvevo SemTxvevis
dadgomas. damnaSave sabanko angariSze aTavsebs Tanxas naRdi formiT, magram
banki, romelic icnobs sadazRvevo kompanias, ar amowmebs saxsrebis
warmoSobis wyaros. sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis Semdeg ki gaTeTrebuli
Savi fuli brundeba klientis angariSze. saWiroa mxolod Sesabamisi
sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgoma, romlis inscenirebac gamocdili Savi
fulis gamTeTreblisaTvis sakmaod martivia106. isini icnoben mzRvevels da
Tvlian, rom es kanonieri Savi fulia.
Savi fulis gaTeTreba arakomerciuli da saqvelmoqmedo
organizaciebis meSveobiT
saqvelmoqmedo da sxva arakomerciuli organizaciebi msoflio
ekonomikis mZlavri seqtoria. msoflioSi moqmedebs 610-ze meti
arakomerciuli, saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, romlebSic sakmaod soliduri
104Мельников В. Н., Мовсесян А. Г., Противодействие Легализации Отмывания Незаконных Доходов. Москва, 2007, С.169 105Global Insurance Market Opportunities, 2015, P.4 106 National Money Laundering Risk Assessment, 2015, P.11-12
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46
wyaros Semowmebis gareSe. ofSoruli sabanko biznesi ofSoruli biznesis
yvelaze prestiJuli da rTuli seqtoria. sabanko dawesebulebebs wamyvani
adgili ukaviaT ofSorul finansur centrebSi, sadac saerTaSoriso sabanko
saqmianobisTvis Seqmnilia farTo SesaZleblobebi. ofSoruli bankebis
depozitebze arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis moculoba 21 trln. dolars
aRemateba110. ofSoruli kompaniebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb mewarmeebisaTvis
kargadaa cnobili. rodesac saubaria ofSoruli biznesis upiratesobebze,
mxedvelobaSi aqvT misi anonimuroba da konfidencialuroba. britaneTis
mTavrobis monacemebiT, “arakeTilsindisieri“ ofSorebis gamo didi
britaneTi weliwadSi kargavs daaxloebiT 1 trilion dolars
gadasaxadebis saxiT111. rogorc klientebis, aseve kontragentebis saxiT,
qarTul sabanko seqtorSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba kviprosze, britaneTis
virjiniis kunZulebze, gibraltarsa da seiSelis kunZulebze
registrirebuli kompaniebi. m. lanski Tvlida, rom yvela transnacionaluri
finansuri sqema ZiriTadad ofSorebze gadis112. dResdReobiT, msoflioSi
daaxloebiT 100 ofSoruli zonaa, romelTa Soris umsxvilesad iTvleba
panama (registrirebulia daaxloebiT 400 aTasi kompania) da britaneTis
virjiniis kunZulebi (200 aTasze meti registrirebuli kompaniiT)113. axal
ekonomikur garemoSi Seiqmna msoflio ekonomikur istoriaSi unikaluri
SesaZlebloba “Crdilovani” ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisaTvis. lankisTvis, ofSoruli biznesis erT-erTi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania konfidencialurobis problema114. aRniSnuli
garemoeba gamowveulia adamianebis mier gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis
surviliT, agreTve, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
aqtivizaciisa da ucxouri kapitalis mizidvis mcdelobiT, romelic
efuZneba sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebis dawesebas. sxvadasxva saxis
SeRavaTiani pirobebi iqmneboda jer kidev finikielebis ayvavebis periodSi,
Semdgom Tavisufali vaWrobis centrad iqca aTenis pirveli sazRvao
kavSiris (delosis kavSiri, romelic C.w. 478–477 ww. aerTianebda egeosis
110Forbes, Super Rich Hide $21 Trillion Offshore, 2012 111Porteous K., Hudson M., And Chavkin S., The International Consortium Of Investigative Journalist, A Project Of The Center For Public Integrity, https://www.icij.org/blog/2013/04/release-offshore-records-draws-worldwide-response 112Richard Friman H., And Andreas P., The Illicit Global Economy And State Power, P.55 113Madinger J., Money Laundering: A Guide for Criminal Investigators. Third Edition, 2011, P.13 114Friman H. R., And Andreas P., The Illicit Global Economy And State Power, P.198-199
47
zRvispira qalaqebsa da kunZulebs) dedaqalaqi-kunZuli delosi115.
ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi
ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi da ofSoruli bankebi Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis TiTqmis yvela sqemaSi gamoiyeneba. ofSori ewodeba teritorias,
sadac ucxoeli pirebis kuTvnili kompaniebi sargebloben gansakuTrebulad
SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT. istoriulad, satrasto meqanizmi
namdvili mesakuTris vinaobis dasafarad gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove
msoflioSi iurisprudenciis sferoSi ingliselebis es udidesi miRweva
Sesabamisad Sefasda danaSaulebrivi samyaros mier. trasti-es aris
samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic warmoiSoba marwmuneblis mier
qonebis rwmunebulisaTvis sakuTrebaSi gadacemisas, raTa rwmunebuli
flobdes da marTavdes qonebas beneficiari marwmuneblis sasargeblod.
rwmunebuli flobs qonebas ara sakuTari mogebis miRebis mizniT, aramed
beneficiaris interesebisaTvis. trasti ZiriTadad im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,
rodesac aucilebelia qonebis izolireba misi mflobelis potenciuri
problemebisagan. Tumca, mflobels unda darCes garkveuli kontrolis, an
Semosavlis miRebis ufleba.
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meqanizmebi brunvadi saxsrebis
gamoyenebiT
ganTavsebis fazaze Savi fulis gamTeTrebelma unda SeZlos naRdi
fulis gamoyeneba da anonimurobis dacva. rogorc ganvixileT, ukanono
Semosavlis legalizacia CikagoSi, samrecxaoebSi daiwyo. samrecxaos
biznesis arCeva ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom is dakavSirebuli iyo didi
odenobiT naRdi Savi fulis brunvasTan. samrecxao biznesis Semdeg
kriminalurma dajgufebam gadawyvita investiciebis ganxorcieleba rZis
warmoebaSi. dajgufebam daaarsa rZis kompania “midoumur deiri,” romelSic
aikrZala profkavSirebis saqmianoba. SemoiRes sortireba da akrZales
uxarisxo rZis gayidva CikagoSi. 1928 wels rZis warmoebis biznesis
Semosavalma 10 milion, xolo 1931 wels-50 milion amerikul dolars
miaRwia116. SeZenili standartebis Seusabamo rZe iZleoda SesaZleblobas,
dajgufebas mieRo damatebiTi Semosavali, romelic ukanono saqmianobidan
115Sharife K., Building Africa's Tax Havens, website: http://www.pambazuka.org/governance/building-africas-tax-havens 116William Tuohy J., The Milk Men, UK, 2001, P.1-2
48
miRebul wyaros warmoadgenda, ris Semdegac legalizebul saxsrebs
urevdnen kvalis arevis mizniT. e. rebSerisa da v. valenkampas kvlevebiT,
danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli fuladi saxsrebis
legalizaciisaTvis yvelaze aqtiurad Semdegi saxis organizaciebi
gamoiyeneba: barebi, sastumroebi, sxvadasxva kulturuli saRamoebis
momwyobi saagentoebi, antikvaruli maRaziebi, saiuvilerio maRaziebi,
momsaxurebis sfero, samSeneblo firmebi, dawesebulebebi, romlebic
vaWroben liToniTa Tu Zvirfasi qvebiT117. legalizaciis sqemebSi
lideroben is mimarTulebebi, romlebic anonimurobis dacvisa da didi
odenobiT naRdi Savi fuliT operirebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian. pirvel
rigSi, es aris saTamaSo biznesi, romlis didi nawilic xSirad
danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis kontrols eqvemdebareba. 2015 wels msoflio
saTamaSo biznesis Semosavlebis moculobam 159,71 miliardi aSS dolari
Seadgina118. kazino pirveli arasabanko finansuri organizacia gaxda,
romlisganac Savi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis principebis Sesabamisi
specialuri programebis SemuSaveba moiTxoves. samarTaldamcavi organoebis
angariSebi cxadyofs, rom damnaSaveebi kazinoSi saxsrebs ZiriTadad
aralegaluri Savi fulis e.w. fiSkebze gadacvliT aTeTreben, ris merec
garkveuli periodi inaxaven maT. mogvianebiT damnaSaveebi fiSkebs cvlian
kazinos Cekze an fuladi saxsrebis romeliRac misamarTze miwodebas
iTxoven. aSS-s kazinodan miRebulma Semosavlebis moculobam 65,497 milioni
aSS dolari Seadgina119.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis miznebisaTvis metad popularulia
saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebebis dadeba. am mizniT umetesad gamoiyeneba
sportuli inventari, kompiuterebi, televizorebi, eleqtro aparatura,
avtomobilebi da sxv. ori yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi dakavSirebulia
saqonlis gadafasebasTan. sqema gadafasebis gamoyenebiT gulisxmobs iseTi
invoisis Sedgenas, romelic aRemateba Sesabamisi saqonlis realur
Rirebulebas. es importiors saSualebas aZlevs, gadaitanos fuladi
saxsrebi ofSorul zonaSi, rogorc importirebuli saqonlisaTvis
117Шашкова А.В, Международная И Национальная Практика Противодействия Коррупции И Отмыванию Незаконных Доходов. Практика Корпоративного Поведения, 2014, С.270 118http://www.statista.com/topics/1053/casinos/ globalcasinomarket 119http://www.statista.com/topics/1053/casinos/ U.S. casino market
49
gadasaxdeli Tanxa. vinaidan kompania ar ixdis saSemosavlo gadasaxads
ofSorul zonebSi, isini realurze bevrad ufro maRal fass aweseben da
exmarebian fulis gaTeTrebaSi.
Zvirfasi liTonebisa da qvebis gamoyeneba ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisTvis
oqro da sxva Zvirfasi liTonebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi asrulebdnen
naRdi Savi fulis funqcias, amitom maTi gamoyeneba ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisaTvis savsebiT kanonzomieria. oqrosa da sxva Zvirfas
liTonebs aqvT upiratesoba-isini maRali faseulobis kompaqturi sagnebia.
oqro ,faqtobrivad, mTel msoflioSi iyideba naRd fulze. Savi fuli
yvelaze martivad maSin TeTrdeba, rodesac klienti ukanono gziT naSovni
saxsrebiT yidulobs gamyidvelisgan oqros. kriminaluri dajgufebebi
cdiloben, damalon oqros warmoSobis namdvili wyaro yalbi gadazidvis
dokumentebis Seqmnis gziT. es sqema maT xels uwyobT, ganaxorcielon
gadaricxvebi da gadaitanon aralegaluri saxsrebi. antverpenis (belgia)
almasis umsxviles bazarze yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 70 miliardi aSS
dolari xvdeba. am bazris tradiciaa garigebis dadebisas anonimurobis
dacva, rac idealur garemos hqmnis fulis gasaTeTreblad. FATF-ma
gamoavlina SemTxveva, rodesac adamianma SeiZina 2.4 milioni aSS dolaris
Rirebulebis saiuvilero nakeTobebi, risTvisac gadaixada naRdi fuli.
rogorc gairkva, mas ar hqonda mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, arc
samsaxuri, xolo Tanxa miRebuli iyo narkotikebiT vaWrobidan120.
korumpirebuli pirebis roli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi
FATF yuradRebas uTmobs politikosebis rols ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis procesSi. im fuladi saxsrebis wyaro, romelic gavlenian
pirs surs gaaTeTros, SeiZleba, iyos korufciasTan dakavSirebuli
Semosavlebi. gavleniani politikuri pirebi xSirad iyeneben agentebs
finansuri operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad. am gziT gavleniani piri Tavs
aridebs makontrolebeli organoebis arasasurvel yuradRebas.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis ZiriTadi sqemebi
saqarTveloSi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sqemebis tipebis dadgenisas
120FATF, Report Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Through Trade In Diamonds, October 2013, P.114-115
50
erovnuli Taviseburebebi umravles SemTxvevaSi ar gaiTvaliswineba. Tumca,
Cven ganvixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis im calkeul meTodebs, romlebic
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba saqarTveloSi. evropis sabWos Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa
mier saqarTvelos 2010 wlis gakeTebul SefasebaSi xazgasmulia swored
statistikuri monacemebis simwire da sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis srulyofisa
da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtianobis
amaRlebis mizniT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis tipologiuri xerxebis
gamovlenis aucilebloba. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis erT-erT
yvelaze martiv meTodad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT uZravi qonebis
yidva/gayidva. vinaidan savaldebulo ar aris nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi
miTiTebuli Tanxis gadacemisa an miRebis faqtis dadastureba.
fulis gaTeTrebis erT-erTi moqnili meqanizmia finansuri
institutebis gamoyeneba, lombardebi, valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi da
bankebi. marTalia, isini ukve sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sferoSi arian
moqceulni, magram umetesad ar xdeba klientebis identificireba, rac karg
SesaZleblobas qmnis fulis gasaTeTreblad. sabanko seqtorSi aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba Semdegi meTodebi: saxsrebis danawevrebis teqnologia, kvalis
arevis meTodi da fiqtiuri garigebebis dadeba, magram invoisebisa da
kontraqtebis realurobis dadgena praqtikulad SeuZlebelia121. aseve, xdeba
fiqtiuri pirebis gamoyeneba tranzaqciebis gansaxocieleblad. unda
aRiniSnos, sakanonmdeblo gamonaklisiT efeqturad sargeblobis
SesaZleblobac. magaliTad, sabanko angariSze depozitis ganTavseba, Tanxis
odenobis miuxedavad ar ganekuTvneba savaldebulo reJimSi gadasacem
operaciaTa kategorias im mizeziT, rom aRniSnulma zomam ar gamoiwvios
sabanko sistemaSi naRdi fuladi resursis Sedinebis Semcireba.
mocemul TavSi gavecaniT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sxvadasxva meTods
da gamovikvlieT, rom arsebobs erTi unificirebuli midgoma, romelic
gulisxmobs ganTavsebas, danawevrebasa da gaerTianebas. amasTanave,
gamovikvlieT, TiToeul etapze riskis done, vinaidan maszea damokidebuli
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis strategiis SerCeva. vnaxeT, rom
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebs ZiriTadad ar axasiaTebT nacionaluri
121saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi
51
Taviseburebebi da maTi tipebis dadgenisas amis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba,
vinaidan ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
garigebis umetesoba atarebs transnacionalur xasiaTs. aseve, mimovixileT
ofSoruli zonis upiratesobebi, Savi fulis gaTeTrebiT dainteresebuli
pirTaTvis da kvlevis safuZvelze gamovavlineT saqmianobis iseTi tipebi,
romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Savi fulis gasaTeTreblad.
Tavi II. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso
gamocdileba
2.1. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi
am paragrafis mizania ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis
52
legalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavla.
aRniSnuli kvleva moicavs fulis gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebisa da gaerTianebebis gacnobas iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva
samecniero JurnalSi, qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi saerTaSoriso
normativebis mimoxilvas.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
saerTaSoriso danaSaulis aRkveTis mizniT miRebul iqna zomebi122. 1989
wels parizSi “didi Svideulis“ warmomadgeneli qveynebis Sexvedraze
Seiqmna fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis finansur qmedebaTa
specialuri jgufi, Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), romelic
moicavs 35 saxelmwifosa da or regionul organizacias-evrokomisiasa da
sparseTis yuris qveynebis TanamSromlobis sabWos123. FATF-is ofisi
ganTavsebulia ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis,
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) SenobaSi, parizSi124.
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansur qmedebaTa specialuri jgufi
Tavisi saqmianobis koordinirebas axdens gaerosTan, evrosabWosTan,
msoflio bankTan, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan, interpolTan, saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis sabWosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan125. FATF-is
struqturis samuSao jgufebi dakavebulni arian statistikis, ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis iuridiuli sakiTxebiTa da rekomendaciebis,
winadadebebisa Tu sxva normis SemuSavebiT. 1990 wlis TebervalSi FATF-ma
SeimuSava 40 specialuri rekomendacia, romelic miznad isaxavs erovnul
doneze fulis gaTeTrebis procesis aRkveTis xelSewyobas126. FATF ikvlevs
da axdens ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis ZiriTadi sqemebis
klasificirebas da periodulad afasebs, sruldeba Tu ara misi
rekomendaciebi. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis
122Standard Chartered, Fighting Financial Crime, What Is Money Laundering? August, 2017, P.1 123Financial Action Task Force (FATF), website: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/faq/membercountriesandobservers/ 124The Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development (OECD), website: https://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/toolkit/moneylaundering.htm 125Institute Of International And European Affairs, Setting And Implementing Global Standards Against Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing, Dublin, Ireland, February, 2014, P.2-4 126International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, The FATF Recommendations, February, 2012, P.11-31
53
efeqturobis Sefaseba FATF-is mier SemuSavebuli specialuri meTodikis
mixedviT xdeba. konkretulad ki, SeimCneva Tu ara Sida erovnul
kanonmdeblobaSi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg progresi. FATF-is
saqmianobis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa im qveynebis monitoringi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba organizebuli danaSaulobis mier ukanono Semosavlebis
legalizaciisTvis da periodulad awyobs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi finansur,
iuridiul da sakanonmdeblo problemebze konferenciebs. FATF-is 40
rekomendacia ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis
iniciativiT 1990 wels SemuSavda. 1996 wels rekomendaciebi gadaixeda. imave
wels es rekomendaciebi moiwona 130-ze metma saxelmwifom127.
rekomendacia 1-3 eZRvneba fulis gaTeTrebis kriminalizacias,
romelic ixilavs fulis gaTeTrebas rogorc danaSauls, romelic
aucilebelia, gaTvaliwinebul iqnas yvela civilizebuli qveynis
kanonmdeblobaSi;
rekomendaciebSi 4-20 asaxulia normebi, romlebic exeba
finansuri organizaciebis meSveobiT ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa
da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTas;
rekomendaciebi 21-22 ganixilavs calkeuli zomebis miRebis
sakiTxs im qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi ar
Seesabameba FATF-is rekomendaciebs;
rekomendaciebi 23-25 exeba regulirebisa da zedamxedvelobis
sakiTxebs;
rekomendaciebi 26-32 moicavs kompetenturi organoebis
resursebsa da uflebamosilebas;
rekomendaciebSi 33-34 miTiTebulia iuridiuli pirebis
gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelsayofad misaRebi zomebi;
rekomendaciebSi 35-40 aRwerilia saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
wesebi.
FATF‐is rekomendaciebis gavlena da mniSvneloba uzarmazaria. maT
aCvenes, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas aqvs TviTorganizebis mZlavri
127FATF, International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, 2016, P.11-31
54
meqanizmi, raTa aRkveTos fulis gaTeTreba da saerTaSoriso danaSauloba
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da specialuri qvedanayofebi
aqtiurad monawileoben ekonomikuri danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
magaliTad, finansuri da maRalteqnologiuri danaSaulebis ganyofilebis
dakvirvebis obieqti fulis gaTeTrebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebia128.
aRniSnuli danaSaulebi ZiriTadad plastikuri baraTebisa da sxva
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba.
sqema 8. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis miznebi
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
egmontis jgufi 1995 wels 9 ivniss Seiqmna. misi saxelwodeba
momdinareobs briuselSi egmontis jgufis pirveli Sekrebis adgilis-
egmont-arenbergis sasaxlis saxelwodebidan. egmontis jgufis mizania
qveynebis finansuri monitoringis uwyebebs Soris TanamSromlobis
koordinaciisa da informaciis urTierTgacvlis xelSewyoba. egmontis
jgufSi amJamad 155 qveynis finansuri monitoringis uwyebaa gaerTianebuli.
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri egmontis jgufis wevria
2004 wlis 23 ivnisidan da aqtiurad aris CarTuli jgufis saqmianobaSi.
egmontis jgufis struqtura moicavs umaRles mmarTvel organos masSi
gawevrianebuli sxvadasxva qveynebis finansuri monitoringis ufrosebis
generaluri asambleis saxiT, romelic sul mcire weliwadSi erTxel
ikribeba129. egmontis jgufis saqmianobas safuZvlad udevs qartia, biujeti
ki formirdeba wevri saxelmwifoebis yovelwliuri SenatanebiTa da
128Europol Interpol Cybercrime Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, October, 2015, P.5 129ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, veb.gverdi: https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group
miznebi
sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
adekvaturi administraciuli sistemis formireba, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad makoordinirebuli organos gamoyofiT
finansur institutebze zedamxedvelobis gamkacreba, romelic miscems saeWvo an ukanono saqmianobis gakontrolebis SesaZleblobas
efeqturi saerTaSoriso meTodebis danergva fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
55
nebayoflobiTi SemowirulobebiT130. egmontis jgufTan TanamSromlobiTa
da gaeros iniciativis farglebSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis xelSewyobis
mizniT, Seiqmna monacemTa saerTaSoriso baza, romelic moicavs ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulebis Sesaxeb
monacemebs131.
sqema 9. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
meqanizmebi
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTaSi mniSvnelovani roli ukavia
evropis sabWos, romelic 1949 wels q. londonSi Seiqmna dasavleT evropis
aTi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis mier am organizaciis
wesdebis xelmoweris Sedegad. 1949-1970 ww. organizaciaSi gawevrianda
dasavleT evropis kidev 8 saxelmwifo. 1990 wlamde evropis sabWo dasavleT
evropis saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebad rCeboda. 1989 wels man SemoiRo
qveynebisaTvis specialuri stumris statusis miniWebis instituti, riTac
xeli Seewyo am organizaciis arawevr saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis
damyarebas. post-komunistur sivrceSi ganviTarebulma procesebma evropis
sabWos wevrTa Semadgenlobazec iqonia gavlena. q. venaSi, 1993 wels Catarda
wevri saxelmwifoebis samiti, sadac oficialurad dadasturda
organizaciis gafarTovebis politika: masSi gawevrianda socialisturi
banakis mravali saxelmwifo. dReisTvis damfuZnebeli 10 saxelmwifos
garda, sabWos wevri kidev 36 saxelmwifoa, maT Soris saqarTvelo. evropis
130Egmont, 15 Years Of Trust And Confidence, Annual Report, June 2009-July 2010, P.3 131International Money-Laundering Information Network/Anti-Money-Laundering International Database, United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/imolin-amlid.html
meqanizmebi
iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis finansuri da sagadasaxado aRricxva
sakuTari surviliT informaciis mowodeba fizikuri pirebis mier
adgilobrivi da ucxouri samarTaldamcavi organoebis operatiuli moqmedeba
profesiuli asociaciebis da TviTregulirebadi organizaciebis kontroli
fulis gaTeTrebis obieqtze zedamxedvelobis pasuxismgebeli piris gamoyofiT
kompaniebisa da bankebis gasvliTi kontroli
Sida auditoruli Semowmeba
56
sabWo ganixilavs evropis Tanamegobrobis yvela umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs,
rogorebicaa: adamianis uflebebi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi,
TanamSromloba samarTlebriv dargSi, socialuri da ekonomikuri
sakiTxebi, ganaTleba da sxv.132
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komiteti
da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli evraziis jgufi, romelTa saqmianobaSic monawileobs
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri. evropis sabWos fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul
eqspertTa komiteti-MONEYVAL moqmedebs evropis sabWos mandatiT. igi 1997
wels evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT Seiqmna. komitetis
miznad ganisazRvra fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso
meqanizmebTan evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis erovnuli sistemebis
Sesabamisobis Sefaseba. Tavis saSemfaseblo saqmianobaSi MONEYVAL-is
komiteti FATF-is rekomendaciebsa da praqtikas eyrdnoba. 1999 wlidan
saqarTvelo evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komitetis wevria. komitetSi
saqarTvelos warmoadgenen saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro,
saqarTvelos prokuratura da saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis
samsaxuri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos delegacias133.
MONEYVAL-is komiteti 30 wevrs aerTianebs. komitetis saqmianobis ZiriTadi
mizania fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso meqanizmebTan
evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis erovnuli sistemebis Sesabamisobis
Sefaseba134.
sabanko kontrolis ofSoruli jgufi daarsda XX saukunis
bolos oqtomberSi bazelis komitetis iniciativiT. Sexvedrebi da
sakiTxebis aqtiuri ganxilva umetesad weliwadSi erTxel xdeba. jgufi 17
saxelmwifos iniciativiT daarsda. dResdReobiT, axali monawileebi
132Council of Europe, website: https://www.coe.int/web/portal/home 133ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, veb.gverdi: https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group 134Council Of Europe, Committee Of Experts On The Evaluation Of Anti-Money Laundering Measures And The Financing Of Terrorism, MONEYVAL: 15 Years Fighting Money Laundering In Europe, 2012, P.1-2
57
jgufSi garkveuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg miiReba, rac
damokidebulia Sesabamis saerTaSoriso standartebTan dakavSirebuli
iurisdiqciis valdebulebebze, aseve sawevro gadasaxadze. amJamad, jgufis
wevrebi arian 19 saxelmwifos sabanko zedamxedvelobis organo. ZiriTad
miznad ki dasaxelda:
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba sazRvrispira regionuli sabanko
zedamxedvelobis saerTaSoriso standartebis SemuSavebasa da
ganxorcielebaSi;
jgufis wevr qveynebSi saerTaSoriso principebze dafuZnebuli
sabanko zedamxedvelobis standartebis danergva da jgufis wevri
saxelmwifoebis sabanko regulatorTa muSaobis ormxrivi Sefasebebis
Catareba.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba aqtiurad monawileobs Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi
Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso standartebis gaumjobesebiT, FATF-is muSaobaSi
monawileobis miRebiT da maT mier SemuSavebuli standartebis danergviT.
jgufi aseve aqtiurad TanamSromlobs sabanko zedamxedvelobis bazelis
komitetTan da aqtiur rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso standartebis
SeqmnaSi135.
1992 wlis 25 ivniss Savi zRvis auzis 11 qveynis: albaneTi,
somxeTi, azerbaijani, bulgareTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, moldova,
rumineTi, ruseTis federacia, TurqeTi da ukraina (serbeTi SeuerTda 2004
wlidan) saxelmwifo da mTavrobaTa meTaurebma, evropaSi mimdinare
movlenaTa swrafi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bosforis gancxadebis
miRebiTa da stambolis deklaraciis xelmoweriT safuZveli Cauyares Savi
zRvis ekonomikur TanamSromlobas, rasac safuZvlad daedo helsinkis
daskvniT aqtSi, evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis
mier miRebul dokumentebSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli principebi. Tanamegobrobis mTavar miznebs warmoadgenda
regionis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da stabiluroba, wevri qveynebis xalxis
keTildReoba da Savi zRvis sivrceSi demokratiuli procesebis
xelSewyoba. Savi zRvis ekonomikur TanamSromlobam moaxerxa regionuli 135The Group of International Finance Centre Supervisors, http://www.gifcs.org/index.php/about/history
58
iniciatividan saerTaSoriso ekonomikur organizaciad gardaqmna.
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mTavari regularuli organoa-sagareo saqmeTa
ministrTa sabWo, romlis sxdomasac win uswrebs ufrosi Tanamdebobis
pirTa komitetis Sexvedra. dargobrivi samuSao jgufebi, romlebic
atareben regularul Sexvedrebs, moicaven TanamSromlobis mraval sferos,
maT Soris organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebze,
statistikisa da informaciis gacvlis sakiTxebze, mecnierebisa da
teqnologiebis sakiTxebze, sabanko da safinanso sakiTxebze,
institucionaluri ganaxlebisa da myari mmarTvelobis sakiTxebze, sabaJo
sakiTxebze, saorganizacio sakiTxebze da sxv.136 fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ki Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
farglebSi xelmoweril iqna Semdegi mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebi, maT Soris:
SeTanxmeba wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan,
gansakuTrebiT ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb;
wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan, gansakuTrebiT
ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis damatebiTi oqmi;
wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan, gansakuTrebiT
ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis damatebiT oqmi terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb137.
aziis wynari okeanis regionuli ofisi dafuZnda 1995 wels
avstraliis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT. sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan
TanamSromlobiT, samdivno aqtiurad muSaobs aziis qveynebTan da iRebs
pasuxismgeblobas fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego politikisa da
iniciativebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, igi uzrunvelyofs fulis
gaTeTrebasTan brZolis efeqtiani meTodebis SemuSavebas. 1997 wlis
TebervalSi, fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxze gamarTuli meoTxe ukanasknel
simpoziumis Sedegad, aziis/wynari okeanis jgufi oficialurad
Camoyalibda avtonomiur organod, romelic Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda 13
136saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb.misamarTi: http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/MultilateralRelations/BSEC.aspx 137The Black Sea Economic Cooperation, www.bsec-organization.org
59
wevr qveyanas. 1997 wlidan moyolebuli aRniSnuli organo saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis, msoflio bankis, gaeros narkotikebisa da danaSaulis
ofisis, gaeros terorizmis aRmasrulebeli direqtoris, aziis ganviTarebis
bankis, Tanamegobrobis samdivnos, interpolisa da sxva organizaciebis
aqtiuri mxardaWeriT swrafad izrdeba138.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias komerciuli organizaciebic
ebrZvian. 2000 wlis 30 oqtombers msoflios 11-ma wamyvanma bankma-Societe
Generale, Deutsche Bank AG, ABN, AMRO Bank N.V., Banco Santander Central Hispano S.A.,
Credit Suisse Group, UBS AG, HSBC da Barclays Bank-ma xeli moaweres sabanko
seqtorSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb sayovelTao direqtivebs
(Wolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering Principles-volfsbergis principebi)139.
volfsbergis principebis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo OECD-im da
Transparency International-ma, romlebic dakavebulni arian korufciis winaaRmdeg
globaluri brZolis sakiTxebiT.
sainteresoa ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli evraziis jgufi-The Eurasian Group on
Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, (EAG), romelic 2004 wels
Seiqmna. misi ZiriTadi amocanebi moicavs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi saerTaSoriso standartebis gavrcelebas,
finansuri dazvervis farglebSi erToblivi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas,
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqturobis Sefasebas, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis gamocdilebis gaziarebasa da TanamSromlobis programis
koordinacias140.
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aseve mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs angariSsworebis saerTaSoriso banki141, fasiani
qaRaldebis komisiis saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic aerTianebs 70-ze
138Asia / Pacific Group On Money Laundering, website: http://www.apgml.org/about-us/page.aspx?p=91ce25ec-db8a-424c-9018-8bd1f6869162 139The Wolfsberg Group, Nk, Wolfsberg Statement On The Suppression Of The Financing Of Terrorism, 2002, P.1 140Agreement on the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, https://eurasiangroup.org/Agreement.pdf 141The BCBS Expands Its Guidelines On Anti-Money Laundering And Countering Terrorist Financing With A "General Guide To Account Opening", 2016, P.1-2
60
meti qveynis saxelmwifo organos142, finansuri stabilizaciis forumi,
romelic SeimuSavebs zomebs msoflioSi finansuri stabilurobis dacvis
mizniT143.
sqema 10. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba CarTuli fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis mogvarebis mizniT araerTi
konvenciaa miRebuli bolo aTwleulebis manZilze.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis
fuZemdebluri dokumentia 1988 wlis 20 dekembris “narkotikuli
saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Sesaxeb“ gaeros venis konvencia, romelSic daisva organizebuli
danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi144. konvenciaSi yuradReba eTmoba
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
sakiTxebs. monawileebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, miiRon sakanonmdeblo
zomebi, romlis Tanaxmadac kompetentur organoebs ufleba eqnebaT gascen
gankarguleba komerciuli dokumentebis wardgenis Sesaxeb.
142Objectives And Principles Of Securities Regulation, International Organization Of Securities Commissions, May 2003, P.16 143Financial Stability Board, Press Releases, Further Action Agreed To Address Decline In Correspondent Banking Relationships, P.1-2, July, 2017 144United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances, United Nations, 1988, P.4
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi
Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
organizacia
egmontis jgufi
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli azia-wynari okeanis
Tanamegobroba
sabanko kontrolis ofSoruli jgufi
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komiteti
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansuri
zomebis mimRebi samuSao jgufi
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansuri zomebis mimRebi karibis zRvis qveynebis samuSao jgufi
61
1988 wlis dekemberSi “didi Svideulis” qveynebis centraluri
bankebis xelmZRvanelobam bazelSi miiRo deklaracia, e.w. bazelis
deklaracia, romelSic aisaxa is principebi, romliTac xelmZRvaneloben
sabanko sistemebi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad145.
efeqturobisaTvis rekomendirebulia bankTan urTierTobis damyarebis
msurveli piris identificireba da finansuri garigebebis sferoSi moqmedi
sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebis dacvis aucilebloba.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRmkveTi ZiriTadi
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtia “danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebis gamovlenis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb’’
evropis sabWos konvencia, miRebuli 1990 wlis 8 noembers strasburgSi,
romelic aaxlovebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis samarTlebriv
Sefasebas monawile qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSi da SeimuSavebs
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis formebsa da procedurebs146.
2000 wels, palermoSi, gaeros samitze miiRes konvencia
“transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis
Sesaxeb”147, romlis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebulia sakuTrebis konfiskacia,
rodesac qoneba mopovebulia danaSaulebrivi gziT. agreTve, sabanko
saidumloebis ugulebelyofis aucilebloba, Tu finansuri operacia
dakavSirebulia aralegaluri kapitalis legalizebasTan. gaeros konvencia,
romelic miRebulia 2003 wels amyarebs mWidro samarTlebriv kavSirs
korufciasa da ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias Soris148.
“danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis,
moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis Sesaxeb“
evropis sabWos konvencia SemuSavebulia 2005 wlis 16 maiss. saqarTvelos
parlamentma misi ratificireba moaxdina 2013 wels. konvenciis monawilea 38
subieqti (maT Soris evrosabWos wevri 37 saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso
organizacia evrokavSiris saxiT), romelTaganac, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,
145The Basel Committee On Banking Supervision In Basel, Switzerland, A Set Of Minimum Capital Requirements For Banks, 1988, P.1-2 146Recommendation No. R (91) 12 Of The Committee Of Ministers To Member States Concerning The Setting Up And Functioning Of Arbitral Tribunals Under Article 42, Paragraph 2, Of The Convention Of 8 November 1990 On Laundering, Search, Seizure And Confiscation Of The Proceeds From Crime 147United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime And The Protocols Thereto, 2017 148United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, United Nations Convention Against Corruption, New York, 2004, P.1
62
25-s aqvs ratificirebuli149. varSavis konvencia efuZneba fulis gaTeTrebis
mimarTulebiT arsebul saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas, mxedvelobaSi iRebs
evropis sabWos 1990 wlis konvencias “danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli
Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis, moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb” da
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis mier 1999 wlis 9
dekembers miRebul saerTaSoriso konvencias “terorizmis dafinansebis
aRkveTis Sesaxeb" da misi mizania sazogadoebis dacvisaken mimarTuli
erTiani sisxlis samarTlis politikis ganxorcieleba. konvencia
avaldebulebs mxareebs miiRon iseTi sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas miscems “uzrunvelyon ukanono warmoSobis qonebis an am
danaSauliT miRebuli Semosavalis moZiebis, gamovlenis, amocnobis,
dayadaRebis, amoRebis da konfiskaciis SesaZlebloba, romelic mTlianad
an nawilobriv gamoiyeneba an gamoyofilia nebismieri gziT gamosayeneblad,
aralegaluri aqtivobebis dasafinanseblad da uzrunvelyos am mizniT
TanamSromloba maqsimaluri SesaZleblobis farglebSi“, “aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi konfiskacia gaukeTon im saSualebebs da Semosavals an qonebas,
romelTa Rirebulebac Seesabameba am Semosavals da gaTeTrebul qonebas”,
“swrafad moaxdinon identificireba, gamoavlinon, yadaRa daadon an
amoiRon qoneba, romelic eqvemdebareba konfiskacias”, “finansuri dazvervis
samsaxurs an, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier sxva kompetentur
organoebs, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom garigeba dakavSirebulia fulis
gaTeTrebasTan, SeaCeros an uari eTqvas mimdinare garigebasTan
dakavSirebul Tanxmobaze imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos garigebis analizi“150.
konvencia aseve iTvaliswinebs finansuri dazvervis samsaxurebis
urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebulebas an sxva saeWvo garigebis droulad
SeCerebis Taobaze. uflebamosilma samsaxurebma, ucxo finansuri dazvervis
samsaxuris mier moTxovnis safuZvelze, unda SeaCeron Tanxmobis micemaze
mimdinare garigebasTan dakavSirebiT im vadiT da im pirobis Sesabamisad,
romelic gamoiyeneba erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT garigebebis gadavadebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
cxrili 2. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ZiriTadi 149kvleviTi departamenti, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, 2015, gv.1-4 150varSavis konvencia, Tavi 5, muxli 47
63
saerTaSoriso dokumentebi
weli dokumentis dasaxeleba
1957 evropuli konvencia eqstradaciis Sesaxeb
1959 evropuli konvencia “sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze urTierTTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb”
1990-miRebuli 1996-gadaxedili
FATF-is 40 rekomendacia
1988
gaeros konvencia “narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”
1990 evropis sabWos konvencia “danaSaulebrivisaqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis gamovlenis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb’’
1991 evropis sabWos direqtiva N91/308/EEC finansuri sistemebis fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT gamoyenebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
dResdReobiT arsebobs sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumenti Tu
organizacia, romelic mimarTulia ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebisaTvis
legaluri saxis micemis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aRniSnuli
dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis ricxvi matulobs, rac xazs usvams
problemis aqtualurobas XXI saukuneSi.
2.2. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba qveynebis mixedviT
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg, sxvadasxva qveynis mier miRebuli
regulaciebi xels uwyobs aRniSnuli danaSaulis donis Semcirebas. fulis
gaTeTrebis mcdeloba msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi aris SesaZlebeli.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, SevexoT fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis ucxour gamocdilebas, romelic ganxiluli gvaqvs
qveynebis mixedviT.
terorizmis dafinansebisa da ukanono gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis
dokumentebiT, saeWvo garigebisa Tu operaciis SeCerebis vada
gansxvavebulad ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. Tumca, ZiriTadi
principebi msgavsia qveynis specifikis miuxedavad: finansuri monitoringis
samsaxuri uflebamosili xdeba, saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb varaudis
64
arsebobisas misces werilobiTi miTiTeba monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel
pirs garigebisa da operaciis SeCerebis an garigebaSi monawile pirebTan
dakavSirebuli nebismieri operaciis aRniSnuli periodiT SeCerebis,
SezRudvis Taobaze. konvenciis xelmomwer qveynebSi saeWvo garigebisa Tu
operaciis SeCerebis sakiTxebis regulaciebi (fulis ukanono moZraobisa da
terorizmis Sesaxeb kanonebi, sabanko saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanoni, sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT da sxv.) mcirediT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.
avstria fulis gaTeTrebis satranzito qveyanaa. fulis gaTeTrebis
aRkveTaSi avstriis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas yofili sabWoTa
respublikebidan da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan gaurkveveli
warmoSobis fondebis moZraobis kontroli warmoadgens. sabanko-safinaso
sfero avstriis bankis 1991 wels miRebuli normebiT, xolo sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgebloba “sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi“ 1993 wels
Setanili cvlilebebiT regulirdeba. limits zemoT arsebul finansur
operaciebs akontrolebs avstriis banki151.
aSS-Si dafiqsirebuli fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebidan 60-80%
narkotikebis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli saxsrebis legalizaciaze
modis, rasac laTinuri amerikis qveynebTan geografiuli siaxlove
ganapirobebs. aSS-Si The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 1990 wels
Seiqmna, romlis mizania kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Setanaze zewola da
sabanko saidumloebis Semcveli informaciis gaanalizeba152. bolo periodSi
aSS-s xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli aqtiuri RonisZiebebis Sedegad
fulis gaTeTrebis mravali faqti identificirda. aSS-m fulis gaTeTrebis
aRkveTis mimarTulebiT gaaZliera savaluto garigebaTa aRricxvis sistema,
gaaumjobesa sxva qveynebis samTavrobo finansur rgolebTan fulis
gaTeTrebis aRkveTis sferoSi TanamSromloba, saerTo sistemaSi moaqcia
saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi sahaero reisebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze
informacia da gaaumjobesa aRricxvianobis sistema.
albaneTSi terorizmisa da fulis ukanono moZraobis sakiTxebi
calke procedurebiT ar regulirdeba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
aregulirebs braldebul pirebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. eWvmitanili
151European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.1-3 152Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, website: https://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/fincen.aspx
65
pirebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli angariSebisa da garigebebis SeCerebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo, prokuroris mimarTvis
safuZvelze. sasamarTlo valdebulia gadawyvetileba miiRos 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi da misi moqmedebis vada ganisazRvreba 15 dRiT.
igive wesiT xdeba operaciis SeCereba bulgareTSic-prokurori
mimarTavs sasamarTlos saeWvo garigebis SeCerebis moTxovniT, romelic
sasamarTlom unda ganixilos 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi153.
belgiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens mezobel
qveynebTan narkotikebiT vaWroba, romlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Savi fuli.
amasTan, qveyanaSi gamoikveTa fulis gaTeTrebis Semdegi ZiriTadi meTodebi:
valutis gadacvla, sarTaSoriso gadaricxvebi, sabanko angariSebze fulis
Caricxvebi. belgiam sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswina
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebSi
da 1990 wlis 17 ivlisis aqtiT Seitana damateba, romlis safuZvelzec
fulis gaTeTrebis mfarvel pirebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba
daekisraT. 1993, 1994 da 1995 wlis aqtebiT Sevida damatebebi, romlebic
miznad isaxavdnen finansur sistemaSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTas da
TanamSromlobas avalebda finansur institutebs specialur
makontrolebel organoebTan. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis realuri
RonisZiebebis gatarebis mizniT Seiqmna damoukidebeli makontrolebeli
organo, romelsac farTo uflebebi gaaCnia: kontroli, regulireba da
sajarimo sanqciebis dakisreba154.
germaniaSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi nawili
dakavSirebulia narkotikebis brunvasTan, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
danaSaulebebTan, sigaretisa kontrabandasTan, gayalbebasTan, iaraRiT
vaWrobasTan da sxva darRvevebTan. germaniaSi dsT-is da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebidan didi Tanxebi Seedineba, romelTa warmomavlobac umetes
SemTxvevebSi gaurkvevelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi moqmedi
153niauri n., kvleviTi departamenti. kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, 2015 154 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.4-8
66
kanonmdeblobiT 30,000 germanul markaze, igive 16,700 aSS dolarze meti
moculobis nebismieri finansuri operacia kontrols eqvemdebareba155.
dania narkotikebiT movaWre msxvil qveyanas ar warmoadgens, magram
aRniSnuli saqmianobis Sedegad amoRebuli Tanxebi soliduri masStabebis
aRmoCnda. daniaSi fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego sistema, saxelmwifo
struqturebis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebTan erTad orientirebulia
kerZo struqturebTan TanamSromlobisa da kontrolis sistemazec.
qveyanaSi garkveuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi gatarda. 1993 wlis 1
ivlisidan ZalaSi Sesuli sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, romelic ZiriTadad
evrogaerTianebis direqtivas asaxavda, ganisazRvra finansuri
seqtorisaTvis sabaziso RonisZiebebi-operaciebis ganmaxorcielebeli
pirebis identifikacia, gadaricxvebi, sxvadasxva saxis operaciebze
dokumentaciis warmoebis aucilebloba da sxv. sakanonmdeblo aqtiT,
Seiqmna fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis ofisi, romelic mTeli informaciis
akumulirebasa da monitorings axorcielebs. 1996 wels kanonmdeblobaSi
Setanili cvlilebebiT ukanono Semosavlis konfiskaciis sistema daixvewa
da gaaqtiurda. amasTan, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba gaizarda im
pirebze, romlebic mfarveloben fulis gaTeTrebis RonisZiebebs156.
estoneTis siaxlove ruseTTan da narkotikebis Semotana
kontrabandisa da Savi fulis arsebobas ganapirobebs. 1999 wels
danaSaulis done 11%-iT gaizarda, maT Soris umetesi wili narkotikebiT
ukanono vaWrobaze modis. aRsaniSnavia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis
mimarTulebiT estoneTSi gamkacrda samarTlebrivi regulireba, romlis
ZiriTad berkets fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego sistema The Money
Laundering Prevention Act da sisxlis samarTlisa da administraciul kodeqsSi
Setanili cvlilebebi warmoadgens. gaTeTrebis mcdeloba isjeba 4-dan 10
wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, SemoRebulia konfiskaciis sistemac157.
irlandiaSi narkotikebis ukanono brunvidan miRebuli Semosavali
ukanono Semosavlebis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens. sxva ukanono
155 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.20-23 156European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.9-11 157European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.92-95
67
Semosavlebs warmoadgens: sameurneo danaSaulebebi, sigaretisa da spirtis
kontrabanda, terorizmi. irlandiis pirvel sakanonmdeblo nabijs
warmoadgens 1994 wlis kanoni, romliTac ganisazRvra safinanso
seqtorisaTvis saeWvo operaciebze informirebis sistema, pirebis
identifikacia da dokumentaciis Senaxva. fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebis
gamoZiebisa da aRkveTisaTvis 1995 wels policiaSi Seiqmna sagamoZiebo
ganyofileba. 1996 wels ki irlandiam ratifikacia gaukeTa da srulad
ganaxorciela venis da evrogaerTianebis SeTanxmebebi158.
italiaSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi wyaroa narkotikebis
ukanono brunvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, gamomZalveloba da ukanono
danaSauli. bolo periodSi damnaSaveTa jgufis mier organizebuli fulis
gaTeTreba ufro rTuli meTodebiT xorcieldeboda, maT Soris
kvalificiuri konsultantebis an damoukidebeli organizaciebis
daxmarebiT. italiuri danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis
internacionalizacia arTulebs ukanono Semosavlebis aRmoCenas naklebad
kontrolirebadi ekonomikuri dargis mqone qveynebSi. fulis gaTeTrebis
aRkveTis mimarTulebiT italiaSi mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi
ganxorcielda. 1991 wels SemoRebuli RonisZiebebi maqsimalurad amcirebda
warmomdgenze fuladi operaciebis SesaZleblobas da savaldebulo
kontrols aqvemdebarebda dawesebuli limiti 20mln. italiuri liris
odenobiT. 1993 wels miRebuli “fulis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“ kanoniT da 1997
wlis cvlilebebiT Seiqmna specialuri organo saxelwodebiT Ufficio Italiano
dei Cambi, romelsac italiis erovnuli banki Tavmjdomareobs. fulis
gaTeTrebis aRkveTisaTvis aRniSnul organos Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis
gatarebisa da administraciuli kontrolis uflebamosilebani mieniWa159.
latviis sakanonmdeblo organom 1997 wlis 18 dekembers miiRo kanoni
“danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis prevenciis
Sesaxeb“, romelic 1998 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedda. aRniSnuli kanoniT,
fuladi saxiT ganxorcielebuli yvela garigeba, romelic 15,700 aSS
158Criminal Justice Act, Overview Of Irish Law On Money Laundering, 1994, P.1-15 159 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.38-41
68
dolars aRemateba eqvemdebareba kontrols160. fulis gaTeTrebis
makontrolebeli organoa fulis gaTeTrebis operaciebis gamovlenis
ofisi, sadac grovdeba Sesabamisi informaciebi, xolo danaSaulis niSnebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, informacia generalur prokuraturas gadaecema.
litvaSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT rigi
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi ganxorcielda. 1997 wels miiRes kanoni “fulis
gaTeTrebis prevenciis Sesaxeb”. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTaze
pasuxismgebeli organoebia litvis mTavroba, sagadasaxado policia,
litvis erovnuli banki da sabaJo departamenti. kanonis Sesrulebaze
pasuxismgebeli organoa litvis sagadasaxado policia. kanonmdeblobiT,
sainformacio bankSi grovdeba monacemebi garigebebze, romelTa
Rirebuleba aRemateba 12,500 aSS dolars, xolo valutis erTjerad
gadacvlaze 5,000 aSS dolari da sadazRvevo premiaze 2,500 aSS dolari161.
luqsemburgSi sakanonmdeblo regulirebiT, 1993 wels miiRes
finansuri seqtoris gamafrTxilebeli RonisZiebebi, romelic sadazRvevo
sferosac Seexo 1993 wlidan. aRniSnuli sistema saeWvo garigebebis Sesaxeb
informaciis prokuroris ofisisTvis miwodebas iTvaliswinebs, romelic
fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTisTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis mTavari
koordinatori organoa. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi 1992 wels
Setanili cvlilebebi am saxis danaSaulTaTvis sisxlis samarTlebriv
devnas da ukanono Semosavlis konfiskacias iTvaliswinebs162.
niderlandebSi narkotikuli saSualebebis realizacia da moxmareba
mowesrigebulia. niderlandebis samefoSi ukanono Semosavlebis sakmaod
didi raodenoba, daaxloebiT 5 miliardi dolaria generirebuli. fuli
TeTrdeba mewarmeebis mier sxva qveynebTan unaRdo angariSsworebis gziT.
niderlandebis samefoSi gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Soris prioritetia sxva
qveynebTan TanamSromloba da informaciis gacvla. am RonisZiebebis
160 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.102-106 161Law Of The Republic Of Lithuania On Amending Thelaw On Prevention Of Money Laundering, 1997 162European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.42-45
69
ganmaxorcielebel organos iusticiis saministros ganyofileba Meldpunt
Ongebruikelijke Transacties warmoadgens163.
poloneTSi finansTa saministros finansuri gamoZiebis samsaxurs
unda ecnobos yvela tranzaqciis Sesaxeb, romelic aRemateba 15,000 evros an
warmoadgens saeWvo tranzaqcias. finansuri gamoZiebis samsaxuri
uflebamosilia, SeaCeros gadaricxvebi 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
portugaliaSi ukanono Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros narkotikebidan
miRebuli Semosavali warmoadgens. qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba,
CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebTan siaxlove narkotikebisa da fsiqotropuli
saSualebebis yvelaze did Semodinebas ganapirobebs. fulis gaTeTrebis
ZiriTad meTods ki ofSorul zonebTan angariSsworeba warmoadgens. fulis
gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT pirveli RonisZiebebi 1993 wels
gatarda, 1998 wels ki gaamkacres sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba,
SemoiRes savaldebulo kontrolisa da ukanono Semosavlis konfiskaciis
SesaZlebloba164.
ruseTSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi nawili
dakavSirebulia narkotikebis brunvasTan, kontrabandasTan, korufciasTan
da sxvadasxva ekonomikur danaSaulebebTan. 2001 wels ruseTis federaciis
saTaTbiro organom–dumam miiRo kanoni “danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli
Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”, riTac aucilebeli gaxda
dadgenil limitze, fulad an sxva moZrav qonebaze 500,000, xolo uZrav
qonebaze 25,000,000 rusul rublze meti Rirebulebis operaciaze kontroli
finansuri monitoringis komitetis mier165.
saberZneTSi narkotikebis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi
ukanono gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros
warmoadgens. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis kanonmdebloba miiRes 1995 wels,
romelic administraciul meTodebTan erTad moicavs konfiskaciis
163European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.46-50 164European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.56-58 165Federal Law, No. 115-Fz Of August 7, 2001, On Countering The Legalisation Of Illegal Earnings (Money Laundering) And The Financing Of Terrorism (With The Amendments And Additions Of July 25, October 30, 2002, July 28, 2004, November 16, 2005, July 27, 2006, April 12, July 19, 24, November 28, 2007, July 17, 2009) Adopted By The State Duma On July 13, 2001, Approved By The Federation Council On July 20, 2001
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procedurebs da TanamSromlobas sxva qveynis fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis
mwarmoebel organoebTan166.
safrangeTi ekonomikuri stabilurobis, politikuri
adgilmdebareobisa da myari valutis arsebobis pirobebSi, fulis
gaTeTrebis msurvelTaTvis mimzidvel saxelmwifos warmoadgens. 1990 wlis
12 ivlisidan specialuri finansuri organos Traitement Du Renseignement Et
Action Contre Les Circuits Financiers Clandestins-is Seqmnis dRidan fulis
gaTeTrebasTan brZola safrangeTis prioritetia. safrangeTis dedaqalaq
parizSi Caeyara safuZveli specialur saerTaSoriso organizaciis FATF-is
Seqmnas. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT SemuSavda da daixvewa
sakanonmdelo baza. amasTanave, 1996 wlis 13 maiss miRebuli kanoni, romelic
exeboda narkotikebisa da fulis ukanono brunvis akrZalvas, am sferoSi
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebasa da Semosavlebis
konfiskacias, fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis gasakontroleblad iusticiis
saministros specialuri organo Seiqmna167.
werilobiTi, zepiri, eleqtronuli an satelefono saxiT aris
SesaZlebeli garigebis/operaciis SeCerebaze brZanebis gacema slovakeTSic.
amasTan, slovakeTSi, rumineTsa da CexeTSi saeWvo tranzaqciis gadavadebis
xangrZlivoba 48 saaTiT ganisazRvreba da monitoringis Sesabamisi
samsaxurebis moTxovniT, SesaZlebelia am periodis 72 saaTamde gagrZeleba.
72 saaTiani limitia dawesebuli sloveniis, serbeTisa da ukrainis
kanonmdeblobiTac. ukrainaSi avtorizebuli uwyeba uflebamosilia periodi
5-dRemde gadaavados.
fineTSi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebidan gavrcelebulia
totalizatorebidan fulis ganaRdeba, rodesac mtkicebulebad momgebian
kuponebs iyeneben. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT fineTma
garkveuli sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi gaatara. 1998 wlis 1 martidan
ZalaSi Sesuli sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, gamoZiebaTa erovnul biuroSi Seiqmna
166 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.24-28 167 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.15-19
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fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis saangariSsworebo palata, romelsac
gafarToebuli uflebebi mieca168.
xorvatiaSi saeWvo tranzaqciis safuZvliani eWvis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi SeCerebis Sesaxeb werilobiT brZanebas gascems fulis
gaTeTrebis prevenciis ofisi. operaciis SeCerebis maqsimaluri periodi 72
saaTia. Tu werilobiTi brZanebis gacema SeuZlebelia garkveuli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uwyeba uflebamosilia, gasces sityvieri
brZaneba, romelic aucileblad unda daadasturos werilobiT, sityvieri
brZanebis gacemidan maqsimum 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi169. ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis problemis gadaWrisas sazRvargareTis qveynebSi yuradReba
eqceva ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis nairsaxeobas
sqema 11. sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciuli erTeulebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze
168 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.12-14 169The Law On Prevention Of Money Laundering / I. General Provisions The Prevention Of Money Laundering P.6 https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Croatia_Law%20on%20Prevention%20of%20ML.pdf
iaponia finansuri dazvervis iaponiuri ofisi
(Japanese Financial Intelligence Office, JAFIO)
kanada finansuri operaciebisa da angariSgebis analizis centri
(Financial Transaction and Report Analysis Center)
saberZneTi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri komiteti
argentina finansuri informaciis komiteti
(Financial Information Unit, UIF)
brazilia finansuri saqmianobis makontrolebeli organo
(Council for Financial Activities Control, COAF)
meqsika
tranzaqciebis kvleviT dakavebuli generaluri direqtorati
(Attached General Directorate for Transaction Investigation, GDAIO) da
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saagento
(Credit and the Anti-money Laundering)
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wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizacia
mocemul paragrafSi mimoxilulia ukanonod miRebuli fuladi
saxsrebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba,
aseve, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Tu qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da
normativebi. aseve, mimovixileT FATF-is 40 specialuri rekomendacia,
romelic miznad isaxavs erovnul doneze fulis gaTeTrebis procesis
aRkveTis xelSewyobas. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qveynebis gamocdileba da maTi gansxvavebebi170.
2.3. eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
aRniSnuli paragrafis mizania, gamoavlinos Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis roli ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri
saxis micemis procesSi. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia eleqtronul valutebze,
romlebic axal gamowvevas warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi CarTuli organizaciebisaTvis.
me-20 saukunidan masobrivad daiwyo kompiuterebis gamoyeneba.
kompiuterebi da internet-qselSi CarTuli sxva mowyobilobebi aadvileben
cxovrebas. Tumca, kiberdanaSaulis gavrcelebasac uwyoben xels171.
damnaSaves SeuZlia, seriozuli ziani miayenos aramxolod sabanko
dawesebulebebs, aramed pirdapir daemuqros saxelmwifo usafTxoebasa da
Tavdacvis unarianobas172. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs 67 miliardi dolaris zarali aqvs
miyenebuli173. kompiuteruli danaSaulis saxeobaTa umravlesobas
warmoadgens: TaRliToba, narkotikuli saSualebebiTa da iaraRiT vaWroba,
kiber-terorizmi da sxv. damnaSaveebma, romlebic iyeneben maRal
170WyoiZe n., tomaraZe g., virtualuri/kriptografiuli valuta da misi Taviseburebebi, virtualuri valutebis regulireba, 2014, gv.41-49 171Internet and Electronic Crimes, National Institute of Justice USA, 11/05/2011, website: http://nij.gov/topics/crime/internet-electronic/welcome.htm 172Harley B., A Global Convention on Cybercrime? on March 23rd, 2010, http://www.stlr.org/2010/03/a-global-convention-on-cybercrime/ 173FBI 2005 Internet crime survey, http://www.digitalriver.com/v2.0- img/operations/naievigi/site/media/pdf/FBIccs2005.pdf
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teqnologiebs danaSaulis axali formebi da mimarTulebebi Seqmnes174.
virtualuri valutiT fulis gaTeTrebis meTodis ukeT aRsaqmelad
aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT eleqtronuli valutis Sesaxeb da gaverkvaT mis
warmoSobis mizezsa da ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
90–iani wlebidan internetis momxmareblebis raodenobis mkveTr
zrdasTan erTad gaCnda cifruli valutebi, romelTa meSveobiTac
virtualur sazogadoebaSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvla gaxda
SesaZlebeli. axali tipis virtualuri valutis e.w kriptografiuli
valutis gaCenam 2009 wels da misi popularobis zrdam gamowvevebis winaSe
daayena centraluri bankebi, romlebic cdiloben aRniSnulis gamoyenebiT
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
cifruli valutebi fulis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis
Tanamdrove etapia. valutebi tradiciulad or tipad iyofa: regulirebadi
valutebi, rogorebicaa centraluri bankis mier emitirebuli banknotebi da
monetebi, da araregulirebadi e.w lokaluri, kerZo fuli175. cifruli
formatis valutebSi SeiZleba, gamoiyos regulirebadi cifruli valutebi,
romelTa Soris gavrcelebulia komerciuli bankis fuli. amave kategorias
miekuTvneba eleqtronuli fulic, romelic warmoadgens moTxovnas misi
gamomSvebis mimarT, Senaxulia eleqtronulad da aRiarebulia gadaxdis
saSualebad gamomSvebis garda sxva pirebis mier.
evropis centraluri bankis klasifikaciis mixedviT ki “virtualuri
valuta aris araregulirebadi cifruli fulis tipi, romlis gamoSveba da
kontrolic xorcieldeba Semqmnelebis mier da gamoiyeneba virtualuri
sazogadoebis wevrebis mier“, rac amaRlebs gamoyenebis risks Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis. gamoiyofa virtualuri valutis 3 ZiriTadi sqema:
1. daxuruli virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualur valutas ar
aqvs kavSiri realur ekonomikasTan. aseTi valutebi ZiriTadad
TamaSebisaTvis gamoiyeneba;
2. calmxrivi virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualuri valuta
SesaZlebelia, SeZenil iqnas realuri valutis sanacvlod. Tumca,
ukugadacvla ar aris nebadarTuli;
174Mitcnick K., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick 175http://bitcoin.emoney.ge/ka/2015/06/08/ვირტუალურიკრიპტოგრაფიუ/
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3. ormxrivi virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualuri valutis
yidva da gayidva SesaZlebelia realuri valutis an rogorc wesi, realuri
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sanacvlod SezRudvis gareSe176.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, cifruli valutebis klasifikaciisTvis
iyeneben uSualod gadaxdis procesSi CarTuli sandod miCneuli mesame
mxaris arseboba/ararsebobas (onlain da oflain sistemebi), an virtualuri
valutis sistemis centralizacias. onlain sistemis SemTxvevaSi cifruli
valutiT gadaxdis dros tranzaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia
mesame, sando mxaris monawileoba, raTa Semowmdes gadaxdili cifruli
valutis legitimuroba, oflain sistemis SemTxvevaSi ki gadaxdis momentSi
mimRebi mxolod nawilobriv amowmebs gadaxdis legitimurobas. saboloo
Semowmeba xorcieldeba tranzaqciis ganxorcielebis Semdgom mimRebisa da
cifruli valutis gamomSvebs Soris monacemebis gacvlis Semdeg. fulis
cifrulad Senaxvisa da eleqtronuli sagadaxdo sistemebis daarsebisTanave
gaCnda maTi arsebobis uzrunvelyofisTvis minimaluri moTxovnebis
Sesrulebis saWiroeba. kerZod:
1. danawevrebis SesaZlebloba, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania
fulis gaTeTrebis aqtivobebSi CarTuli pirovnebebisaTvis;
2. transferis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba;
3. aninimuroba, romelic aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania fulis
gaTeTrebis aqtivobebSi CarTuli pirovnebebisaTvis.
centralizebuli sistemis dros valutis gamoSveba xorcieldeba
mesame mxaris mier, romelic mis mier danergili aRricxvisa da
usafrTxoebis sistemebis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofs CamoTvlili
moTxovnebis Sesrulebas. decentralizebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi ki
cifruli valuta iqmneba winaswar gansazRvruli algoriTmiT da ar
arsebobs centraluri organo, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos fulis
emisiaze. aseT valutas warmoadgens bitkoini da misi msgavsi virtualuri
valutebi. decentralizebuli sistemebis gaCenasTan erTad Cndeba termini
kriptografiuli valutebi, romlebic iyeneben kriptografiul meTodebs
tranzaqciebis ganxorcilebis, maTi ucvlelobis dacvis, ormagi gadaxdis
176Deborah L., Expanding Our Commitment to Facebook Credits, Facebook Developer Blog, February, 2010, https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2010/02/25/expanding-our-commitment-to-facebook-credits/
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Tavidan acilebisa da axali fulis Seqmnis kontrolisaTvis177. bitkoini
warmoadgens decentralizebul virtualur valutas oflain sistemiT,
romelic sakmaod kargi instrumentia fulis gasaTeTreblad178. amasTanave,
bitkoinis revoluciuri siaxle aris sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs
ormagi gadaxdis Tavidan acilebas sando mesame mxaris gareSe rogorc
uSualod tranzaqciis dros, aseve misi dasrulebis Semdegac179. bitkoinis
qsels ar gaaCnia centraluri sando piri, romelic awarmoebda
centralizebul aRricxvas. amdenad, saWiroa meqanizmi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebis dadasturebas da Tavidan
aicilebs tranzaqciis avtoris mier ukanono aqtivobebis ganxorcielebas.
saerTo buRalteriis warmoeba damokidebulia im momxmareblebze,
romlebic TavianTi kompiuterebis gamoTvliTi simZlavreebis nawils
“gadascemen“ bitkoinis qselis gankargulebaSi, raTa moxdes
ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebis rekonsilacia da Senaxva blokebis
jaWvSi180. miuxedavad decentralizaciisa, calkeuli momxmareblebis an
momxmarebelTa jgufis mier winaaRmdegobrivi tranzaqciebis generirebis
SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba, ar dadasturdnen manam, sanam qselis
momxmarebelTa umravlesoba icavs miRebul wesebs. rac naklebia bitkoinis
qselis monawileTa raodenoba, miT ufro martivia individebisTvis Savi
fulis gaTeTeTreba181. axal blokebs momxmareblebis umravlesoba
adasturebs. Sesabamisad, arsebobs e.w. 51%–iani Setevis saSiSroeba. kerZod,
Tu romelime momxmarebeli an maTi jgufi moaxerxebs simZlavreebis aseTi
wilis Tavmoyras, mas SeeZleba praqtikulad erTpirovnulad awarmoos
saerTo buRalteria, rac daasrulebs bitkoinis decentralizebul
struqturas da SesaZlebels gaxdis TaRliTuri tranzaqciebis
ganxorcilebas, romelic kidev ufro metad gaaiolebs kriminalistebis mier
fulis gaTeTrebis procedurebs. ganvlil periodSi arcerT monawiles ar
miuRwevia aseTi didi wilisaTvis. Tumca, iyo SemTxveva, roca mompovebelTa
ori gaerTianeba jamSi gamoTvliTi simZlavreebis 52%–s akontrolebda.
177Greenberg A., “Crypto Currency”, 2011, website: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html, Retrieved 8 August 2014 178Brito J., Castillo A., Bitcoin, a Primer for Policemakers, Mercatur Center, 2013, P.3–4 179ECB, Virtual Currency schemes, 2012 180 Bohm P., Bitcoins Value is decentralization, 2011 181PWC, IFRS News, March 2017, P.1-9
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mompovebelTa gaerTianebebis wili saerTo simZlavreSi mudmivad
kontroldeba182. aRniSnuli aqtivobebi arTulebs fulis gaTeTrebis
faqtebis moxdebis identificirebis process. bitkoinebis anonimuroba
ganisazRvreba Semdegi mizezebiT: bitkoinebis misamarTebi ar efuZneba
identificirebas, aravin icis, Tu vin ganaxorciela transferi da
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, igi virtualuri valutaa, romelic yvelaze
xSirad gamoiyeneba fulis gasaTeTreblad. qvemoT mocemulia meTodebi,
romelic gamoiyeneba fulis gasaTeTreblad:
aRmrevebi-arseboben organizaciebi, romlebic xels uSlian
saxelmwifos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. isini gamoiyenebian
aralegalurad miRebuli Semosavlebis kanonierTan aRsarevad, raTa moxdes
kvalis damalva. procesi iwyeba Tanxis anonimur pirTan gagzavniT, riTac
martivdeba fulis gaTeTrebis procesi;
Rrma qseli-internetsivrce, romelic gansxvavdeba iseTi saZiebo
sistemebisagan rogoricaa Google, Yahoo, Tu sxv. mocemul sivrceSi
ganTavsebulia ukanonod miRebuli informaciis nawili. zogierTi
aralegaluri dokumentis garda, SesaZloa, moviZioT gasaidumlebuli
informacia;
abreSumis gza-yvelaze didi eleqtronuli Savi bazari qselSi,
romelic amoqmedda 2011 wlidan. misi daniSnulebaa msoflio masStabiT
narkotikuli saSualebebis gayidva. aRniSnuli yidva ki SesaZlebeli iyo
bitkoinis gamoyenebiT. abreSumis gzam Sewyvita funqcionireba 2013 wlis 11
oqtombers damaarseblebis dakavebis Semdeg183.
daxuruli virtualuri valutis sqemebi, romlebic moqmedebs
specifikur virtualur sazogadoebaSi da ar cdeba am farglebs, naklebad
relevanturia centraluri bankebis funqciebis SesrulebasTan. rac Seexeba
danarCen or sqemas, romelTac kavSiri aqvT realur ekonomikasTan,
situacia sxvagvaria. gansakuTrebiT iseTi virtualuri valutebi, romelTa
gadacvla ormxrivad aris SesaZlebeli realur valutaze, qmnis
spekulaciuri garemos Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas da zrdis fulis
182WyoiZe n., tomaraZe g., virtualuri/kriptografiuli valuta da misi Taviseburebebi, virtualuri valutebis regulireba, 2014, gv.41-49 183Mikeladze A., Bitcoins within Georgia’s Money Laundering Scheme, 2017, P.12
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gaTeTrebis risks. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac virtualuri valutiT
SesaZlebelia realuri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva, dgeba tradiciul
valutebTan konkurenciis sakiTxi184. evropis centraluri bankis
dokumentSi ganxilulia virtualuri valutis sqemebis SesaZlo
zegavlenebi centraluri bankis funqciebis Sesrulebaze, maT Soris,
fasebis stabilurobaze, finansur, sagadaxdo sistemis stabilurobaze.
aseve, dokumenti Seexo centraluri bankis potenciur reputaciul risks,
romelmac SesaZloa, gamoiwvios virtualuri valutis sqemebis
usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebulma incidentebma. evropis centraluri bankis
angariSSi mocemulia daskvnebi, rom arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
virtualuri valutis sqemebi:
arastabiluria, magram ver Seuqmnis safrTxes ekonomikas
gayidvebis dabali moculobisa da momxmarebelTa simciris gamo;
dResdReobiT ar regulirdeba da ar aris raime saxelmwifo
struqturis zedamxedvelobis qveS. Tumca, monawileoba am sqemaSi
momxmareblebs ayenebs sxvadasxva, maT Soris samarTlebrivi riskis winaSe;
specifikuri sakanonmdeblo normebis ar arsebobis gamo
SeiZleba, warmoadgendes saxelmwifo struqturebis gamowvevas, radgan
aRniSnuli sqemebi SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas kriminalebis, TaRliTebisa
da fulis gamTeTreblebis mier ukanono saqmianobisTvis.
Cven mogvyavs ramdenime faqtori, romelic virtualuri valutis
moculobis zrdis xelSemwyobia:
anonimurobis umaRlesi xarisxi sxva eleqtronuli gadaxdis
instrumentebTan SedarebiT, romelic miiRweva virtualuri valutiT
gadaxdis dros, rac idealur instruments warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebiT
dainteresebuli individebisaTvis;
gadaxdis operaciebis pirdapiri da swrafi angariSsworeba,
romelic sWirdeba da sasurvelia virtualuri sazogadoebisTvis185.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom virtualur valutis sqemebi gaagrZeleben
zrdas, evropis centraluri banki saWirod Tvlis, rom periodulad
Semowmdes sqemebis ganviTareba, raTa gadafasdes riskebi da amasTanave,
184Lo S., and Wang C., Bitcoin as Money? 2014, P.16 185Danmarks Nationalbank Monetary Review, Virtual Currencies, 1st Quarter, 2014, P.85
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Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ukanono saqmianoba, romelic Seaferxebs
calkeuli qveynebis ganviTarebas. virtualuri valuta, momxmareblebis
anonimuri xasiaTis gamo, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos aralegalur
saqmianobaSi, maT Soris fulis gaTeTrebisTvis. samwuxarod, regulaciebi
ar aris kargad SemuSavebuli an gawerili. amgvari gamoyenebis Sedegad,
samarTaldamcavma organoebma SesaZloa gadawyviton “gadacvlis
platformis“ daxurva, rac SeuZlebels gaxdis momxmareblebis wvdomas
TavianT fulze an maT gamoyenebaze. am etapze, evropis centraluri banki
ganagrZobs virtualur valutasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Sefasebas
imisaTvis, rom daadginos, SesaZlebelia Tu ara regulireba da unda
regulirdebodes Tu ara virtualuri valutebi.186 rogorc axali
teqnologiebis umravlesobam, virtualuri fulis gamoCenamac warmoSva
axali gamowvevebi finansuri institutebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis. mTavari
sirTule mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi srulyofilad ar jdeba valutis,
finansuri instrumentis an finansuri institutis miRebul gansazRvrebaSi
da martivad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis.
mas gaaCnia, rogorc valutis, aseve sacalo sagadaxdo sistemis da
aqtivebis Tvisebebi187. amasTan, calke sirTules warmoadgens iseTi
virtualuri valutebis sqemebi, romelTac gaaCniaT decentralizebuli
struqtura, radganac realurad, ar arsebobs fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,
romelic, SesaZloa, pasuxismgebeli yofiliyo bitkoinis kanonier
funqcionirebaze, an misi an zedamxedvelis mier dadgenili wesebis
Sesrulebaze. regulatorebis midgomebi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT
da rac sainteresoa, TviT evrokavSiris qveynebs Sorisac.
erTmniSvnelovania, rom virtualur valutas didi yuradReba eqceva
saxelmwifo struqturebis mxridan da maT ganviTarebaze mimdinareobs
mudmivi monitoringi, raTa ar moxdes bitkoinis gamoyeneba ukanonod
miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciebis miznebisaTvis. sainteresoa
qveyanaTa damokidebuleba aRniSnul fenomenTan da maTi qmedebebi
kriptovalutiT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis donis SemcirebaSi.
aSS warmoadgens bitkoinebis erT-erT yvelaze did bazars. 2013
186EBA, Consumer Trends Report, 2014 187He D., Habermeier K., Leckow R., Haksar V., Almeida Y., Kashima M., Kyriakos-Saad N., Oura H., Saadi T., Stetsenko N., and Verdugo-Yepes C., Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations, 2016, P.9
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wlis oqtombris mdgomareobiT, es iyo pirveli qveyana, romlis
sasamarTlomac garkveuli ganmartebebi gaakeTa virtualur valutasTan
dakavSirebiT. bitkoini SesaZlebelia, gamoyenebuli iyos rogorc fuli.
misi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZena. is
SesaZlebelia, aseve gadaicvalos Cveulebriv fulze, rogoricaa aSS
dolari. Sesabamisad, bitkoini aris valuta an fulis forma188. aseve, unda
aRiniSnos, rom abreSumis gzis, e.w. “silq roudis” dayadaRebis
dokumentaciaSi naxsenebia, rom bitkoini aris “eleqtronuli valuta,
romelic gamoirCeva anonimurobis maRali xarisxiT“ da sakmaod kargi
instrumenti Savi fulis gaTeTrebisaTvis. FinCEN-is mier gamocemuli
saxelmZRvanelos safuZvelze sabanko saidumloebis aqti vrceldeba
pirebze, romlebic qmnian, inaxaven, cvlian, iReben an ricxaven virtualur
valutas. aRniSnuli pirebi dayofilebi arian sam kategoriad:
momxmareblebi, administratorebi, gadamcvlelebi. ”momxmareblebi“,
romlebic iZenen virtualur valutas da iyeneben mas realuri an
virtualuri saqonlis SesaZenad, ar warmoadgenen regulirebad pirebs.
“administratori“ an “gadamcvleli“, romelic iRebs da ricxavs
konvertirebad¬virtualur valutas, an yidulobs, an yidis virtualur
valutas nebismieri mizniT, warmoadgenen “fulis gadamcemebs/gadamgzavnebs“
da xvdebian FinCEN-is regulaciis qveS, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
ukanono saqmianobaTa seria189. niu-iorkis Statis finansuri servisebis
departamentma 2014 wlis ivlisSi gamoaqveyna virtualuri valutis
regulaciis proeqti, romelic qmnis bitkoinis yovlismomcvel
regulatorul CarCos da moicavs momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis, fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da usafrTxoebis wesebs virtualuri
valutis biznesebisTvis. axali tipis licenziebi saWiroea im pirebisaTvis,
romlebic:
awarmoeben iseT saqmianobebs, rogorebicaa virtualuri valutis
miReba da gadagzavna/gadacema klientebis saxeliT;
virtualuri valutis gadacvla, rogorc realur valutaze,
188Ellis S., 2013, P. 67 189FinCEN, Gudance: Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies, 07/10/2014, P.7-10
80
aseve, virtualur valutaze Tu sxv.
am proeqtiT licenzireba ar sWirdebaT pirebs, romlebic iZenen an
floben virtualur valutas piradi miznebisTvis, virtualuri valutis
mompoveblebs, savaWro obieqtebs, romlebic hyidian saqonels da
momsaxurebas virtualur valutaze. BitLicense-is mqone pirebi valdebulebi
arian moaxdinon yvela momxmareblis identificireba, iqonion rezervi,
romlis Sesabamisi virtualuri valutis flobis ufleba eqnebaT,
SeimuSaon da gamoaqveynon momxmarebelTa gasaCivrebis politika, bolos ki
ganxorcieldeba usafrTxoebis auditi. aRniSnuli daexmareba bitkoinebis
saSualebiT fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebis Semcirebas190.
germaniis finansTa federalurma saministrom aRiara bitkoini
da mas uwoda “aRricxvis erTeuli“, “kerZo fuli“. vinaidan, virtualuri
valuta ar aris eleqtronuli fuli da arc gadaxdis kanonieri saSualeba
germaniaSi, maSin bitkoinebis gadaricxva unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc
fuladi saxsrebis gadaricxva, aramed rogorc saqonlis transferi,
romelic potenciurad unda daeqvemdebaros dRg-sa da saSemosavlo
gadasaxads. bitkoinebTan dakavSirebuli biznesi Tavisi biznes modelidan
gamomdinare, SesaZloa, saWiroebdes licenzias, radgan bitkoini
klasificirebulia rogorc finansuri instrumenti, ufro sworad ki
“aRricxvis erTeuli“. 2013 wlis dekemberSi dadasturda finansTa
saministros pozicia, rom bitkoini aris “aRricxvis erTeuli“ da
Sesabamisad, aris finansuri instrumenti germaniis sabanko aqtis
farglebSi. bitkoini ar aris gadaxdis kanonieri saSualeba da arc
eleqtronuli fuli evropuli da germaniis kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.
amave dros, ganmartavs, rom bitkoiniT gadaxdis ganxorcieleba da misi
mopoveba ar aris regulirebadi saqmianoba da ar saWiroebs licenzias191.
Tu bitkoinebis yidva–gayidva xdeba sxvis magivrad komerciuli mizniT,
maSin aseTi saqmianoba saWiroebs licenzirebas germaniis sabanko aqtis
190New York State Department of Financial Services New York Codes, Rules and Regulations Title 23. Department of Financial Services Chapter I. Regulations of the Superintendent of Financial Services Part 200. Virtual Currencies 191Aschenbeck-Florange T, Regulation of Bitcoins in Germany: First comprehensive statement on Bitcoins by German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), 07/10/2014
81
safuZvelze192. evropis bankebis saagentos mier momxmareblebis
gafrTxilebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, 2014 wlis TebervalSi federalurma
finansurma dazvervis ganyofilebamac gamoaqveyna msgavsi gafrTxileba
virtualuri valutis momxmareblebisaTvis193.
2009 wlis ivnisSi CineTis vaWrobis saministrom kulturis
saministrosTan erTad gamosca pirveli oficialuri norma, romelic
aregulirebs virtualuri valutis gamoyenebas. am normis mixedviT,
virtualuri valutiT, romlis gadacvla realur fulze SesaZlebelia
gansazRvruli kursiT, dasaSvebia mxolod am valutis gamomSvebis
virtualuri saqonlisa an momsaxurebis SeZena. aseve, amave normiT aikrZala
virtualuri valutiT azartuli TamaSebi da arasrulwlovanebisTvis
virtualuri valutis miyidva194. aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis mizezs
umetes¬wilad warmoadgenda im droisTvis CineTSi arsebuli virtualuri
valuta “QQ coins”, romlis gamomSvebi iyo CineTis socialuri mediisa da
TamaSebis giganti Tencent.com. aRniSnul sqemaSi daregistrirebuli iyo 220
mln momxmarebeli, romelic “QQ coin”-s iyenebda aramxolod virtualur
sivrceSi, aramed cvlida maT realur fulze da yidulobda realur
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. zogierTis SefasebiT, aRniSnuli sqemis
daarsebidan mokle periodSi, man CineTis naRdi fulis ekonomikis 13%-s
miaRwia, ramac CineTis saxelmwifo struqturebis mxridan virtualuri
valutis realur finansur seqtorze SesaZlo zegavlenis SezRudvis
aucileblobis sakiTxi wamoWra195. vinaidan “QQ coins” virtualuri valutis
sqema iyo centralizebuli, Sesabamisad, masze SezRudvebis gavrceleba
martivi iyo. sxva situaciaa bitkoinebTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
CineTis centraluri bankisa da sxva 5 saxelmwifo struqturis mier 2013
wlis dekemberSi gamoica erToblivi miTiTeba bitkoinTan dakavSirebiT,
romelSic aRniSnulia, rom bitkoini ar atarebs kanonieri gadaxdis
192Winheller, Winheller Rechtsanwälte und Steuerberater, Finanzaufsichtsrecht (BaFin-Lizenz), http:// www.winheller.com/bankrecht-finanzrecht/aufsichtsrecht-bafin-lizenz.html, 1 193Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, 2014, https://www.bafin.de/SiteGlobals/Forms/Suche/EN/Servicesuche_Formular.html;jsessionid=CD25F1D336243974C127E419F83365A2.2_cid363?nn=7844610&resourceId=7855386&input_=7844610&pageLocale=en&templateQueryString=bitcoin&language_=en&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 194Ministry Of Commerce Of People’s Republic Of China, China Bars Use Of Virtual Money For Trading In Real Goods, 06/10/2014 195A. Sines, Bitcoin is not Banned in China and What You Need to Know, 09/10/2014
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saSualebis Tvisebebs da Tavisi SinaarsiT ar warmoadgens valutas.
bitkoini aris virtualuri saqoneli da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas
brunvaSi rogorc valuta, xolo finansur da sagadaxdo institutebs
ekrZalebaT nebismieri kavSiri bitkoinebTan. amave miTiTebiT, bitkoinebis
gadamcvlelebis veb-gverdebi valdebulni arian daregistrirdnen
telekomunikaciebis biuroSi da daeqvemdebaron fulis gaTeTrebis
sawinaaRmdego moTxovnebs196. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CineTis centralur banks
tolerantuli damokidebuleba aqvs bitkoinis mimarT winamorbedi QQ coin‐
isgan gansxvavebiT, radgan aRniSnuli virtualuri valutis kavSiri
realur ekonomikasTan daSvebulia. gadasaxadebis saxelmwifo
administraciis mier gavrcelebuli informaciiT virtualuri valutis
vaWrobidan miRebuli mogeba CineTSi daeqvemdebareba saSemosavlo
gadasaxads197.
evropuli qveynebisa da aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, tailandis
centralurma bankma gamoacxada bitkoini aralegalurad. informacia
gavrcelda tailandSi arsebuli kompaniidan, romelsac aqvs bitkoinebis
savaWro platforma. aRniSnulma kompaniam tailandis centralur bankSi
gamarTul Sexvedraze miiRo miTiTeba, rom bitkoini ar aris legaluri, ris
gamoc aRniSnulma kompaniam SeaCera saqmianoba. Tumca, sxva msgavsi
kompaniebi ganagrZobdnen saqmianobas tailandSi. mogvianebiT Bitcoin Co-m
centraluri bankidan miiRo werili, rom mas SeuZlia aRadginos saqmianoba,
Tumca, bitkoinis samarTlebrivi statusi kvlav gaurkveveli rCeba198. BOT-is
SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTda SeniSvnebi, rom tailandis centralur
banks konstituciiT ar hqonda uflebamosileba aekrZala bitkoini. Tumca,
maRali anonimurobis gamo, mas SeunarCunda ufleba, areguliros valutis
operaciebi.
ruseTis finansTa saministrom gamoaqveyna cvlilebebis
kanonproeqti, romlis safuZvelzec ruseTis teritoriaze ikrZaleba
operaciebi fuladi surogatebis (romelic moicavs virtualur valutasac)
saSualebiT. aseve, amave kanonproeqtiT ikrZaleba fuladi surogatebis 196http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/a-comparative-analysis-of-bitcoin-and-other-decentralized-virtual-currencies-legal-regulation-in-the-peoples-republic-of-china-canada-and-the-united-states 197Ye J., China Cracks Down on Virtual Currency For Real, 08/10/2014 198https://news.bitcoin.com/bank-of-thailand-bans-banks-from-cryptocurrency-activities/
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gamoSveba, maTi gamoSvebis mizniT programuli uzrunvelyofebis Seqmna da
gavrceleba199.
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom bitkoiniT
gadaxdebis ganxorcielebisas aRar aris saWiro sando mesame mxaris
arseboba, mas axasiaTebs rigi sisusteebi, romlebic kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayeneben misi rogorc virtualuri valutis sicocxlisunarianobas da
warmoSobs garkveul riskebs centraluri bankebis amocanebisaTvis
ebrZolon fulis gaTeTrebis problemas. momavalSi ra saxiT
transformirdeba kriptovaluta, amas regulatori, sakanonmdeblo sxdomebi
da centraluri bankebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi gviCvenebs.
araregulirebadi kriptovalutis gamoyenebis sqema, sakmaod gaumWirvalea.
Sedegad, rTuli saTqmelia, tranzaqciis Sesrulebisas ramdenad daculia
warmoSobis wyaros kanoniereba. virtualuri valutis samarTlebrivi
sakiTxi rig SemTxvevebSi gaurkvevelia. amasTanave, ar arsebobs
maregulirebeli centraluri organo da masTan dakavSirebuli finansuri
da samarTlebrivi riskebi mTlianad momxmarebelze gadadis. virtualuri
valutis anonimuroba da fsevdo-anonimuroba ki mimzidvels xdis mas
kriminaluri saqmianobisTvis, maT Soris, fulis gaTeTrebisTvis. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mimdinare etapze es riskebi ar uqmnian SesamCnev safrTxes
centraluri bankebis amocanebis ganxorcielebas, maTi gamoyenebis zrdis
SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli iqneba regulireba eleqtronuli fulis msgavsad,
vinaidan maRalia riski fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebs zrdis. mimdinare
etapze ar arsebobs erToblivi midgoma virtualuri valutebis
regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. msoflios centraluri bankebi agrZeleben
TanamSromlobas erTiani midgomis Camosayalibeblad. eleqtronuli
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola saWiroebs sakiTxisadmi frTxil da
gaazrebul midgomas200.
2.4. axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad
am paragrafis mizania, ganvixiloT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi,
romlebic xels uwyoben ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis 199https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/01/29/russias-newly-drafted-cryptocurrency-bill-crypto-not-cash/#7584a361646e 200Adler F., Mueller G, Laufer W. 2008. Criminology and Criminal Justice System. Edition 5th.
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faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT Semdgom prevencias.
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mravali teqnologia
damokidebulia kompiuterul mecnierebaTa sferoSi SemuSavebul teqnikaze.
amasTanave, bevri iyenebs kompiuterul grafikasa da maTematikis gamoTvliT
meTodebs. informaciis aRsaqmelad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
teqnologiebis narevi. amasTanave, monacemTa bazis grafikuli warmosaxva
kriminalistebs exmareba fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebis gamovlenaSi.
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad201. arsebobs sxvadasxva teqnologia, romelic
sasargebloa informaciis gaanalizebisaTvis. aRniSnuli teqnologiebi
xSirad klasificirdeba im amocanebis mixedviT, romelsac kriminalisti
isaxavs. magaliTad, skriningis teqnologia moicavs rogorc codnaze
dafuZnebul sistemebs, ise kavSiris analizs. monacemTa bazis sistemebis
efeqtiani gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia gamosadegi informaciis mopoveba.
aRniSnuli warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis individualuri SemTxvevebis
gaanalizebis umartives gzas, romelic exmareba individebs, organizaciebs
Soris kavSiris dadgenaSi. zogierTi programuli paketi uzrunvelyofs
kavSiris analizs, bazebi ki profesionalebTan interviuebis Catarebis
safuZvelze an mravali sxvadasxva SemTxvevis gaanalizebiT iqmneba.
monacemTa damuSavebis teqnologia mravalmxrivia iseve, rogorc
statistikuri meTodebi. bolo aTwleulis manZilze mkvlevarebma
SeimuSaves mravali meTodi avtomaturi informaciis moZiebaze. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, informacia moicavs mravalferovan dakvirvebas, sadac yvela
dakvirveba warmoadgens erT obieqts, magaliTad, piri, angariSi, an sabanko
gadaricxva da Sedgeba mravali ricxvisa Tu simboluri cvladisgan.
analizi iwyeba erTi amxsneli cvladiT-magaliTad, fulis gaTeTreba.
danarCeni cvladebi ki warmoadgenen modelis damokidebul cvladebs,
romlebic iTvaliswineben sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa
valuta, beneficiari, klientis tipi da sxva. naklebad zusti modelebi
ugulvebelyofilia. SeuZlebelia yvela SesaZlo modelis gacnoba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare teqnologia, rogorc wesi, zRudavs modelebis
201Jiang, J., How to use graph technology to detect money laundering. Retrieved from Neo4j News: https://neo4j.com/news/use-graph-technology-detect-money-laundering/
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SesaZlo raodenobas, raTa arCeul iqnas zusti modeli. damxmare
modelebis ganviTareba ki individs aZlevs xelsawyoebs didi moculobis
informaciis Sesamowmeblad da gasaanalizeblad. konkretul SemTxvevaze
dafuZnebuli meTodebi ganapirobeben pirvelad momxdari SemTxvevebis
Senaxvis SesaZleblobas samomavlo analizisaTvis202.
fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebi swrafad icvleba da amitom fulis
gaTeTrebis TvalsazrisiT codnaze dafuZnebuli sistemebis ganviTareba
ufro metad aris saWiro. aseve, SesaZloa, rom yvela banks Tu arasabanko
instituts dasWirdes axali programuli paketis gamoyeneba. codnis
gaziarebis teqnika fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad naklebad
aris ganviTarebuli, vidre fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
alternatiuli gzebi. fulis gamTeTreblebi mravaljeradad iyeneben
tranzaqciebs da sxvadasxva angariSs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SesaZloa,
Seiqmnas monacemTa centraluri baza, sadac gaziarebuli iqneba mravali
problemis gadaWris SemTxveva. informaciul agentebs ki SeiZleba
warmoadgendnen rogorc bankebi, aseve sxva finansuri institutebi.
amasTanave, aucilebelia sxvadasxva SemTxvevis gaanalizeba. magaliTad,
bankebi calsaxad upiratesobaSi arian garigebis da individualuri
angariSebis doneze fulis gaTeTrebis gamovlenaze. maT aqvT wvdoma
momxmarebelTa pirad informaciasTan da aseve, angariSis istoriis Sesaxeb,
romelic SeiZleba saeWvo warmomavlobis aRmoCndes. amis sapirispirod,
FinCEN saTanadod aris aRWurvili biznesisa da birJis sferoSi fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. maT aqvT agregirebuli monacemebi
samarTaldamcavebisa da komerciul wyaroebidan203. fulis gaTeTrebis
procesis gamosavlenad specialuri organoebi da analitikosebi xSirad
iyeneben sxvadasxva sainformacio portalze, cnobarebsa Tu saerTaSoriso
publikaciebSi regularulad gamoqveynebul informacias. investiciebis
kvalis Zieba ki saxelidan iwyeba. saxelebis kvleva gamoamJRavnebs, rom
kompaniebis Sesaxeb monacemebs Soris Cndeba organizebul danaSaulSi
CarTuli ramdenime piri. rodesac saqme pirebisa an kompaniebis kvlevas
exeba, onlain monacemTa bazebi uamrav SesaZleblobas iZleva. internetis
202Johnson, C. Using Case-Based Reasoning to Support the Indexing and Retrieval of Incident Reports 203U.S. Congress, O. O., Technologies for Detecting Money Laundering. In O. O. U.S. Congress, Technologies for Detecting Money Laundering, P. 51-71
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ganviTarebasTan erTad investiciebis wyaros gamoZiebiT dakavebuli
pirovnebebi iZieben informaciis did nakads, romlis gadasamuSaveblad
Tanamedrove programebs iyeneben, maT Sorisaa programa “12“, e.w.
“analitikosis wignaki“, romelic warmoadgens mowinave sagamoZiebo
analitikur programas204. aRniSnuli saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars rTuli,
kompleqsuri bazebidan mopovebuli informacia martivad daakavSiros
erTmaneTTan da Seqmnas e.w. logikuri scenarebi. “12’’-is garda aseve
arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, maT Soris NetMiner205, UCInet206, Pajek207, sxv,
romelic iZleva monacemebis informaciad gardaqmnis saSualebas da
kompaniebis saxelwodebebs, mowileTa raodenobas, vinaobas, misamarTebs,
dabadebis TariRebs ise gardaqmnis, rom saerTo saxelwodebebs Soris
xilul kavSirs adgens. amgvarad, kavSirebis dadgena, romelic analitikoss
gauWirdeboda monacemTa bazebis raodenobis gamo, dRes ukve SesaZlebelia
kompiuteruli programis meSveobiT. kompiuteruli programebis
SesaZleblobebi izrdeba, rodesac mas gamoiyeneben analitikosTa mier
Seqmnil monacemTa bazebSi. Groove funqcionirebs, rogorc damakavSirebeli
xidi da uzrunvelyofs gacvlisTvis dacul samuSao sivrces. kompaniis
Sesaxeb informacia qveynebSi xelmisawvdomia sajaro sainformacio
portalebze, qveynebis mixedviT, is SeiZleba iyos fasiani:
http://www.globalinvestigativejournalism.org-saitze daarqivebulia
masalebi, romelic moicavs informacias sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da ofSorul
samoTxeebSi moqmedi kompaniebis Sesaxeb208;
http://ebr.org-saitze mocemulia avstriis, niderlandebis,
estoneTis, fineTis, safrangeTis, germaniis, saberZneTis, irlandiis,
italiis, jersis, latviis, daniis, norvegiis, serbeTis, espaneTis, SvedeTis,
ukrainisa da didi britaneTis monacemTa bazebi. fasebi icvleba qveynebis
mixedviT209;
204radu p., International Center for Journalists, Advancing Quality Journalism Worldwide, fulis
kvaldakval, cifruli gzamkvlevi korufciis gamosavlenad, gv.22-25 205 NetMiner, Manual, Getting Started with NetMiner, CYRAM, 2008, P.28-29 206 Indian Institute of Technology Dyderabad, Global Initiative on Academic Network (GIAN), Certificate Course on SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS 17th-23rd December 2016, P.2 207 Batagelj V., and Mrvar A., Pajek-Program for Large Network Analysis, University of Ljubljana, 1999, P.1 208Global Investigative Journalism Network, website: https://www.gijn.org 209European Business Register, website: http://www.ebr.org
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http://www.lexisnexis/uk/business-veb-gverdi fasiania da iTxovs
xelmoweras. is sTavazobs xelmisawvdomobas mediaSi gamoqveynebul
masalebTan, kompaniebis registrebTan mraval qveyanaSi, sasamarTlo
saqmeebTan, finansur bazrebTan da mraval sxva saxis informaciasTan210;
http://www.dialog.com-veb-gveri iZleva wvdomas asobiT
gaerTianebul monacemTa bazasTan da saZiebo sistemasTan211.
calkeuli qveynis mixedviT, informaciis moZieba SeiZleba sajaro
reestrisa da saSemosavlo samsaxuris sainformacio portalebze.
magaliTad,
avstraliis fasiani qaRaldebisa da investiciebis komisia
uzrunvelyofs monacemTa bazas avstraliaSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis
Sesaxeb http://www.asic.gov.au212.
azerbaijanSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZieba rTulia,
gansakuTrebiT komerciuli organizaciebis mflobelebis Sesaxeb.
informacia mmarTvelebis Sesaxeb ar aris sajarod xelmisawvdomi.
saxelmwifo struqturebi azerbaijanSi mudmivad uars amboben komerciuli
holdingebis aqcionerebis da mmarTveli sabWoebis Sesaxeb informaciiis
gacemaze, vinaidan maTTvis aqcionerTa saxelebi komerciuli saidumloa da
nebismieri informacia, dakavSirebuli aseT kompaniebTan konfidencialuria.
informacia aqcionerebis Sesaxeb erovnul sadepozito centrSia
ganTavsebuli. “erovnuli sadepozito centri’’ bankis rols TamaSobs da
informacia mowileTa Sesaxeb sabanko saidumlos warmoadgens213.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mravali monacemTa baza aqvs,
romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba kompaniebis Sesaswavlad. magaliTad,
http://www.nass.org, sadac daregistrirebisas xeli migiwvdebaT qveynis 50
Statis kompaniaTa reestrze214. aseve, sainteresoa http://www.guidestar.org,
romelic iTxovs registracias215. is Zalzed sasargeblo eleqtronuli veb-
misamarTia maTTvis, vinc aSS–Si dafuZnebul, magram sazRvargareT moqmed
fondebs, arasamTavrobo da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs eZebs da maTze
210RELX Group, LexisNexis, website: http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/en-uk/home.page 211ProQuest Research Database, website: http://www.proquest.com 212Austrian Securities and Investment Commission, website: http://www.asic.gov.au 213National Depository Center of the Republic of Azerbaijan, CJSC, website: http://aecsd.org 214National Association of Secretaries of State, website: http://www.nass.org 215GuideStar, website: http://www.guidestar.org/Home.aspx
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surs informaciis moZieba.
axali zelandiisTvis https://www.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies
informaciis erT–erTi saukeTeso provaideria. sistema ufasoa da
xelmisawvdomia inglisur enaze216.
belgiur veb-gverdze arsebobs zogadi informacia kompaniebis
Sesaxeb. veb-gverdi http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv/tsf.htm aseve iZleva
informacias kompaniebis Sesaxeb217. http://www.trendstop.be-ze ki ganTavsebulia
finansuri informacia belgiis 100 umsxvilesi kompaniis Sesaxeb218.
bosnia da hercogovinaSi kompaniis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopoveba
SesaZlebelia. isini ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia bosniis sasamarTloebSi.
dokumentebi iZleva informacias mflobelTa Sesaxeb. aslebis gadaReba
fasiania. amasTanave, ramdenime sasamarTlom praqtikaSi danerga internet an
veb-gverdebze xelmisawvdomi monacemTa bazebiT sargebloba. Tumca, veb-
gverdebze arsebuli informacia ar iZleva srul suraTs219.
britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebiT sargebloben ofSoruli
kompaniebis formirebis dros. maT aqvT sakuTari reestri, saidanac
SesaZlebelia kompaniis wesdebis, direqtorTa Sesaxeb informaciis miReba.
Tumca, daregistrirebuli kompaniis beneficiari mflobeli korporaciul
CanawerebSi SesaZloa, ar dafiqsirdes.
veb-misamarTze htttp://www.guernseyregistry.com mocemulia informacia
guernsze daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb220. aRniSnuli kunZuli
gamoirCeva ofSoruli kompaniebis dafuZnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sasurveli garemoTi, romelic araerT fulis gamTeTrebels izidavs.
daniis veb-gverdi http://www.biq.dk mocemulia daniur enaze da
fasiania. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia erTkviriani ufaso wevrobis miReba221. aq
SesaZlebelia informaciis moZieba daniuri kompaniebisa da maTTan
dakavSirebuli pirebis Sesaxeb.
did britaneTSi informacia aqcionerebis, direqtorebisa da
finansuri angariSebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad fasiania. cvlilebebi kompaniebis
216Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, website: https://www.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies 217Belgisch Staatsblad, website: http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv/tsf.htm 218Trends Top, Trends Business Information, in Search for Business, website: http://www.trendstop.be 219Registers of Business Entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, website: https://bizreg.pravosudje.ba 220Guernsey Registry, website: htttp://www.guernseyregistry.com 221Søgning, website: https://data.biq.dk
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struqturaSi SesaZloa mikvleul iqnas monacemTa bazis, sakredito
valdebulebebis da sxvadasxva finansuri transaqciebis Sesaxeb monacemebis
miRebisas-http://www.companieshouse.co.uk/ddir222. amasTanave, SesaZloa informaciis
moZieba yvela diskvalificirebuli direqtoris Sesaxeb.
irlandiaSi informaciis miReba fasiania. kompaniebis
saregistracio ofisebi, reestri, biznes-saxelwodebebi SesaZloa, moiZebnos
Semdeg veb-misamarTze http://www.cro.ie223.
italiur veb-gverdze http://www.registroimprese.it informaciis moZieba
kompaniis Sesaxeb ufasoa224. monacemTa baza, agreTve xelmisawvdomia
evropis biznes reestris meSveobiT.
2004 wlidan moyolebuli kviprosi maqsimalurad cdilobs
fulis gaTeTrebis SemTxvevebis aRmofxvras. korporaciuli Canawerebis
mopoveba SesaZlebelia kompaniaTa reestris departamentis Semdeg veb-
misamarTze: http://www.mcit.gov.cy225. sainteresoa, rom oficialuri dokumentebi
SesaZloa, Seicavdes Secdomebs. kvipross praqtikulad ar aqvs kontroli
monacemebze.
latviaSi informacia xelmisawvdomia reestris meSveobiT:
http://www.lursoft.lv226.
lixtenSteini mwir monacemebs sTavazobs kompaniebis Sesaxeb da
arasodes gascems informacias mflobelebis Sesaxeb. kompaniis Sesaxeb
informacia SesaZlebelia, inaxos Semdeg veb-gverdze: http://www.oera.li227. Zieba
mimdinareobs saxelwodebisa da registraciis nomriT. gansazRvruli
formis Sevsebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia Canawerebis miReba. informaciis
miReba fasiania.
luqsemburgis savaWro reestrs fasiani momsaxureba aqvs -
http://www.rcsl.lu228. sasargeblo resursi luqsemburis kompaniebis Sesaxeb
monacemebis mosapoveblad aris Semdegi veb-gverdi: http://www.etat.lu, romelic
222Companies House, Registrar of Companies (England and Wales), website: www.gov.uk 223Companies Registration Office, website: https://www.cro.ie 224The business register of the Italian Chambers of Commerce, website: http://www.registroimprese.it 225Republic of Cyprus, The Ministry of Energy, Commerce Industry and Tourism, website: http://www.mcit.gov.cy 226Lursoft, website: http://www.lursoft.lv 227Landesverwaltung, Furstentum Liechtenstein, website: http://www.oera.li 228Registre de Commerce et des Societes, website: https://www.rcsl.lu
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moicavs oficialuri Canawerebis nakrebs229. kompaniis saxelwodebis
mixedviT SesaZlebelia monacemebis mopoveba http://legilux.public.lu230.
makedoniis kompaniebis Sesaxeb monacemebi Tavmoyrilia
http://www.crm.com.mk-ze, sadac informacia ganTavsebulia makedoniur enaze
2008 wlidan daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb231. wina wlebSi
daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad
aucilebelia reestris ofisidan informaciis gamoTxova.
ofSoruli kompaniebis formirebisTvis erT-erTi mimzidveli
adgilmdebareobaa menis kunZuli, romelTa korporaciuli Canawerebi
SesaZlebelia, moiZebnos veb-gverdze: http://www.fsc.gov.im232. Zieba
SesaZlebelia saxelwodebiT an kompaniis registraciis nomriT.
holandiis savaWro reestri onlain reJimSi iZebneba veb-gverdze
http://www.kvk.nl, informaciis umetesoba ufasoa233.
norvegiaSi kompaniis Sesaxeb informacia biznes-reestris
meSveobiTaa xelmisawvdomi: http://www.brreg.no234.
rumineTSi Canawerebi ganTavsebulia veb-gverdze http://www.onrc.ro,
sadac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva tipis Ziebis ganxorcieleba saxelebisa da
misamarTebis, saregistracio nomris, aqcionerebis da administratoris
saxelebis CaTvliT235. monacemTa bazasTan daSvebisTvis saWiroa xelmowera.
kompaniis istoria buqarestis reestris saTao ofisSi moipoveba da
miRebuli kakonmdeblobiT piradi monacemebi aqcionerTa Sesaxeb
xelmiuwvdomelia.
ruseTSi ramdenime saZiebo resursi arsebobs, romelic iZleva
informacias kompaniebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris http://www.egrul.ru, romelzec
xelmowera aucilebelia236. veb-gverdi iZleva informacias kompaniebis
damfuZneblebis da finansuri angariSebis Sesaxeb. aseve, SesaZlebelia
informaciis moZieba imis Taobaze, Tu ra kompaniebi Seiqmna ama Tu im piris
229Le Guvernement Du Grand-Duche De Luxembourg, website: http://www.etat.public.lu/fr/index.php 230Le Guvernement Du Grand-Duche De Luxembourg, website: http://legilux.public.lu 231Централен Регистар На Република Македониjа, website: http://www.crm.com.mk 232Isle of Man, Financial Services Authority, Lught-Reill Shirveishyn Argidoil Ellan Vannin, website: https://www.iomfsa.im 233The Chamber of Commerce, Kamer van Koophandel, website: https://www.kvk.nl/english/ 234The Brønnøysund Register Centre, website: https://www.brreg.no/home/ 235Ministerul Justiției, Oficiul Național al Registrului Comerțului, website: https://www.onrc.ro/index.php/ro/ 236Russian Federation, Enquiry Service of Legal Entities, website: https://russianpartner.biz
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mier. aseve, sasargeblo veb-gverdi aris http://www.lin.ru, romlis daxmarebiTac
SesaZlebelia informaciis miReba msxvili kompaniebis Sesaxeb237. mocemul
gverdze ganTavsebuli informacia ar aris ganaxlebuli.
samxreT afrikaSi Canawerebi moipoveba kompaniebis reestridan,
romelic inaxeba vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis departamentSi
http://www.cipro.gov.za238. araoficialurad monacemebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia
http://www.legalcity.net-ze239.
safrangeTSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia
http://www.euridile.fr-ze240. kompaniis Sesaxeb sruli Canaweri SesaZloa 40
evromde Rirdes.
saqarTveloSi Canawerebi kompaniaTa Sesaxeb SesaZloa moiZebnos
finansTa saministros www.revenue.mof.ge-sa da sajaro reestris erovnuli
saagentos www.napr.gov.ge veb-gverdze241. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
kompaniebis realuri mflobelebis ukan fiqtiuri pirebi dganan.
saqarTveloSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis moZieba
aseve SesaZlebelia http://www.dnb.com-ze242. monacemTa bazasTan
xelmisawvdomoba da sxvadasxva tipis saZiebo sistema mocemulia ufaso
saitze http://www.lexisnexis.com243.
slovakeTSi sxvadasxva tipis informaciis moZieba ufasoa
http://www.orsk.sk-ze244.
ukrainaSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba
SesaZlebelia evropis biznes-reestris meSveobiT. kompaniebis Sesaxeb
informacia Tavmoyrilia http://www.smida.gov.ua245. monacemTa baza iZleva
informacias saaqcio sazogadoebebis, kompaniebis, maTi wliuri angariSebis
Sesaxeb. http://bank.gov.ua-ze mocemulia bankebis aqcionerTa monacemTa baza,
sadac asaxulia informacia im pirebis Sesaxeb, visac bankSi 10%–ze meti
237Legislation and Investment, website: http://www.lin.ru 238Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, a member of the dtl group 239Legal City, South Africa's premier online legal services portals, website: https://www.legalcity.net 240Les Greffes Des Tribunaux De Commerce, website: https://www.infogreffe.fr 241sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento. website: www.napr.gov.ge 242Dun and Bradstreet, Global Commercial Database, website: http://www.dnb.com 243LexisNexis, Legal and Professional, website: https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/gateway.page 244Ministry Of Justice Of The Slovak Republic, Business Register, On Internet, website: http://www.orsr.sk 245SMIDA, Ми робимо інформацію доступною, website: https://smida.gov.ua
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wili aqvs246. http://cna.com.ua aris monacemTa baza kompaniebis gakotrebis,
likvidaciis, kanondarRvevebis da sxva msgavsi saxis informaciis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli informaciis gamoTxova aris fasiani.
ungreTSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis
moZieba SesaZlebelia inglisur enaze http://www.adatbazis.com247.
finuri kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZieba SesaZlebelia
savaWro reestris oficialur veb-gverdze: http://www.ytj.fi. Tumca, monacemTa
baza ar moicavs finansur Canawerebs248.
CexeTis respublikis veb-gverdi http://portal.justice.cz uzrunvelyofs
ufaso informaciis mowodebas kompaniis saxelwodebis mixedviT249.
rodesac finansuri institutebi da saxelmwifo struqturebi
axorcieleben didi moculobis investiciebs Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi,
raTa moxerxdes klientebis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis miReba,
damnaSaveebi maqsimalurad cdiloben alternatiuli gzebis moZiebas, ris
sapasuxodac saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSoriso organoebi imuSaveben sxvadasxva
teqnologiebs, romelic saSualebas miscems maT dainaxon kavSirebi
moTamaSeebs Soris da gamoavlinon saeWvo tipis SemTxvevebi, dakavSirebuli
fulis gaTeTrebasTan. Tu finansuri sistemebi ganagrZoben axali
kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas, kriminalebi kvlav Seecdebian axali
alternatiuli gzis moZiebas fuladi saxsrebisaTvis. rogorc mocemul
paragrafSi gamovlinda, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi xels uwyoben ukanonod
miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT
Semdgom prevencias. aseve, gavecaniT informaciis didi nakadis
gadamamuSavebel analitikur programebs.
246Національний банк України, website: http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/index 247BISNODE, Azokosadatok és üzletielemzések úttörőivagyunk, website: https://www.bisnode.hu 248The Business Information System, website: https://www.ytj.fi/en/index.html 249Ministerstvo Spravedlnosti České Republiky, website: http://www.justice.cz/Justice2/Uvod/uvod.aspx
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Tavi III. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebები
saqarTveloSi
3.1. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da
samarTlebrivi baza saqarTveloSi
mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebas. mimovixilavT sakanonmdeblo bazas,
sxvadasxva specializebul institutebs da aRniSnul problemasTan
sabrZolvelad SemuSavebul specialur dokumentebs.
bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis
da wamyvani industriuli qveynebis gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia
ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis ara marto damalvis,
aramed am saxsrebiT danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis da terorizmis
dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken. am viTarebaSi, saqarTveloSi e.w.
`fulis gaTeTrebis” aRkveTis Sesaxeb kanondeblobis SemuSavebis da
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis mcdeloba exmaureba msoflioSi
arsebul tendenciebs. garda amisa, Cvens qveyanaSi, sadac miaxloebiTi
statistikis mixedviT Crdilovani ekonomikis wili 60 procents Seadgens,
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis problemebze
muSaoba Zalze aqtualuria250. saqarTvelos, rogorc evropis sabWos wevr
qveyanas, romelic miuerTda evropis sabWos 1990 wlis konvencias `fulis
gaTeTrebis, danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli Semosavlebis
moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb” (strasburgis konvencia),
nakisri aqvs valdebuleba Seqmnas ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi prevenciuli sakanondeblo baza da gaataros
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna agreTve
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendacia/moTxovnaa251. aRniSnuli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesabamisi uwyebaTaSorisi komisiis mier
momzadda kanonproeqti `ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis
250danelia b., Crdilovani ekonomika 60 procents aWarbebs, statia, 2018, gv.1
http://for.ge/view.php?for_id=52242&cat=1 251saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, konvencia fulis gaTeTrebis,danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli Semosavlebis moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb,
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba, 1990w., https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1216554
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Sesaxeb” da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi. kanonproeqtis
SemuSavebisas nawilobriv gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli
konvenciis debulebebi, ise FATF-is 40 rekomendacia da 1991 wlis 10 ivnisis
91/308/EEC direqtiva finansuri sistemebis fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT
gamoyenebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. seqtoruli qvejgufis mier, romelSic
GEPLAC-is eqspertebTan erTad monawileobdnen iusticiis saministros,
ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis saministros, finansTa saministros
da erovnuli bankis warmomadgenlebi, Seswavlil iqna direqtivis 91/308/EEC
da strasburgis konvenciis moTxovnebi da momzadda kanonproeqtis
aRniSnul aqtebTan SedarebiTi analizi, romelmac kanonproeqtis mTeli
rigi xarvezebi da Seusabamobebi gamoavlina. am sferoSi saqarTvelos
kanondeblobis evropis kanondeblobasTan harmonizacia xels Seuwyobs
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebis efeqtian amoqmedebas-
fulis gaTeTrebis yvela SesaZlo gzebis gadaketvas, gaTeTrebis
mcdelobis droul gamovlenas da aRkveTas da rac mTavaria, saSualebas
miscems Sesabamis organoebs ar dauSvan danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili
qonebis gankargva da uzrunvelyon misi saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema.
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis mosalodneli Sedegi gamovlindeba Crdilovani
seqtoridan legalur seqtorSi fulis gadinebiT.
saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis aRkveTis sistema arsebobis aT wels iTvlis. amJamad moqmedi
“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanoni 2003 wlis 6 ivniss iqna miRebuli da ZalaSia 2004 wlis
1 ianvridan252. swored aRniSnuli kanoni warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis erovnuli sistemis
mTavar samarTlebriv instruments. kanoni aregulirebs saqarTveloSi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
gamovlenasa da aRkveTis xelSewyobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs,
aseve saqarTvelosa da sxva saxelmwifoTa uflebamosil organoebsa da
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris TanamSromlobis formebs. saqarTvelos
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs ufrosi, romelsac
252saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), q.Tbilisi, gv.1-2
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erovnuli bankis sabWosTan SeTanxmebiT, 4 wlis vadiT Tanamdebobaze
niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos prezidenti.
samsaxuris ufross hyavs moadgile. samsaxuris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
Semdegi struqturuli erTeulebi: analitikuri sammarTvelo,
administraciuli sammarTvelo, meTodologiis, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebisa da iuridiuli sammarTvelo, informaciis miRebisa da
damuSavebis sammarTvelo. samsaxuri saqarTvelos prezidents weliwadSi
erTxel, momdevno saangariSo wlis 1 maisamde warudgens angariSs gaweuli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb253. samsaxuris dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom mis biujets samsaxuris ufrosis wardginebiT
yovelwliurad amtkicebs erovnuli bankis sabWo254. sistematuri
urTierToba aqvs sazedamxedvelo organoebTan, saqarTvelos erovnul
bankTan, saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos finansTa
saministrosTan, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili
buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis wevr organizaciasTan255. ”ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos
kanoni gansazRvravs saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris
amocanebsa da saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, rogorc
damoukidebeli organo monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisgan iRebs,
aanalizebs da dasabuTebuli varaudis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, rom garigeba
saeWvoa da xorcieldeba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis an terorizmis
dafinansebis an sxva danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT, gadascems saTanado
informacias samarTaldamcav organoebs.256 bolo wlebSi finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuri kvlavac ganagrZobs intensiur TanamSromlobas
sazedamxedvelo organoebTan-saqarTvelos erovnul bankTan, saqarTvelos
iusticiisa da finansTa saministroebTan, saqarTvelos profesional
buRalterTa da auditorTa federaciasTan, saqarTvelos advokatTa
asociaciasTan. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis Semowmebis
253saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N606, 2014, q.Tbilisi, Tavi 4, muxli 6 254Transparency International Georgia, 2014, website: http://www.transparency.ge/ge/blog/pinansuri-monitoringis-samsakhuri-pinansta-saministros-ar-unda-gadaetses 255Georgian Federation of Professional Accountants and Auditors, website: http://www.gfpaa.ge/site/index.php 256saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb” 2003, q.Tbilisi, muxli 10
96
momzadebasa da inspeqtirebis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT sazedamxedvelo
organoebTan xorcieldeba informaciis urTierTgacvla ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis sferoSi moqmedi
sakanonmdeblo bazis moTxovnebis Sesrulebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnul banksa da ssip saqarTvelos
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs Soris TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis
mizniT, 2016 wlis 5 agvistos gaformda memorandumi, romlis mizania
informaciis urTierTgacvlis, normatiuli bazisa da meTodologiuri
saxelmZRvaneloebis SemuSavebis procesSi mxareTa TanamSromlobis
gaRrmaveba257. 2016 wels gaformebuli memorandumiT ganaxlebul iqna
mxareTa Soris 2007 wlis 30 maiss gaformebuli SeTanxmebiT
gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebze TanamSromlobis pirobebi.
2016 wels saqarTvelos finansuri montoringis samsaxuri aqtiurad
iyo CarTuli aseve korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis uwyebaTSorisi
sakoordinacio sabWosa da fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemmuSavebeli da
misi Sesrulebis koordinaciis ganmaxorcielebeli uwyebaTaSorisi sabWos
muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT,
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri
agrZelebs kooperirebul saqmianobas ucxoel kolegebTan258. ucxo qveynebis
Sesabamis samsaxurebTan ormxrivi TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis mizniT,
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris mier 2016 wlis
ganmavlobaSi urTierTgagebis memorandumebi gaformebul iqna yazaxeTis,
montenegrosa da monakos analogiur samsaxurebTan. 2017 wlis 1 ianvris
mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs
TanamSromlobisa da informaciis urTierTgacvlis Sesaxeb memorandumi
gaformebuli aqvs 42 qveynis analogiur samsaxurTan259.
saangariSo wlis manZilze samsaxuri ganagrZobda TanamSromlobas
saerTaSoriso da ucxour organizaciebTan. 2016 wlis manZilze
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
257saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv. 10-11 258saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi,2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.11 259saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi,2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.12
97
evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa
Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa (MONEYVAL) komitetis plenaruli sxdomebis
muSaobaSi. saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris
warmomadgeneli monawileobas iRebda sloveniis mexuTe raundis
saSemfaseblo misiaSi (organizatori-MONEYVAL-is komiteti, 2016 wlis 6–19
noemberi)260. ”ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi 2016 wlis 8 ivniss Setanili sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, im pirebisaTvis romlebic kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili wesiT ewevian sabuRaltro an/da auditorul saqmianobis,
zemoaRniSnuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze
zedamxedvel organod, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili
buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri organizaciis nacvlad,
ganisazRvra saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi Semavali
saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba buRaltruli aRricxvis,
angariSgebisa da auditis zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri. ”ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonidan
gamomdinare, 2016 wlis manZilze gagrZelda muSaoba saqarTvelos
finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris mier teroristTa da terorizmis
xelSemwyob pirTa siebis ganaxlebis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuris mier saangariSo wlis manZilze gaeros Sesabamisi
komitetis gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze mudmivad xdeboda cvlilebebi da
damatebebi teroristTa da terorizmis xelSemwyob pirTa siebSi.
zemoaRniSnuli brZanebebi gamoqveynda saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi,
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris veb-gverdze da miewoda
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirebs. aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa da
damatebebis mizania gaeros al-qaidasa da Talibanis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
sanqciebis komitetebis mier damtkicebul siebTan adgilobrivi
kanonmdeblobis sruli Tavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa261. 2016 wels
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurma monitoringis
ganmaxorciebel pirebisTvis am ukanasknelTa mier maTze kanonmdeblobiT
dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xelSewyobis uzrunvelsayofad
260Egmont, Annual Report, 15 Years of Trust and Confidence, 2010, Page.36 261saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.13
98
ganagrZo sakonsultacio Sexvedrebis, treningebisa da seminarebis
organizeba. saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurma saangariSo
wlis manZilze damoukideblad da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
mxardaWeriT monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis gamarTa
ramdenime trening-seminari. 2016 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuris TanamSromlebi ganagrZobdnen monawileobas
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso treningsa Tu seminarSi, aseve eswrebodnen
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis iniciativiT gamarTul Sesabamis
Sexvedrebs262. saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZola sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. aRniSnuli problemis winaaRmdeg
brZolis samarTlebrivi sistema dafuZnebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebisa
da gamocdilebis safuZvelze.
“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSemwyobi“
saqarTvelos kanoni da mis safuZvelze saqarTvelos finansuri
monitoringis samsaxurisa da sazedamxedvelo organoebis mier gamocemuli
normatiuli aqtebi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad:
gansazRvraven monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis
valdebulebebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis aRkveTis sferoSi;
gansazRvraven monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier
Sesabamisi informaciis saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis
samsaxurisTvis miwodebis wessa da pirobebs;
iTvaliswineben valdebulebebs informaciis dacvasa da
gacemasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb da uzrunvelyofen
adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis meqanizmebs263.
“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanonSi 2011 wlis 25 noembers Setanili cvlilebebi
iTvaliswinebs calke debulebebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
rezoluciebis Sesrulebis sakiTxebze momuSave samTavrobo komisiis
Taobaze. kanoni gansazRvravs komisiisa da samuSao jgufis
262saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.16 263saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N399, 2013, q.Tbilisi, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris-saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze, Tavi 3, muxli 4
99
uflebamosilebebs. ”ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis
xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis sferoSi
moqmedi erovnuli institucionaluri sistema. kanoniT dadgenilia
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier Sesabamisi valdebulebebis
Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli sazedamxedvelo organoebi. kerZod:
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki-komerciuli bankebis, valutis
gadamcvleli punqtebis, kvalificiuri sakredito institutebis, arasabanko
sadepozito dawesebulebebisa da mikrosafinanso organizaciebisaTvis;
fuladi gzavnilebis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis; sabrokero
kompaniebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebisaTvis;
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos dazRvevis
saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri-sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da
arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemis damfuZneblebisaTvis;
saqarTvelos finansTa saministro–latariebisa da sxva
TamaSebis momwyobi pirebisaTvis; Zvirfas liTonebTan, Zvirfas qvebTan da
maT nawarmsa da antikvarul nivTebTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis
ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis; ssip–Semosavlebis samsaxurisaTvis;
salizingo kompaniebisaTvis; grantebisa da saqvelmoqmedo daxmarebebis
gamcemi pirebisaTvis;
saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro-notariusebisaTvis; ssip-
sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentosaTvis;
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili buRalterTa
saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri organizacia im pirebisaTvis, romlebic
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT ewevian sabuRaltro an/da
auditorul saqmianobas;
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos advokatTa
asociacia-advokatebisaTvis264.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sazedamxedvelo organoebs
ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
264saqarTvelos parlamenti, kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”, 2003, q.Tbilisi, muxli 4
100
SemowmebisaTvis.
“saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi” axdens ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis kriminalizacias.
aseve, masSi mocemulia ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis predikati
danaSaulebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
kriminalizaciis miznebisaTvis, predikats warmoadgens saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela danaSauli265.
miTiTebuli danaSaulebi srulad moicavs finansuri moqmedebis
specialuri jgufis mier gansazRvrul ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
predikatebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2007 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamis muxlebSi ganxorcielda rigi cvlilebebi,
romlebic miznad isaxavda ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da
terorizmis dafinansebis farTo da srulyofil kriminalizacias.
aRniSnulis Sedegad, miTiTebuli danaSaulebis kriminalizacia dReisaTvis
srulad Seesabameba am sferoSi moqmed saerTaSoriso standartebs.
zemoxsenebuli danaSaulebis kriminalizaciasTan erTad, saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens qonebis CamorTmevis sisxlis
samarTlebriv meqanizms, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis.
“operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni
gansazRvravs operatiul RonisZiebebs da maTi Catarebis wesebs, romlebic
gamoiyeneba danaSaulebis, maT Soris, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis, gamovlenisa da aRkveTis mizniT266.
“saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis” Sesabamisi Tavi
(Tavi XLIV1) adgens-ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis danaSaulebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piris, misi ojaxis wevris,
axlo naTesavis da dakavSirebuli piris ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis
CamorTmevis samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv meqanizms. aRniSnuli meqanizmis
arseboba mniSvnelovania ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis
dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, radgan am dros, qonebis CamorTmevis
265saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4 266saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4
101
sisxlis samarTlebrivi meqanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, CamorTmevas
daqvemdebarebul qonebasTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mtkicebis tvirTis
cvlileba da uSualod mopasuxe mxares ekisreba qonebis kanonieri
warmomavlobis dasabuTebis valdebuleba267.
“sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze,
maT Soris, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis saqmeebze, samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenis, eqstradiciis
da ganaCenis aRsrulebis procedurebs268.
“samarTaldacviT sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni aregulirebs samarTaldacviT sferoSi
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba
operatiul-samZebro informaciisa da personaluri monacemebis gacvlas,
operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas da saqarTvelos
samarTaldamcavi organoebis kompetenciisaTvis mikuTvnebul sxva sferoebs,
romlebSic saqarTvelos samarTaldamcavi organoebi TanamSromloben
sazRvargareTis qveynis samarTaldamcav organoebTan an saerTaSoriso
organizaciis Sesabamis struqturebTan. aRniSnuli TanamSromloba
xorcieldeba, maT Soris, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis Tavidan
acilebis, gamovlenis da aRkveTis mizniT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis gamoZieba ganekuTvneba
saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturis kompetencias, xolo saqarTvelos
Sinagan saqmeTa saministro iZiebs teroristul danaSaulebs da terorizmis
dafinansebis saqmeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
da terorizmis dafinansebis saqmeebis gamoZieba tardeba saqarTvelos
mTavari prokuraturisa da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
specializebuli danayofebis mier269.
“fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiis” ZiriTadi
mizania saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso standartebTan Tavsebadi ukanono
267saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4-5 268saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 5 269saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 5
102
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg
brZolisa da prevenciis erovnuli sistemis formireba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
xels Seuwyobs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis prevencias, maTi raodenobis
klebas da maT droul gamovlenas. strategiis aRniSnuli mimarTuleba
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis kuTxiT
qveyanaSi arsebuli riskebis identificirebas da am danaSaulebis
prevenciis mizniT riskze damyarebuli politikis gansazRvras gulisxmobs.
kerZod, Sesabamisi uwyebebis monawileobiT muSavdeba zogadi, seqtoruli
da Tematuri riskebis amsaxveli dokumenti, romlis safuZvelze moxdeba
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis sferoSi
saxelmwifo politikis prioritetebis gansazRvra da resursebis efeqtiani
ganawileba270. riskebis Sefasebis dokumentiT gamovlenili sirTuleebis
aRmofxvris mizniT, ganxorcieldeba sxvadasxva seqtorebSi saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT da saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis politikiT gansazRvruli
meqanizmebis gadasinjva an, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, axali meqanizmebis
danergva. SemuSavebuli strategiis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo bazis saerTaSoriso standartebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Semdgomi srulyofa. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba
finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis (FATF) rekomendaciebs, evrokavSiris
Sesabamis direqtivebsa da Sesabamisi konvenciebis moTxovnebs eyrdnoba.
Tumca, mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT aucilebelia zemoaRniSnuli
standartebis Semdgomi implementaciis procesis gagrZeleba, rasac miznad
isaxavs strategia da masze TandarTuli samoqmedo gegma. strategiis erT-
erTi mimarTulebaa aseve erovnuli institucionaluri sistemis gaZliereba.
am mimarTulebiT prioritetulia:
sazedamxedvelo organoebis Sesabamisi adamianuri, materialur-
teqnikuri resursebiT gaZliereba;
finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis (FATF) meTodologiisa
da mis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli kanonmdeblobis gacnobis mizniT,
270saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 6
103
permanentuli treningebis organizeba sazedamxedvelo organoebis,
samarTaldamcavi struqturebisa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelTaTvis;
Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis gziT
sazedamxedvelo organoebis, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis
samsaxuris aRWurva yvela im meqanizmiT, romelic saerTaSoriso
standartebisa da saukeTeso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia
maTze dakisrebuli amocanebis efeqturi realizaciisTvis271.
strategiis mimarTulebas warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg moqmedi
saxelmwifo da TviTmaregulirebeli organizaciebis adgilobrivi
TanamSromlobis, aseve, maTi ucxoel kolegebTan saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis gaZliereba272. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis
mier ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi arsebuli valdebulebebis jerovani
Sesrulebis xelSewyoba, gansakuTrebiT, es Seexeba im sferoebs, sadac
maRalia ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
riski. strategiis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas warmoadgens
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi
arsebuli sakanonmdeblo valdebulebebis saTanadod Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofa273. 2015 wels miiRes cvlileba “ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi
cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze“ kanonproeqti, romlis mizania “Semosavlebis
samsaxuris mier identificirebul iyos ara mxolod sazRvarze 30,000
larze-erovnuli da ucxouri valutebis, Cekebisa da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis-gadamaadgilebeli fizikuri pirebi, aramed gadaadgilebuli
saqonlis gamgzavni da mimRebi, rogorc fizikuri, aseve, iuridiuli
271saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 7 272saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 7 273saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 8
104
pirebi274“. ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciaSi monawileobis mimRebi
isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT275. aRniSnuli rekomendaciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi moqmedebs regulacia
evrokavSiris teritoriaze naRdi fulis Semotanisa da gatanisa Taobaze276.
regulaciis Tanaxmad, fizikuri piri, romelsac evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaSi
Sesvlisas an qveynis datovebisas-sazRvarze gadaaqvs 10,000 evro (an misi
ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi), agreTve, aRniSnul Tanxaze meti odenobis
naRdi fuli (SemdgomSi saqoneli), Cekebi da sxva fasiani qaRaldebi,
valdebulia, moaxdinos misi deklarireba wevri qveynis sazRvarze moqmed
uflebamosil sabaJo organoSi da Seavsos specialuri forma. specialuri
forma praqtikulad identuria TiToeuli evrokavSiris wevri qveynisTvis
da moicavs personalur informacias deklarantis, agreTve,
gadaadgilebuli saqonlis mflobelisa da gadaadgilebuli saqonlis
mimRebi, rogorc fizikuri aseve iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 3. deklarirebis moTxovnebi qveynebis mixedviT
N qveyana normatiuli aqti savaldebulo sabaJo deklarirebas
daqvemdebarebuli Tanxis odenoba
deklaraciaSiCasaweri savaldebulo monacemebi
1.
aSS
federaluri normatiuli aqtebis kodeqsis finansTa departamentis regulacia
Tu aRemateba 10,000 aSS dolars.
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlis gamgzavni;
saqonlis mimRebi.
2.
kanada
“fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg“ kanoni.
10,000 kanaduri dolari an meti (an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi). 10,000 kanaduri dolari Seadgens daaxloebiT 7,951 aSS dolars.
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlis gamgzavni.
3.
singapuri
korufciis, narkotikebis gadatana da sxva seriozuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb aqti
Tu aRemateba 20,000 singapurul dolars. 20,000 singapuruli dolari Seadgens daaxloebiT 14,841 aSS dolars.
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlis gamgzavni;
saqonlis mimRebi.
4.
makedonia
kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa,sxva danaSaulebrivi qmdebebis da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“
10,000 evrodan (an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi)
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlismflobeli;
saqonlis mimRebi.
274saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”,gv.7 275gogberaSvili a., ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia, 2012, gv.1-2 276 Regulation (EC) No 1889/2005 on controls of cash entering or leaving the Community, Brussels, 2005
105
5.
montenegro
kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“
10,000 evrodan saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlis mimRebi.
6.
serbeTi
kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmTan brZolis winaaRmdeg“
Tu aRemateba 10,000 evros(an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi)
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlismflobeli;
saqonlis mimRebi.
7.
yazaxeTi
“SeTanxmeba sabaJo kavSiris sabaJo sazRvarze fizikuri pirebis mier naRdi fulisa da fuladi instrumentebis gadaadgilebis wesis Sesaxeb“
-
saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;
saqonlis mflobeli.
8. ukraina
sabaJo sazRvarze naRdi fulis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb instruqcia
- saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli.
SeniSvna: Sedgenilia avtoris mier
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiiT gansazRvruli miznebisa da ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebis implementaciis uzrunvelsayofad, strategias Tan erTvis
samoqmedo gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebs konkretul RonisZiebebs, maT
implementaciaze pasuxismgebel uwyebebsa da Sesrulebis vadebs277.
strategiis da samoqmedo gegmis Sesrulebis zedamxedvelobas
uzrunvelyofs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi
Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebisa da organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa
monawileobiT formirebuli uwyebaTSorisi sakoordinacio sabWo, romlis
mTavar amocanas aseve warmoadgens strategiis, Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis
da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolisa da misi prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis rekomendaciebis Sesrulebis zedamxedveloba da am
mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobis koordinacia278.
saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi literaturis gacnobis Sedegad,
SesaZloa Semdegi rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba, romelic daexmareba
saxelmwifos fulis gaTeTrebis donis SemcirebaSi.
277saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv.8 278saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv.8-9
106
Tanamedrove msoflioSi dagrovili gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom
safinanso institutebs fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis didi
riski axasiaTebs. amasTan safinanso institutis cneba garda bankebis,
sadazRvevo konpaniebis da fasini qaRladebis brokerebisa bevrad ufro
farToa da mraval iseT instituts moicavs, romelic kanonproeqtiT
dazustebuli ar aris, magaliTad: koleqtiuri sainvesticio
dawesebulebebi, safinanso salizingo kompaniebi, fuladi gzavnilebis
dawesebulebebi da mravali sxva instituti, romlis saqminobis ZiriTad
sagans esa Tu is finansuri momsaxureba warmoadgens. kanonproeqtis amgvari
vakuumi gasagebicaa, vinaidan saqarTvelos finansuri bazris ganviTareba ar
Seesabameba evropis finansuri bazris ganviTarebis dones, da kanonproeqti
ar moicavs bazris ararsebul subiqtebs. Tumca, axlo momavalSi
gamoricxuli ar aris bazarze aseTi subieqtebis gamoCena, xolo
kanonproeqtSi arsebulma vakuuma isini SesaZloa fulis gamTeTreblebis
`TavSesafrad” aqcios.
finansuri monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis
CamonaTvals SeiZleba daematos auditorebi, damoukidebeli buRaltrebi,
sagadasaxado konsultantebi da iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli
pirebi, rodesac es ukanasknelni konsultacias uweven klientebs sxavdasxva
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. isini daxmarebas uweven:
TavianT klientebs garigebaTa dagegmvasa da SesrulebaSi;
uZravi qonebis an samewarmeo sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvasTan
dakavSirebiT;
klientis fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis an sxva aqtivebis
marTvasTan dakavSirebiT; sabanko, Semnaxveli da fasiani qaRaldebis
angariSebis gaxsnasa da marTvasTan dakavSirebiT;
kompaniis dafuZnebis, funqcionirebisa da marTvisTvis
aucilebeli Senatanebis organizebasTan dakavSirebiT;
trastebis, kompaniebis an msgavsi struqturebis dafuZnebasTan,
funqcionirebasa da marTvasaTan dakavSirebiT;
klientis saxeliT da mis interesebSi monawileoben raime
finansur an uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul garigebaSi.
107
fulis gaTeTrebis ukve Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso praqtika
cxadyofs, rom fulis gamTeTreblebi, finansuri konsultaciisaTvis
zemoaRniSnuli profesiis pirebs mimarTaven. SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi
dRevandel etapze aRniSnuli profesiuli saqmianoba fulis gaTeTrebis
kuTxiT maRali riskis matarebeli ar iyos, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
bazris swraf ganviTarebas, aRniSnuli problema SesaZloa sul male
dadges dRis wesrigSi.
kanoproeqtSi mkafiod unda iyos Camoyalibebuli moTxovna,
romlis Tanaxmadac monitoringis ganmaxorcielebelma dawesebulebam
klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikacia unda ganaxorcielos:
saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas;
erTjeradi garigebis dadebisas im SemTxvevaSi Tu garigebis
Tanxa dadgenil zRvars aRemateba (15,000 evros).
aRniSnuli debulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dawesebulebam
klientis identifikacia aucileblad unda moaxdinos masTan saqmiani
urTierTobebis damyarebisas, rac gulisxmobs grZelvadian, araerTjerad
urTierTobas279. es debuleba ganamtkicebs princips `icnobde sakuTar
klients”, romelsac unda icavdes monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli
dawesebuleba.
rac Seexeba garigebis Tanxis odenobas, igi piris
identifikaciis valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia mxolod
erTjeradi garigebis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. ara yvela erTjeradi garigeba
eqvemdebareba identifikacias, aramed mxolod did TanxasTan dakavSirebuli
(15,000 evros zeviT). identifikaciis valdebulebidan SeiZleba daSvebul
iqnes gamonaklisi sadazRvevo kompaniis mier gacemul sadazRvevo
polisebTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac nebismieri wlisaTvis periodulad
gadasaxdeli sadazRvevo premiis Tanxa an Tanxebi ar aRemateba 1,000 evros
an rodesac erTjeradi premiis odenoba ar aRemateba 2,500 evros. Tu
Sesabamisi wlisaTvis periodulad gadasaxdeli premiis Tanxa imdenad
gaizrdeba, rom gadaaWarbebs dadgenil zRvars-1,000 evros, identifikaciis
279Council Directive 91/308/EEC, On Prevention Of The Use Of The Financial System For The Purpose Of Money Laundering, Article 3(1)(2), 1991, Brussels
108
valdebuleba gavrcelebul unda iqnes280. aRniSnuli gamonaklisi imiTaa
ganpirobebuli, rom am odenobis premiebi fulis gaTeTrebis TvalsazrisiT
metad dabali riskis matarebelia da vinaidan identifikaciis proceduris
Catareba garkveul xarjebsa da ZalisxmevasTanaa dakavSirebuli,
gamarTlebuli ar iqneba maTi sruli moculobiT gavrceleba aseT
dabalriskian garigebebze. identifikaciis valdebulebidan SeiZleba
daSvebul iqnes gamonaklisi agreTve sapensio sqemebis sadazRvevo
polisebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gacemulia SromiTi xelSekrulebis an
dazRveulis dasaqmebis safuZvelze, im pirobiT rom aseTi polisebi ar
Seicavs damzRvevis mier xelSekrulebis vadamde Sewyvetis uflebas da ar
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc uzrunvelyofis saSualeba281.
amasTanave, kazinoebma unda moaxdinon yvela klientis
identifikacia, romelic yidulobs an yidis 1,000 evros (Sesabamisi
eqvivalentis larebSi) da meti Rirebulebis saTamaSo monetebs. kazino,
TamaSebis intensiuri, swrafi monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirebs
identifikaciis valdebuleba unda daekisroT im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
garigebis Tanxa zemoT dadgenil zRvrebze naklebia, Tu arsebobs eWvi
fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebl pirebs klientis identifikaciis movaleoba ekisrebaT,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebis Tanxa
dadgenil zRvarze metia282. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom garigeba
SeiZleba aSkarad atarebdes fulis gaTeTrebis niSnebs, monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebl pirebs ar evalebaT garigebis monawile pirTa
identifikacia da Sesabamisad finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis
Setyobinebis miwodeba, Tu garigebis Tanxa dadgenil zRvarze naklebia.
aRniSnuli debuleba mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs fulis gaTeTrebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebs, vinaidan saSualebas miscems fulis
gamTeTreblebs sxvadasxva xrikebis saSualebiT warmatebulad aaridon
Tavi identifikaciis da monitoringis RonisZiebebs.
280Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(3), Brussels 281Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(4), Brussels. 282Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(4), Brussels.
109
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi ganTavisuflebul unda
iqnen iseTi klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikaciis
valdebulebisagan, romelic warmoadgens sabanko dawesebulebas. vinaidan
komerciuli bankebi eqvemdebarebian specilur regulirebasa da
zedamxedvelobas, rac moicavs maTze detaluri licenzirebis procedurisa
da fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis sruli moculobiT
gavrcelebas, mizanSewonilia, rom maT, rogorc klientTa/garigebis mxareTa
mimarT Sesabamisi identifikaciis procedurebi ar ganxorcieldes.
kanonproeqti unda uzrunvelyofdes, rom monitoringis
ganmaxorcilebeli pirebi gaatareben yvela saWiro da adekvatur
RonisZiebas, romelic aucilebelia im did riskis Tavidan asacileblad,
romelic dakavSirebulia klientis fizikuri daswrebis gareSe masTan
saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebasa Tu garigebis dadebasTan. RonisZiebebma
unda uzrunvelyon vinaobis dadgena damatebiTi dokumenturi
mtkicebulebis moTxovnis gziT, damatebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT,
romlebic uzrunvelyofs warmodgenili dokumentebis Semowmebas da
dadasturebas.
safinanso seqtoris swrafi ganviTareba, rasac Tan erTvis
mzardi teqnologiuri progresi, saSualebas aZlevs dawesebulebebs
gauwion momxmareblebs momsaxureba, maTi fizikuri daswrebis gareSe,
magaliTad, internetis, bankomatis, satelefono sabanko momsaxurebis
saSualebebiT. aRniSnuli saxis momsaxurebebi sul ufro da ufro
masStabur saxes iZens, da vinaidan aseT avtomatizirebul operaciebs
gansakuTrebuli siswrafe, nebismieri adgilidan xelmisawvdomoba da
naklebi gamWvirvaloba axasiaTebs, es fulis gaTeTrebis metad xelsayrel
saSualebad SeiZleba iqces. mniSvneloba eniWeba aseTi tipis garigebebs da
aucilebelia speciluri adekvaturi zomebis miReba. mag:
axali klientisaTvis, romelic gansazRvrul kategoriaSi eqceva
dawesdes identifikaciisaTvis maTi fizikuri daswrebis moTxovna;
SemuSavdes srulyofili kiTxvari angariSis gaxsnis gancxadebis
formiT.
erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos garigebasTan dakavSirebuli
mtkicebulebebis da klientis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli
110
mtkicebulebebis Senaxvis vada da am ukanasknelis Senaxvis vadis aTvla
klientTan urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan ganisazRvros283.
Camoyalibebuli rekomendaciis gaTvaliwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis
Tanaxmadac dawesebulebas klientis identifikaciis valdebuleba
daekisreba grZelvadiani saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas,
kanonproeqtSi avtomaturad unda ganisazRvros moTxovna, romlis
Tanaxmadac dokumentebis Senaxvis xuTwliani vada aiTvleba am
urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan.
notariusebi, iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli pirebi,
auditorebi da gare buRaltrebi SeiZleba ganTavisuflebul iqnan
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis im informaciis miwodebis
valdebulebisagan, romelic maT miiRes klientisagan an klientis Sesaxeb
misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gamyarebisas an dacvis an
warmomadgenlobis uflebis ganxorcielebisas sasamarTlo warmoebaSi an
warmoebasaTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris rCevis micemisas sasamarTlo
warmoebis dawyebasa Tu Tavis aridebasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa,
informacia miRebul iqna warmoebis dawyebamde, misi msvlelobisas Tu
dasrulebis Semdgom284.
evrokavSiris mraval wevr-qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli profesiuli
eTikis normebis Tanaxmad notariusebis, advokatebis da sxva
konsultantebis mier klientis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gamyarebasa da
sasamrTlo warmoebaSi mis warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli
infromacia warmoadgens profesiuli saidumloebis sagans. amdenad, am
pirTa profesiuli eTikis normebTan SeuTavsebelia maTTvis zemoaRniSnuli
informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis dakisreba, garda im SemTxvevisa,
rodesac maTTvis cnobilia, rom maTi momsaxureba fulis gaTeTrebis
miznebs emsaxureba. monitoringis ganmaxorcilebel pirebs unda daekisros
movaleoba, Tavi Seikavon garigebis ganxorcielebisagan, rodesac maTTvis
cnobilia, rom garigebas kavSiri aqvs ukanono Semosavlebis
legalizaciasTan an arsebobs amis eWvi manam, sanam isini Sesabamis
283Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 4, Brussels. 284Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 6(3), Brussels.
111
informacias ar miawvdian finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs; aseve,
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs unda mieniWos ufleba, miTiTeba misces
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirs ar ganaxorcielos garigeba. Tu
garigebis ganxorcielebisagan, romelic fulis gaTeTrebis eWvs iwvevs,
Tavis Sekaveba SeuZlebelia an aman SeiZleba CaSalos garigebis monawileTa
dakavebis RonisZieba, monitoringis ganmaxorcilebelma pirebma Setyobineba
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurSi unda gaakeTos dauyovnebliv garigebis
ganxorcielebis Semdgom285. saeWvo garigebis ganxorcieleba Sesabamis
organos Setyobinebamde nebadarTul iqnes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi.
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad ki Setyobineba unda gakeTdes garigebis
ganxorcielebidan 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac sakmaod xangrZlivi
periodia da udavod xels SeuSlis danaSaulis aRkveTis RonisZiebebis
operatiul da efeqtian ganxorcielebas286. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel
pirebs unda daekisros movaleoba ar gaamJRavnon saeWvo garigebasTan
dakavSirebiT finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis Setyobinebis
miwodeba ara marto garigebaSi monawile pirebTan, aramed nebismier mesame
pirTan287. kanonproeqtSi aRniSnuli debulebis gaTvaliswineba Tavidan
agvacilebs mesame pirTa meSveobiT informaciis arasasurvel gamJRavnebas
da Sesabamisad xels Seuwyobs fulis gaTeTrebis saqmis gamoZiebis
warmatebul ganxorcilebas.
kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes danaSaulebrivi gziT
miRebuli Semosavlis an misi Rirebulebis eqvivalenturi qonebis
konfiskacias288. naTelia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi arsi da mizani
danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili fuladi saxsrebis dagroveba da misi
dakanonebaa. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis monacemebiT msoflioSi
yovelwliurad 600 miliardidan 1.5 trilionamde aSS dolaris odenobis
Tanxebi TeTrdeba289. garda damnaSavis dakavebisa da dasjisa fulis
285Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 7, Brussels. 286Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 7, Brussels. 287Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 8, Brussels. 288Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure, and confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime, chapter 2, article 2.1, 1990, Strasbourg. 289International Monetary Fund statistics, Money Laundering, Washington.
112
gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovan ekonomikur mizans
emsaxureba, kerZod, danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevas da
misi saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemas. Sesabamisad, fulis gaTeTrebis
sawinaaRmdego sistemis danergva konfiskaciis meqanizmis damkvidrebis
gareSe mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs aRniSnuli sistemis efeqtianobas. fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis srulyofis mizniT, aucilebelia
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gafarToeba da grZelvadiani ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis kompleqsuri miznobrivi programis
SemuSaveba da realizeba.
3.2. fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi
mocemuli paragrafi miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis
gamomwvevi mizezebis garkvevas da fulis dabandebisaTvis mimzidveli
sferoebis gamovlenas. aseve, gaanalizebulia ukanonod miRebuli
Semosavlis legalizaciaze moqmedi faqtorebi, romlebic dajgufebulia
sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT.
saqarTveloSi 80-iani wlebis bolomde ar iyo cnobili fulis
gaTeTrebis problema, Tumca, “perestroikis” dasawyisisaTvis sabWoTa
kavSirSi warmoiqmna mniSvnelovani moculobis kriminaluri da Crdilovani
kapitali. Crdilovani Semosavlebis masStaburi gaTeTreba “perestroikis”
wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac 1988 wels miiRes sabWoTa kavSiris kanoni
“kooperaciis Sesaxeb”. am kanoniT, nebadarTuli iyo kooperativebis Seqmna
Semosavlebis deklarirebis moTxovnis gareSe, rac Crdilovani kapitalis
gasaTeTreblad gzebis oficialurad gaxsnas niSnavda. efeqtianad ar
gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos 1986 wlis 15 maisis
dadgenileba “araSromiTi Semosavlebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebis
zomebis Sesaxeb”290. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan daiwyo bankebis, sadazRvevo
kompaniebis, birJebis, kazinoebisa Tu sxva kerZo warmoebebis Seqmna, magram
kanonmdebloba, romliTac maTi saqmianoba unda daregulirebuliyo,
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda291. sakanonmdeblo xarvezebma, finansuri
290asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.16 291asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.16
113
institutebis sabazro standartebisadmi moumzadeblobam damnaSaveebis mier
ukanono kapitalis dasagroveblad da gasaTeTreblad sabanko
dawesebulebebis gamoyeneba ganapiroba. ZiriTad faqtorebSi igulisxmeba,
mniSvnelovani movlenebi da procesebi, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis
procesisaTvis xelSemwyob mizezebsa da pirobebs warmoadgens. yvela
faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciaze,
SeiZleba 2 ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:
1. zogadi xasiaTis faqtorebi, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis
sferoze axdenen irib zemoqmedebas;
2. konkretuli xasiaTis faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben
uSualod ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi.
fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi ZiriTadi mizezebi da pirobebi ki
SegviZlia, davajgufoT sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT:
saerTo socialuri, ekonomikuri;
saxelmwifo-politikuri, samarTlebrivi, teqnologiuri, sxv.292
sqema 12. fulis gaTeTrebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi
292asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.82
114
wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
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saqarTveloSi socialuri uTanasworobis indeqsi 2011-2015 ww-Si
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mniSvnelovnad ar Semcirebula, xolo 2016 wels 0.01 punqtiT gaizarda.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom jinis indeqsi zomavs Semosavlebis gadanawilebas
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magaliTisTvis, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Semosavlebi Tanabrad
iyo ganawilebuli. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli qveynebis
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monacemebiT, saqarTvelos, ruseTis federaciis Semdeg yofil sabWoTa
qveynebs Soris jinis yvelaze maRali koeficienti aqvs, rac niSnavs rom
socialuri uTanasworoba gacilebiT maRalia. saqarTvelos Semdeg
socialuri uTanasworobis maRali maCvenebliT mesame adgilze aris litva.
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Tu mosaxleobas ar eqneba gaazrebuli is safrTxeebi, romelsac
fulis gaTeTreba iwvevs, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, martivad moxdes maTi
CarTva Semosavlebis legalizebasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobaSi298.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis procesze arsebiT
zegavlenas axdens ekonomikuri xasiaTis faqtorebi. am jgufis faqtorebs
Soris SeiZleba moviazroT:
Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba
Crdilovani ekonomika moicavs aseve ukanono, farulsa da korufciul
ekonomikas299. Crdilovani ekonomika erovnuli meurneobis is nawilia,
romelic moqmedebs kanonis darRveviT, ver aRiricxeba saxelmwifo marTvis
organoebis mier da ar ixdis saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs. 1990-1993 wlebSi
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis 43.6% Crdilovan ekonomikaze
modioda, 1994-1995 wlebSi 63%. bolo wlebisaTvis ki msoflio bankis
gamokvlevebiT, saqarTveloSi Crdilovani ekonomika qveynis mSp-is 68.8%
Seadgens. SedarebisTvis: ruseTSi 49%-s, belorusiaSi 49.6%-s, ukrainaSi ki
54.9%-s. pirvel sameulSia Sveicaria (8.6%), aSS (8.8%) da avstria (9.8%)
arian300. 1990 wlis bolos da 2000-ianebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri problemebis ZiriTad mizezad Crdilovani ekonomikis zrda
miiCneoda. Tavis mxriv, aralegalur bizness sakanonmdeblo bazis
mouwesrigebloba, korufciis maRali done da gauaresebuli biznes-garemo
axalisebda. Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabi saqarTveloSi ukve saSiS
zRvars aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom legaluri biznesi ar eqvemdebareba
aranair aRricxvas, damoukidebeli eqspertebi mis masStabebs mTeli
ekonomikis daaxloebiT 50 procentze metad afasebdnen. specialistTa
azriT 90-iani wlebis bolos saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis, Crdilovani ekonomikis aseTi maRali procentis mizezia
korufcia da maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. SeiZleba gamoiyos
faqtorebis sami qvejgufi, romlebic axdenen zegavlenas gaukontrolebel
ekonomikasa da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis motivaciaze.
ekonomikuri faqtorebi: sameurneo saqmianobis sferoebis
298The Law Society, Money Laundering Offences, 2016, P.1 299Corruption And The Shadow Economy: A Structural Equation Model Approach Iza Dp No. 4182 Andreas Buehn Friedrich Schneider, May, 2009, P.39-40 300msoflio bankis angariSi. organizaciis oficialuri veb-gverdi: http://www.worldbank.org/
119
restruqturizacia, romlebic yovelTvis ar arian orientirebuli
legitimuri sameurneo struqturebis ganviTarebaze, Ffinansuri sistemis
krizisi, privatizaciis arasrulyofili procesi, araregistrirebuli
ekonomikuri subieqtebis saqmianoba;
socialuri faqtorebi: mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali done, rac iwvevs
faruli saxis ekonomikur saqmianobas; umuSevrobis maRali done da
mosaxleobis erTi nawilis orientacia miiRos Semosavali nebismieri
gziT;
samarTlebrivi faqtorebi: samarTaldamcavi struqturebisaTvis
aucilebeli materialur-teqnikuri resursebiT uzunvelyofis dabali
done. samarTaldamcav struqturebSi momuSave kadrebis susti da
Seusabamo done axal ekonomikur pirobebSi saqmianobisaTvis.
mosaxleobaSi samarTlebrivi Segnebisa da kulturis dabali done.
Yyovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis sxva sityvebiT gadmocema
SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad: gansazRvrul periodSi Crdilovani ekonomika
qveyanaSi miT ufro didia rac ufro maRalia gadasaxadebisa da socialur
amkrebTa morali, ufro maRalia saxelmwifo reglamentirebis tvirTi da
ufro mcirea realurad arsebuli Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze.
danaSaulebrivi samyaros mier uzarmazari mogebis miRebis
SesaZlebloba
gaerosa da msoflio bankis monacemebiT narkobizness danaSaulebrivi
samyarosaTvis weliwadSi 150-mde miliardi dolari mogeba moaqvs.
narkotikebis brunvis daaxloebiT 65% naRdi fulis brunvaze modis, amitom
narkosaqmosnebi cdiloben, aseTi didi raodenobis naRdi fuli rogorme
moaqcion unaRdo brunvaSi, risTvisac fulis gaTeTrebis sxvadasxva
xerxebsa da meTodebs mimarTaven301.
sainvesticio SimSili
calkeuli saxelmwifoebi aralegaluri kapitalis mozidvis pirobebis
SeqmniT cdiloben ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dafinansebis kanonieri
wyaroebis ararsebobis kompensirebas. calkeul ekonomistTa mosazrebiT,
sabazro ekonomikisTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba ekonomikur brunvaSi
legaluri kapitali erTveba Tu aralegaluri. erTi SexedviT, legalur 301Statista; The Statistics portal, Casino and Gambling Industry, New York, 2016
120
brunvaSi kriminaluri kapitalis gamoyenebas kanonieri mewarmeobis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi sazogadoebisTvis sargebloba moaqvs: muSaobs
sawarmoebi, saqmdeba mosaxleoba. Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
legalur brunvaSi CarTuli fuli xSirad reinvestirdeba isev kriminalur
saqmianobaSi, samewarmeo sferoSi amkvidrebs danaSaulebrivi samyaros wes-
Cveulebebs, rac iwvevs sazogadoebis daZabulobis donis amaRlebas da
kanonmorCili subieqtebis investiciebis gadinebas. aprilis dasawyisSi
gamoqveynda “panamis dokumentebis“ saxeliT cnobili konfidencialuri
dokumentebis baza, romlis mixedviTac gairkva, rom asze meti politikosi,
maT Soris Tormeti amJamad moqmedi msoflio lideri da maTi ojaxebi,
iyenebdnen ofSorSi registrirebul kompaniebs fulis gasaTeTreblad da
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis asarideblad302. ”panamis dokumentebi“ Seicavs
ofSorSi registrirebuli msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi iuridiuli
kompaniis Mosak Fonsekas (Mossack Fonseca)-s milionobiT dokuments, rac
anonimuri wyaroebiT aRmoCnda germanul gazeT Süddeutsche Zeitung-is xelSi303.
am ukanasknelma dokumentebi gauziara “sagamoZiebo Jurnalistebis
saerTaSoriso konsorciums“, saidanac informacia mTels msoflioSi
gavrcelda. dokumentebis raodenobiT igi gacilebiT aWarbebs rogorc
vikiliqsis mier 2010 wels gasajaroebul monacemebs, ise edvard snoudenis
mier gavrcelebul masalebs304. panamis dokumentebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad
gadadga islandiis premier-ministri da espaneTis transportis ministri,
Sveicariis da sxva evropuli qveynebis samarTaldamcavma struqturebma
daiwyes sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, xolo 2016 wlis 14 aprils
evroparlamentis prezidiumis konferenciaze erTxmad miiRes
gadawyvetileba305 panamis dokumentebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT specialuri
sagamoZiebo komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze306.
302panamis dokumentebi mokled da gasagebad, sainformacio portali NEWS.ON.GE, mopovebulia 12 aprili, 2016, http://bit.ly/25J6ftK 303Obermaier F., “About the Panama Papers”, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2016 http://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/56febff0a1bb8d3c3495adf4/ 304 Harding L., “What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history's biggest data leak”, The Guardian, 2016,http://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/what‐you‐need‐to‐know‐about‐the‐panama‐papers 305 EP inquiry committee into Panama Papers, European Parliament, 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160414IPR23111/EP-inquiry-committee-into-Panama-Papers 306 http://www.euronews.ge/archives/4922
121
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris veb-gverdze
gamoqveynebuli monacemebis analizi gvaCvenebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi
ofSoruli zonebidan saqarTveloSi milionobiT aSS dolaris investiciebi
xorcieldeboda307. rogorc qvemoT moyvanili diagramidan Cans, 2003-2015
wlebSi ofSorebidan saqarTveloSi Semosuli yvelaze didi Tanxa
dafiqsirda 2007 wels-371,109,900 aTasi aSS dolari. Tumca, 2013 da 2015
wlebSi moxda ofSorebSi saqarTvelodan investiciebis gadineba, ramac
gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi balansi.
diagrama 2. ofSorebidan ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2002.-2016ww. (aSS dolari)
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge
rogorc moyvanili cxrilidan Cans, 2003-2015 wlebSi ofSoruli
zonebidan saqarTveloSi investiciis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aqvs didi
britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebs-563,338,100 aSS dolari, meore adgilzea
kviprosi-253,677,900 aSS dolari, xolo mesameze panama-192,164,700 aSS
dolari308.
agreTve irkveva, rom 2003-2015 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
ganxorcielebulma pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma Seadgina 13,611,225 100
aSS dolari, saidanac ofSorul zonebze jamurad modis 1,315,265,700 aSS
dolari, rac mTliani pirdapiri investiciebis daaxloebiT 10%-s Seadgens.
rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs ucxouri investiciebis zrdas, Tumca, potenciurad safrTxis
Semcvelia is garemoeba, rodesac ofSoruli zonebis gamoyenebis gamo
307 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=139&lang=geo 308saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 30 maisis №13225 dadgenilebiT ganisazRvra SeRavaTiani dabegvris mqone/ofSoruli qveynebis CamonaTvali, riTic Seicvala 2010 wlis dadgenileba 25. 2013 wlis dadgenilebiT, SeRavaTiani dabegvris mqone/ofSoruli qveynebis CamonaTvali Semcirda 79-dan 66-mde
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122
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7 38684.6 ‐10643
417.9 ‐430
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9 19804 3616
4 6529.1 6362
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1678.7 ‐707
4 5029.4 4942
2 4996.2 ‐589
8761.5 702
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ln aSS dol
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15
eloSi 2003.-2
13 2014 2
50 70663.5 69
39.9 ‐5101.3 ‐70
0.7
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9.7 ‐2551.3 ‐29
2.3 905.1 ‐29
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1 210.5 5
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1,602.9
2016
2015ww.
2015
950.3
026.9
680.9
9142.8
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51.6
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149.8
280.3
603.7
124
dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi investiciebis mosazidad moqmedebs
Tavisufali industriuli zona, romelic aris specialuri ekonomikuri
zonis erT-erTi saxe, sadac kanonmdeblobis mixedviT moqmedebs
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da damatebiTi pirobebi. specialuri ekonomikuri
zonebis Seqmna miznad isaxavs investiciebis gazrdas biznesisTvis
maqsimalurad misaRebi ekonomikuri garemos SeqmniT. dResdReobiT,
specialuri ekonomikuri zonebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli saxeebia:
urbanuli ekonomikuri zona, industriuli zona, Tavisufali savaWro zona,
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona da Tavisufali portebi. bolo wlebis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom gamoxata mniSvnelovani daintereseba
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis mimarT. kerZod, biurokratiuli
procedurebis gamartivebis da liberaluri ekonomikuri kursis gatarebis
Semdeg, 2007 wlidan moyolebuli q.foTSi, q.quTaisSi da yulevSi Seiqmna
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis erT-erTi saxeoba Tavisufali industriuli
zona xolo, 2010 wels qobuleTSi, anakliaSi da ganmuxurSi Tavisufali
turistuli zona. amasTan, 2010 wels qveynis teritoria gamocxadda
sainformacio teqnologiur zonad310. ganisazRvra sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
da sxva damatebiTi ekonomikuri wamaxalisebeli pirobebi Tavisufal
industriul zonaSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebisa da Tavisufali
industriuli zonebis organizatorebisaTvis, romelic SeiZleba iyos
sawarmo, gadasaxadis gadamxdelad aRricxuli. organizatorma unda
uzrunvelyos Tavisufali industriuli zonis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad
aRWurva da funqcionireba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,
Tavisufali industriuli zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs
saqarTvelos mTavroba. Tumca, industriuli zonis Sesaqmneli
dokumentaciis SemowmebaSi da am industriuli zonis funqcionirebis
dawyebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministro da Semosavlebis samsaxuri311. uSualod
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona warmoadgens qveynis teritoriul nawils,
gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, administraciuli da
sagadasaxado reJimiT. misi funqcionirebisTvis aucilebel faqtorebs
310informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti, Tbilisi, 2016, gv.1 311saqarTvelos kanoni “Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaxeb”, muxli 4.3, 2007, Tbilisi
125
warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo da saSeRavaTo pirobebis arseboba, masTan
damakavSirebeli sagzao, satransporto da sakomunikacio infrastruqturis
mowesrigeba, mis siaxloves finansuri institutebis xelmisawvdomoba da
met-naklebad kvalificiuri adgilobrivi kadrebis arseboba312.
saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis sxvadasxva saxeobis Seqmna
miznad isaxavda sagareo politikuri kavSirebis gafarToebas, ucxouri da
adgilobrivi investiciebis mozidvas, dasaqmebis xelSewyobas da axali
teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, am mizniT sakanonmdeblo da
saSeRavaTo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da infraqtruqturis mowyoba ar
warmoadgens zonis warmatebuli funqcionirebis upirobo garants.
mniSvnelovania qvemoT mocemuli potenciuri riskebis da safrTxeebis
gansazRvra da analizi:
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis Semdeg aRniSnuli
teritoria rCeba qveynis ekonomikuri kontrolis gareT da saxelmwifo da
adgilobriv biujets umcirdebaT Semosavali;
msoflio praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavisufal ekonomikur
zonaSi arsebobs aralegaluri saqmianobis, fulis gaTeTrebis da
korufciuli garigebebis warmoebis maRali albaToba.
cxadia, maRali donis saSeRavaTo pirobebi, infraqtruqturis
mowesrigeba, saxelmwifos mxridan zonis saqmianobaSi Caurevloba da
maqsimaluri mxardaWera aris Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis warmatebis da
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba. Tumca, ar warmoadgens misi
warmatebis upirobo garants. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, moxdes
zemoT aRniSnuli potenciuri riskebis da saSiSroebebis gansazRvra da
maTi minimumade dayvanis an/da aRmofxvris mizniT gatardes Sesabamisi
RonisZiebebi. kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gatarebis gziT iqneba
SesaZlebeli saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis sxvadasxva
saxeobis warmatebuli Seqmna da funqcionireba.
fulis gaTeTrebis mastimulirebel saxelmwifo-politikur
mizezebsa da xelSemwyob pirobebSi SeiZleba moviazroT
saxelmwifo nebis ararseboba ebrZolos am movlenas
312saqarTvelos kanoni “Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaxeb”, 2007, Tbilisi
126
sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi
fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, rom normatiuli baza pasuxobdes ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani brZolis moTxovnebs.
korufcia
ar SeiZleba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis problemis gadaWra
korufciisgan izolirebulad. fulis gaTeTrebis TemiT dainteresebuli
mecnieri d. Caikini fiqrobs, rom: “fulis gaTeTrebasa da korufcias Soris
aris mWidro kavSiri. politika, mimarTuli korufciis donis Semcirebaze,
dadebiTad moqmedebs fulis gaTeTrebis problemis prevenciaze”. aRniSnul
mosazrebas aseve emxroba j.s.Sarmani: “normativebi da regulaciebi Seqmnili
korufciasTan sabrZolvelad aseve, ebrZvis fulis gaTeTrebis
problemasac”313. saqarTveloSi Catarebuli rigi kvleva bolo aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi korufciis kuTxiT SesamCnev gaumjobesebas asaxavs,
gansakuTrebiT sajaro samsaxurSi meqrTameobis faqtebis aRmofxvris mxriv.
amave dros, arsebobs niSnebi imisa, rom korufciis zogierTi, ufro
kompleqsuri gamovlinebebi problemas warmoadgens. korufciis sxvadasxva
saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT mwiri empiriuli monacemebi moipoveba.
ukanaskneli wlebis “korufciis aRqmis“ indeqsSi, saqarTvelom 175 qveyanas
Soris 50-e adgili daikava da maqsimaluri 100 qulidan 52 qula miiRo314.
saqarTvelos monacemebi yvelaze maRalia aRmosavleT evropisa da
centraluri aziis regionSi, reitingiT is evrokavSiris wevr ramdenime
qveyanasac uswrebs: CexeTis respublikas, slovakeTs, xorvatias, bulgareTs,
saberZneTs, italiasa da rumineTs. “korufciis aRqmis“ indeqsSi saqarTvelo
bolo wlebSi stabilur mdgomareobas inarCunebs: 2012 wels 52-e adgilze
iyo, xolo 2013 wels-49-ze. aRniSnuli Sedegia 2003 wlidan saqarTveloSi
gatarebuli antikorufciuli politikisa.
mTavrobis antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis mniSvnelovan elements
warmoadgenda samarTaldamcavi uwyebebis, maT Soris Sinagan saqmeTa
saministrosa da prokuraturis reforma. antikorufciuli reformis
pirvel wlebSi antikorufciuli politikis TvalsaCino maxasiaTebeli iyo 313Группа разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег, отмывание доходов от коррупции, Франция, 2008 314Transparency International, The global coalition against curruption, Global Corruption Report, Berlin, 2014
kor
agre
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2011.
wyar
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ro: saer
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temis Sefaslonti g., m
57
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ntis, s
Co. 2011.-
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od317.
valoba saisi, 2015, gvvaloba sa
Tbilisi, gvli m., dauT
526
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odenoba
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asiaTis
SeiZleba
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legalu
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v.190 TaSvili p.
6471
127
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ia da sa
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o, saqarTv
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axelmwif
arian.
fciuli
elo, saq
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sakanonmd
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lis, me
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minantebs
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esSi ga
velos ero
velos ero
Tbilisi,
54 53
apatimreb
do ganak
moTa mx
s gadaxda
o audit
sistemis
qarTvelo
deblo Ca
garkveul
ic, maSin
ediisa d
Taldamca
Sori
rebi da
Semosavl
amoyenebas
ovnuli a
ovnuli a
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360
ba. Semc
kveTebi315
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53
201
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T-erT
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128
ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis procesze, droTa manZilze viTardeba. maTi sistema mudmiv
Seswavlas saWiroebs, vinaidan, ekonomikuri urTierTobis swrafi
cvlilebebis gamo, es faqtorebic swrafad icvleba. socialuri
RonisZiebebis adekvaturi sistemis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa
ganxiluli zogadi xasiaTis faqtorebis erTobliobis analizi, rac
mimarTuli iqneba fulis gaTeTrebis procesze. ”Savi bazris” arseboba,
finansuri institutebis saqmianobaze kontrolisa da monitoringis
meqanizmebis arasrulyofileba, safinanso da arasafinanso institutebis
daarsebis araadekvaturi procedura, anonimuri angariSebisa da finansuri
instrumentebis arseboba, fuladi saxsrebis moZraobaze kontrolis
meqnizmebis ararseboba, organizaciebisa da bankebis mier operaciebis
warmoebisas ofSoruli kompaniebis farTo gamoyeneba, qveynis SigniT
“Tavisufali savaWro zonis arseboba,” danaSaulis maRali latenturoba,
arasakmarisi sasamarTlo da sagamoZiebo praqtika, korufciis arseboba da
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis xelSemwyob sxva faqtorebs esaWiroeba
detaluri analizi, vinaidan mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi Seqmnil situaciaze reagirebis
mosaxdenad Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis da zomebis SemuSaveba.
3.3. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva
aRniSnuli paragrafis mizania saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis
analizi.
fulis gaTeTrebis kuTxiT bolo wlebis dinamikis sailustraciod
da saxelmwifo politikis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad mogvyavs ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli statistikuri
monacemebi. informacias aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT agrovebs 2017
wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis
xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi, romlebsac warmoadgendnen:
finansuri institutebi:
129
komerciuli bankebi, valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi,
arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebi da mikrosafinanso organizaciebi;
fuladi gzavnilebis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi,
kvalificiuri sakredito institutebi, sabrokero kompaniebi da fasiani
qaRaldebis registratorebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, arasaxelmwifo
sapensio sqemis damfuZneblebi, sagadaxdo momsaxurebis provaiderebi,
salizingo kompaniebi318.
arafinansuri institutebi:
latariis, azartuli da momgebiani TamaSobebis mowyobis
organizatorebi, samorineebi (agreTve, internet samorineebi), Zvirfas
liTonebTan, Zvirfas qvebTan da maT nawarmTan da antikvarul nivTebTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi;
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi
Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri–Semosavlebis samsaxuri,
grantebisa da saqvelmoqmedo daxmarebebis gamcemi pirebi, notariusebi,
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri–sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento:
pirebi, romlebic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT ewevian
sabuRaltro an/da auditorul saqmianobas da advokatebi319.
“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi
valdebulni arian saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs
miawodon angariSgebis formebi monitorings daqvemdebarebul garigebebTan
dakavSirebiT. monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebebis saxeebi
gansazRvrulia “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad monitorings
eqvemdebareba garkveuli saxis garigebebi 30,000 lars zRvars zemoT da sxva
saeWvo garigebebi. bolo monacemebis Tanaxmad, samsaxurSi Sevida 175,346
angariSgebis forma, maT Soris, 993 forma saeWvo garigebis, operaciis
318saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 3, q.Tbilisi, 2003 319saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 3, q.Tbilisi, 2003
130
Taobaze, xolo 174,353 angariSgebis forma kanonmdeblobiT
gaTvaliswinebul zRvars zemoT ganxorcielebuli operaciis Sesaxeb.
gasuli wlebis analogiurad, informaciis ZiriTadi moculoba
warmodgenilia komerciuli bankebis mier 92,406 angariSgebis forma, maT
Soris, 549 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis forma. rac Seexeba monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebel sxva pirebs, aRsaniSnavia, rom mikrosafinanso
organizaciebis mier warmodgenilia 30,499 angariSgebis forma, maT Soris,
65 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis forma.320 grafikulad 2016 wlis manZilze
samsaxuris mier miRebuli angariSgebis formebis raodenoba Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:
cxrili 6. miRebul angariSgebaTa statistikuri monacemebi 2016w.
z/z saeWvo
komerciuli bankebi 91,857 549
savaluto punqtebi 30,843 0
mikrosafinanso organizaciebi 30,434 65
registratorebi 336 5
sakredio kavSirebi 49 0
sadazRvevo kompaniebi 75 0
sabrokero kompaniebi 396 1
fuladi gzavnilis ganm.piri 5 1
salizindo kompaniebi 856 46
sagadaxdo moms.provaiderebi 115 1
samorine 133 0
azartuli TamaSis momwyobi 122 27
buRaltrebi da auditorebi 0 0
sabaJo 5,105 0
notariusebi 5,104 1
advokatebi 0 1
sajaro reestri 8,923 296
wyaro: ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris, 2016 wlis
angariSi
Sesabamisad, statistikuri monacemebis analizis Sedegad finansuri
(maT Soris, komerciuli bankebidan) da arafinansuri institutebidan
miRebuli angariSgebis raodenobis maCveneblebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
320saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 5, q.Tbilisi, 2003
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134
angariSis mflobelis mimalva. 2016 wlis manZilze aseve SenarCunda
ucxoeTidan savaraudod TaRliTuri gziT mopovebuli Tanxebis
saqarTvelos bankebSi arsebul angariSebze Caricxvis tendencia. rig
SemTxvevebSi aRniSnuli Caricxvebi xorcieldeboda iseTi saerTaSoriso
sagadaxdo platformebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa PayPal da WebMoney,
aseve swrafi fuladi gzavnilebis sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso sistemebiT.
angariSebze Caricxuli Tanxebis udidesi nawili maleve gadairicxeboda
mesame qveynis sabanko dawesebulebebSi, xolo saqarTvelos finansuri
institutebis saxelze gadmomricxavisgan modioda moTxovna Tanxis
dabrunebis Taobaze. 2016 wels samarTaldamcav organoebSi gadacemuli iqna
ramdenime saqme, romelic moicavda sxvadasxva fizikuri piris
saidentifikacio monacemebis savaraudod ukanono gamoyenebis gziT onlain-
sesxebis aRebasa da Semdgom Tanxis ganaRdebas, ris Sedegadac
samarTaldamrRvevebis mier miTvisebuli sesxis dafarva uwevda
saidentifikacio monacemebis realur mflobels. aRsaniSnavia, rom
saangariSo wlis manZilze samarTaldamcav organoebTan gadaigzavna
ramdenime saqme, romlebic Seicavda SesaZlo korufciis niSnebs.
ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis legalizaciis
meTodebi dRevandelobaSi sakmaod mravalferovania. rogorc vnaxeT, 2016
wels samsaxurSi Sesuli 993 saeWvo garigebis Taobaze angariSi,
warmodgenilia komerciuli bankebis mier 549 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis
forma, mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier 65, sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da
arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemebis mier 75, sabrokero kompaniebis mier 1,
fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebis mier 5, xolo latariebis, azartuli
da sxva momgebiani TamaSebis momwyobi pirebis mier 27 saeWvo garigeba,
xolo salizingo kompaniebis mier 46 saeWvo an Semosavlebis samsaxuris da
sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentos mier 296 saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb
angariSgebis forma. teqnologiuri cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebTan dakavSirebuli procesze zemoqmedebis
mizniT Catarebuli kvleva iZleva saqarTveloSi aqtualuri sferoebis
gamovlenis SesaZleblobas, romelic xels Seuwyobs praqtikuli
rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas aRniSnul problemasTan
efeqturad sabrZolvelad.
135
Tavi IV. kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi
4.1. kvlevis meTodologia
am paragrafis mizania, SeimuSaos is meTodebi, romlebic safuZvlad
daedeba Semdgom kvlevas. mocemul nawilSi axsnilia yvela procedura,
romelTa meSveobiTac Camoyalibda kvlevis instrumenti.
kvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielda Teoriuli da empiriuli-
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis kombinireba, maTi upiratesobebis
maqsimizacia da SezRudvebis minimizacia. kvlevis sawyis etapze mopovebul
iqna Sesabamisi literatura, statistikuri monacemebi saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuridan da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebidan
Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebisagan. internetiT moZiebul iqna sxva
qveynebis sajaro dawesebulebebis da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
kvlevebis monacemebi, ris safuZvelzec ganxorcielda literaturisa Tu
dokumentis da meoreuli informaciis analizi. konkretulad ki Segrovda
samecniero naSromebi, samarTlebrivi aqtebi, samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis angariSebi, statistikuri informacia.
dokumentebis analizis meTodi gamoyenebulia rogorc damoukidebeli
meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac mopovebuli iqna sakvlev sakiTxze
mniSvnelovani informacia. dokumentebis SegrovebisTvis gamoviyeneT
interneti. Zebna ZiriTadad ganxorcielda eleqtronuli samecniero bazebis
Researchgate, Academia.edu da sxva bazebis safuZvelze. calkeul SemTxvevaSi
moxda popularuli saZiebo sistemis http://www.google.com-is gamoyeneba.
monacemebis Sesagroveblad visargebleT sakvanZo sityvebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciiT. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris da msoflio
bankis oficialur eleqtronul misamarTebze: www.geostat.ge da
https://data.worldbank.org ganTavsebuli monacemebi gaanalizda orcvladiani da
mravalcvladiani analizis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
kvlevis obieqtad SevarCieT 17 post-socialisturi qveyana,
saqarTvelosTan msgavsi rigi faqtorebis, maT Soris, saerTo warsulis
gamo. saqarTvelom iseve, rogorc sxva yofilma socialisturma
respublikebma, damoukidebloba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg moipoves
136
da am qveynebSi bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gegmuridan sabazro
urTierTobebze gadasvlis mtkivneuli procesi mimdinareobda. vvaraudobT,
rom fulis gaTeTrebis problema da ekonomikur cvladebTan misi kavSiri
msgavsi iqneba saerTo warsulis da msgavsi ekonomikuri sistemis mqone
qveynebisaTvis, da aseTi kavSirebis xasiaTi gansxvavebulia tradiciuli
sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebisagan. mniSvnelovania, rom am
mimarTulebiT empiriuli kvleva jer ar ganxorcielebula da aRniSnuli
kvlevis Sedegebi erTgvari siaxlea post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis
gaTeTrebasa da ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSiris dadgenaSi.
kvlevis Teoriuli CarCo. kvlevis pirvel etapze miRebuli empiriuli
monacemebis asaxsnelad gamoyenebul iqna fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT
dainteresebuli sxvadasxva mecnieris Teoriebi Semdegi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb:
Savi fuli da ekonomikuri zrda
Savi fulis winaaRmdeg brZolis eqspertma a. idovum gamoikvlia, rom
fulis gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs investiciebis moculobis
zrdaze, rac gavlenas axdens ekonomikur zrdaze. aRniSnuli safrTxis qveS
ayenebs saxelmwifos Semosavlebs, politikur stabilurobas da
mosaxleobis usafrTxoebas323. mravalwliani kvlevebis Sedegad man daaskvna,
rom fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa da
finansur stabilurobaze. FATF-is mixedviT, fulis gaTeTreba miCneulia
realur safrTxed da finansuri institutebis ukontroloba iwvevs qveynis
ganviTarebis risks324. s. brijitma gamoikvlia, rom fulis gaTeTreba da
sxva finansuri danaSauli negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa Tu
ganviTarebaze325. aRniSnul pozicias aseve amyarebs ucxoel mecnierTa
gamokvlevebi, romelTa mixedviT, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
susti politika amcirebs ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZleblobebs da zrdis
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobas, rac safrTxes uqmnis ekonomikur
zrdas bevr qveyanaSi.
Savi fuli da adgilobrivi Tu pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi
323Idowu A. Anti-Money Laundering Policy and Its Effects on Bank Performance in Nigeria. Business Intelligence Journal, 6, 2012, 367-373 324Aluko A., The Impact of Money Laundering on Economic and Financial Stability and on Political Development of Developing Countries, University of London, London, 2011, P.107 325Yikona S., Slot B., Geller M., Hansen B., El Kadiri F., Ill-Gotten Money And The Economy, Experiences From Malawi And Namibia, 2011, P.16
137
i. razim aRmoaCina, rom fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs efeqti erovnul
Semosavalze da aseve ucxour investiciebze. fulis gaTeTreba finansuri
danaSaulia, romelic negatiurad aisaxeba ekonomikis stabilurobaze,
gansakuTrebiT investiciebze326. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT
dainteresbulma mecnierma a. alukom Seiswavla fulis gaTeTrebis efeqti
investiciebze da daaskvna, rom fulis gaTeTreba sxva finansuri
danaSaulebis msgavsad negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa da
finansur stabilurobaze sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare327.
Savi fuli da korufcia
Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT dainteresebulma mecnierma a.
alukom aRmoaCina pozitiuri damokidebuleba korufciasa da fulis
gaTeTrebas Soris. misi azriT, korufcia da fulis gaTeTreba erTi medlis
ori mxarea. warmoudgenelia aRniSnuli problemis arseboba korufciisgan
damoukideblad, vinaidan korufcia amaxinjebs saxelmwifos rols
resursebis gadanawilebaSi da qmnis Savi fulis rezervs. saerTaSoriso
kvlevebSi dafiqsirebulia korufciis efeqti fulis gaTeTrebis
masStabebis zrdaze, romelic, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donis Semcirebas. samecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulia
korufciis simZime, romelic aisaxeba ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis
legalizaciis masStabebis zrdiT da saxelmwifos keTildReobis
SemcirebiT. p. mauros mier Catarebuli kvleva aCvenebs, rom arsebobs
kavSiri korufciasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris328. im SemTvevaSic ki,
rodesac qveyana Riaa saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, investiciis done dabali
darCeba, Tu korufciis done maRalia. ucxour literaturaSi moiZebneba
damatebiTi kvlevebi korufciis efeqtebis Sesaxeb fulis gaTeTrebaze. s.
akermanis samecniero statiis mixedviT, korufciis maRali done gavlenas
axdens ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdaze329.
ganxiluli literaturis safuZvelze SevZeliT, Camogveyalibebina Semdegi
hipoTezebi:
326Ihsan I., & Razi A., Money Laundering-A Negative Impact on Economy, 2012, P.2-8 327Aluko A., The Impact of Money Laundering on Economic and Financial Stability and on Political Development of Developing Countries, University of London, London, 2011, P.107 328riskulovi u., Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universiteti biznesis marTvis fakulteti korufciis faqtorebis raodenobrivi analizi, 2012, gv.8 329The Political Economy of Corruption, S. Ackerman, 1996, P.32,33
138
h1: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;
h2: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba investiciebze;
h3: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze;
h4: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba mTlian Sida produqtze;
h5: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze;
h6: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze.
4.2. hipoTezebis Semowmeba
fulis gaTeTreba da ekonomikuri zrda
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.
H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.
aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis
gaTeTrebasa da mTlian Sida produqts Soris kavSiris gamovlenas,
romelic modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. Cvens kvlevaSi
asaxulia post-socialisturi 17 qveynis oficialuri statistikuri
monacemi da xazs usvams wrfiv regresiul models. aRniSnuli hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad viyenebT msoflio bankisa da bazelis gamoqveynebul Savi
fulis zrdis indeqsur maCvenebels.
139
cxrili 7. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da mSp-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis
2012.-2016ww.330 331
fulis gaTeTreba (x) mSp (y)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi -1.074 2.203 0.279 -9.416 1.001 1.774 2.227 3.370 2 belorusia -0.134 0.134 -0.134 0.134 1.024 1.723 -3.830 -2.649 3 bulgareTi -2.664 -7.255 -0.960 1.027 0.862 1.329 3.617 3.941 4 estoneTi 1.002 -1.180 -2.438 19.831 1.937 2.891 1.674 2.063 5 latvia -8.117 2.178 -1.054 -1.475 2.430 1.858 2.972 2.213 6 litva -3.809 -4.338 0.812 -1.472 3.499 3.538 2.035 2.345 7 moldova -14.672 0.754 1.088 1.656 9.400 4.800 -0.400 4.100 8 poloneTi -0.128 -16.704 1.133 10.333 1.392 3.283 3.845 2.864 9 rumineTi 0.023 -1.459 -0.741 -2.669 3.532 3.076 3.974 4.589 10 ruseTi 1.708 9.329 -0.480 -0.585 1.785 0.739 -2.828 -0.225 11 saqarTvelo -14.798 0.601 -0.664 -1.936 3.387 4.623 2.880 2.849 12 somxeTi -4.472 -0.755 0.632 -5.412 3.300 3.600 3.200 0.200 13 uzbekeTi -0.494 0.015 -5.328 -0.292 8.000 7.793 8.000 7.800 14 ukraina -2.156 1.211 0.137 0.212 -0.027 -6.553 -9.773 2.308 15 ungreTi -5.222 -1.589 1.481 2.209 2.096 4.228 3.367 2.213 16 yirgizeTi 0.779 -0.980 -0.380 -0.993 10.915 4.024 3.876 3.826 17 CexeTi -1.441 -3.893 -0.128 2.381 -0.484 2.715 5.309 2.593
330https://index.baselgovernance.org 331https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
140
ekonomikur zrdaze fulis gaTeTrebis gavlenis dasadgenad Cven
viyenebT wrfiv regresiul models. modeli iTvaliswinebs fulis
gaTeTrebis zemoqmedebas ekonomikur zrdaze, romelic gamoxatulia
realuri mSp-s zrdiT. qveynis ekonomikuri zrda gamoiTvleba realuri mSp-
is zrdis maCvenebliT. mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) warmoadgens
ekonomikuri saqmianobis sazoms, romelic ganisazRvreba ekonomikis
farglebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo RirebulebiT.
mSp-is wliuri zrdis tempis gaangariSeba miznad isaxavs ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dinamikis Sedarebas, rogorc droiT, aseve sxvadasxva qveynis
WrilSi. mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis zrdis gazomvis mizniT,
mimdinare fasebSi gamoxatuli mSp Sefasebulia wina wlis fasebSi,
romelic gavlenas axdens fasebis moZraobaze. Savi fulis gaTeTreba
mocemuli ekonomikuri modelis damoukidebel cvlads warmoadgens.
ekonomikuri zrdisa da fulis gaTeTrebis korelaciis dasadgenad Cven
SemovitaneT modeli, romelic Seafasebs fulis gaTeTrebis dones sawyis
etapze. kavSiri damyarebulia TiToeuli faqtoris wliuri zrdis
maCvenebelze. mniSvnelobis doned aRebulia 0.05.
2013: regresia: =-0.158x+2.6619. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:
rx,y=-0.243, rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul
damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.163, rac gveubneba, rom
x–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y–is 16.3%-ian zrdas. beta koeficientiT vadgenT,
Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: =-0.243, rac niSnavs,
rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT
gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod 24.3%-iT. determinaciis
koeficientia: R2=0.05903, anu, y –is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis
5.903% gamowveulia x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 94.097% gamowveulia
modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT.
regresiis standartuli Secdomaa: S=3.26, romlis safuZvelzec
gaangariSebuli koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=0.953, Sb=0.163.
koeficientebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod,
mniSvnelovnebis donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, stiudentis
ganawilebis cxrilSi davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba,
141
gamovTvaleT koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131,
ta=2.79, tb=0.97. 2.79>2.131; 0.97<2.131, amitom, a koeficientis statistikuri
mniSvnelovneba dadasturda, b koeficientis ki-ara. a da b koeficientebis
ndobis intervalebia: a (0.631;4.692), b (-0.505;0.189). regresiis gantolebis
mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze
gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.05903, saidanac F=0.94. fiSeris
ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis xarisxebiT davadgineT misi
kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.94<4.54, amitom determinaciis
koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da Sedegad, regresiis
modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba
amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri
regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT,
xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da
fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y–is zogadi cvalebadobis 5.903%
SemTxveva gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom modelis parametrebi
statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-
is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is saSualod 0.158 erTeuliT
Semcirebas.
2014: regresiisGgantoleba: =-0.08986x+2.5582. wyviluri korelaciis
koeficienti: rx,y=-0,164, romelic cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul
damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.043, rac
gveubneba, rom x–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y–is 4.3%-ian zrdas. beta
koeficientiT vadgenT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil
cvladze: β=-0.164, rac niSnavs, rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas
saSualod 16.4%-iT. gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi faqtobrivi
mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 33.6%-iT. determinaciis koeficientia:
R2=0.02678 , anu, y –is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 2.678% gamowveulia
x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 97.322% gamowveulia modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli
faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis standartuli Secdomaa:
S=2.95, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli koeficientebis standartuli
142
gadaxrebia: Sa=0.737, Sb=0.14. koeficientebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT
stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis donisa da Tavisuflebis
xarisxis gamoyenebiT, stiudentis ganawilebis cxrilSi davadgineT misi
kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT koeficientebis statistikuri
mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131, ta=3.47, tb=0.64. 3.47>2.131, 0.64<2.131, amitom, a
koeficientis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba dadasturda, b koeficientis ki–
ara. a da b koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia: a (0.987, 4.129), b (-0.388, 0.208).
regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis
koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.02678,
saidanac F=0.41. fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis
xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.41<4.54,
amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani.
gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze.
specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri regresia, romlis
parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT, xolo modelis
vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da fiSeris
kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 2,678% SemTxveva
gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom modelis parametrebi
statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-
is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is saSualod 0.0899 erTeuliT
Semcirebas.
2015: regresia: =-0.8465x+1.4374. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:
rx,y=-0.332, rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo da ukuproporciul
damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.189, rac gveubneba, rom x-
is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 18.9%-ian zrdas. beta koeficientiT vadgenT, Tu
ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: β=-0.332, rac niSnavs,
rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT
gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod 33.2%-iT. aproqsimaciis
Secdomaa: A=6.65%. gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi faqtobrivi
mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 6.65%-iT. determinaciis koeficientia:
R2=0.11, anu, y–is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 11% gamowveulia x–is
143
cvlilebiT. danarCeni 89% gamowveulia modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli
faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis standartuli
Secdomaa: S=0.995, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli koeficientebis
standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=0.995, Sb=0.622. koeficientebis Sesafaseblad
gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis donisa da
Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, studentis ganawilebis cxrilSi
davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT koeficientebis
statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131, ta=1.44, tb=1.36. 1.44<2.131,
1.36<2.131, amitom, a da b koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba ar
dadasturda. a da b koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia: a (-0.683, 3.558), b (-
2.171, 0.478). regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis
koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.11,
saidanac, F=1.85, fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis
xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54,
1.85<4.54. determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da
Sedegad, regresiis modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis
damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi
wyviluri regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa
meTodiT, xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis
koeficientiTa da fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y–is zogadi
cvalebadobis 11% SemTxveva gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom
modelis parametrebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis
ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is
saSualod 0.846 erTeuliT Semcirebas.
2016: regresia: =-0.00947x+2.6193. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:
rx,y=‐0.0269, rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul
damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=‐0.00289, rac gveubneba, rom
x-is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 0.289%-ian Semcirebas. beta koeficientiT
vadgenT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: β=‐0.0269,
rac niSnavs, rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris
sididiT gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod 2.69%‐iT.
aproqsimaciis Secdomaa: A=5.84%. Sedegad, gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi
144
faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 5.84%-iT. determinaciis
koeficientia: R2=0.000722, anu, y–is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 0.0722%
gamowveulia x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 99.9278% gamowveulia modelSi
gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis
standartuli Secdomaa: S=2.3, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli
koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=0.562, Sb=0.091. koeficientebis
Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis
donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, studentis ganawilebis
cxrilSi davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT
koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131, ta=4.66, tb=0.1.
4.66>2.131, 0.1<2.131, amitom, a koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovania, b-
ara. a da b koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia: a (1.421;3.817), b (‐0.203;0.184).
regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis
koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.000722,
saidanac F=0.0108. fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis
xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.0108<4.54,
amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da
Sedegad, regresiis modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis
damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi
wyviluri regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa
meTodiT, xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis
koeficientiTa da fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y‐is zogadi
cvalebadobis 0.0722% SemTxveva gamowveulia x‐is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom
modelis parametrebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis
ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x‐is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is
saSualod 0.00947 erTeuliT Semcirebas.
gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze.
specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri regresia, romlis
parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT, xolo modelis
vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da fiSeris
kriteriumiT. dadginda, modelis ekonomikuri interpretacia: Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis tempis 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs mSp-s zrdis saSualod
145
0.2758425 erTeuliT Semcirebas. aRniSnulis safuZvelze nulovani hipoTeza,
romlis Tanaxmad Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur
zrdaze, miRebulia.
fulis gaTeTreba da investiciebi
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba investiciebze.
H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.
aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis
gaTeTrebasa da investiciebs Soris kavSiris gamovlenas, romelic
modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. angariSSi asaxulia
post-socialisturi 17 qveynis oficialuri statistikuri monacemi da xazs
usvams wrfiv regresiul models. aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad
viyenebT msoflio bankis statistikur monacemebs.
146
cxrili 8. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi
qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.332 333
fulis gaTeTreba (x) investiciebi (y) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi 5.4839 5.4250 5.5445 5.5600 5.0365 28.4461 27.6076 25.8928 26.3512 27.0166 2 belorusia 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 38.1480 41.2732 38.5447 32.7522 29.1867 3 bulgareTi 4.2390 4.1260 3.8267 3.7900 3.8289 21.9518 21.0502 21.6873 21.3549 19.5948 4 estoneTi 3.2759 3.3088 3.2697 3.1900 3.8226 29.3154 27.7750 28.3068 25.8013 25.6829 5 latvia 5.3609 4.9258 5.0331 4.9800 4.9065 25.9049 23.9837 21.4475 21.3895 20.9640 6 litva 3.9562 3.8055 3.6405 3.6700 3.6160 17.0485 16.4701 16.5803 20.2843 18.9528 7 moldova 5.9258 5.0564 5.0945 5.1500 5.2353 24.3878 24.9897 25.4666 22.3727 23.0605 8 poloneTi 4.7425 4.7365 3.9453 3.9900 4.4023 21.6498 20.1195 21.9754 22.2057 21.1678 9 rumineTi 4.6814 4.6825 4.6142 4.5800 4.4578 25.6210 24.8596 24.5338 25.2495 24.1617 10 ruseTi 5.6569 5.7535 6.2902 6.2600 6.2234 27.9991 25.9810 24.2273 21.5919 21.9722 11 saqarTvelo 5.6374 4.8032 4.8321 4.8000 4.7071 25.7277 21.9678 26.6482 28.3231 29.7707 12 somxeTi 5.1255 4.8963 4.8593 4.8900 4.6254 27.9012 24.5520 22.9878 22.0077 20.0530 13 uzbekeTi 5.4235 5.3968 5.3976 5.1100 5.0951 25.2648 25.6858 26.3778 26.7686 27.1907 14 ukraina 6.6153 6.4726 6.5510 6.5600 6.5739 21.2877 18.6634 13.0789 16.2348 22.3379 15 ungreTi 4.2893 4.0653 4.0007 4.0600 4.1497 18.5767 19.2553 20.7803 19.3364 18.2184 16 yirgizeTi 6.3071 6.3562 6.2939 6.2700 6.2077 39.1989 37.1357 41.3015 38.8452 37.5725 17 CexeTi 4.8097 4.7404 4.5558 4.5500 4.6583 26.2629 25.0459 26.4713 28.3955 27.0487
332https://index.baselgovernance.org 333https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
147
vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia mSp-sTan,
investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCveneblis misaRebad absoluturi
maCvenebeli SevafardeT realuri mSp-s moculobas da movaxdineT wliuri
regresiis modelis ageba post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis.
2012 weli: regresiis modeli: =2,3835x+13.968. korelaciis koeficienti
ryx=0.353, romelic asaxavs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis
standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.461, Sb=1.633, koeficientebis statistikuri
wertilebi ki ta=1.65, tb=1.46, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan 1.65<2.131 da 1.46<2.131, vaskvniT,
rom a da b koeficientebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis
intervalia: (-4.061; 31.997), xolo b–si: (-1.096; 5.862). determinaciis
koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis
vargisianoba: R2=0.1244 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=2.131. Tavisuflebis (1;15)
xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54,
vinaidan 2.131<4.54, amitom vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri.
davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y–investiciebi)
faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris
farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela
faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.353, rac niSnavs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis
maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs
investiciebis maCveneblis 35.3%-is toli sididiT zrdas. SeviswavleT y
faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi
regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT.
koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis
kriteriumis safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis
xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba
Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012w), zogadi cvalebadobis 12.44%
SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis
148
parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis 2.383 erTeuliT zrdas.
2013 weli: modeli: =2.8793x+10.8626. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.387,
rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris pirdapirproporciul
damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.879,
Sb=1.774, koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebi ki ta=1.22, tb=1.62, tkrit=2.131.
vinaidan, 1.22<2.131 da 1.62<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive a da b koeficientebi
statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis intervalia: (-8.059; 29.785),
xolo b–si: (-0.901; 6.66). determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1494 da Sesabamisad,
Fstat=2.63. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi
statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 2.63<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli
ar aris validuri. davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs,
axsnili (y–investiciebi) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis
maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli
cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia, β=0.387. fulis
gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT
zrda iwvevs investiciebis maCveneblis 38.7%-is toli sididiT zrdas.
SeviswavleT y faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri
wrfivi regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa
meTodiT. koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia
stiudentis kriteriumis safuZvelze mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da
Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri
mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris
kriteriumis safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2013w) zogadi
cvalebadobis 14.94% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT.
modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom x–is 1
erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod, 2.879 erTeuliT zrdas.
2014 weli: regresia: =1.6708x+16.9031. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.238,
rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris susti siZlieris pirdapirproporciul
149
damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.778,
Sb=1.762, xolo statistikuri wertilebi: ta=1.93, tb=0.95, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan,
1.93<2.131 da 0.95<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive, a da b koeficientebi
statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a-s ndobis intervalia: (-1.804; 35.61), xolo
b–si: (-2.085; 5.426). determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.05653 da Sesabamisad,
Fstat=0.899. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi
statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 2.63<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli
ar aris validuri. davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs
axsnili (y–investiciebi) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis
maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli
cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.238, anu, fulis
gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT
zrda iwvevs investiciebis maCveneblis 23.8%-is toli sididiT zrdas.
gamokvleul situaciaSi (2014w), zogadi cvalebadobis 5.65% SemTxvevaSi, y–
is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 1.671
erTeuliT zrdas.
2015 weli: regresia: =1.2299x+18.671. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.217,
rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris susti siZlieris pirdapirproporciul
damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=7.071,
Sb=1.426. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=2.64, tb=0.86, tkrit=2.131.
vinaidan, 2.64>2.131, a koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovania. 0.86<2.131,
amitom b koeficientebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis
intervalia: (3.604; 33.738), xolo b–si: (-1.808; 4.268). determinaciis
koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT SevamowmoT modelis
vargisianoba: R2=0.04727 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=0.74. Tavisuflebis (1;15)
xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54.
vinaidan, 0.74<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri. davadgineT β
150
koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y-investiciebi) faqtoris
cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi,
amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli
gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori
fiqsirebulia. β=0.217, rac gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis
Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs investiciebis
maCveneblis 21.7%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2015w),
zogadi cvalebadobis 4.73% SemTxvevaSi, y-is cvlileba axsnilia x-is
cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT vaskvniT,
rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis
saSualod 1.23 erTeuliT zrdas.
2016 weli: regresia: =2.5431x+11.939. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.441,
rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris pirdapirproporciul
damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=6.609,
Sb=1.335. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.81, tb=1.91, tkrit=2.131.
vinaidan, 1.81<2.131, a koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. 1.91<2.131,
amitom b koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a-s ndobis
intervalia: (-2.145; 26.023), xolo b–si: (-0.302; 5.388). determinaciis
koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis
vargisianoba: R2=0.1948 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=3.63. Tavisuflebis (1;15)
xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54.
vinaidan 3.63<4.54, amitom vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri.
davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs axsnili (y–investiciebi)
faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris
farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela
faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.441, rac aRniSnavs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis
maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs
investiciebis maCveneblis 44.1%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul
situaciaSi (2016w), zogadi cvalebadobis 19.48% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba
axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
151
interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 2.543
erTeuliT zrdas.
SeviswavleT investiciebis damokidebuleba Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi regresiis modeli da
koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT. koeficientebis
statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis kriteriumis
safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-is
safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia
determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis safuZvelze.
gamokvleul situaciaSi 2012w-2016w. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda
iwvevs investiciebis saSualod, 2.1412 erTeuliT zrdas. aRniSnuli gvaZlevs
saSualebas, uarvyoT nulovani hipoTeza da vaRiaroT alternatiuli
hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis zrda dadebiTad moqmedebs investiciebze.
fulis gaTeTreba da pui
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad
aisaxeba pui-ze.
H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze.
aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis
gaTeTrebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis kavSiris gamovlenas,
romelic modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. angariSSi
asaxulia post-socialisturi qveynebis oficialuri statistikuri
monacemebi, romelic mocemulia msoflio bankis da bazelis mier.
saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. qveyanaSi arsebuli liberaluri
sainvesticio garemo da Tanabari pirobebi adgilobrivi da ucxouri
investiciebisaTvis, saqarTvelos mimzidvels xdis ucxoeli
investorebisTvis. fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebli dakavSirebulia mSp-sTan.
analogiurad pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis maCvenebeli aRebulia
realuri mSp-sTan SefardebiT.
152
cxrili 9. Savi fulisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi
qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.334 335
fulis gaTeTreba (x) pui (y)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 albaneTi 5.4839 5.4250 5.5445 5.5600 5.0365 7.4172 10.0072 9.0139 7.6045 7.7494
2 belorusia 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 2.3821 3.6187 2.9490 2.7211 2.1094
3 bulgareTi 4.2390 4.1260 3.8267 3.7900 3.8289 3.4657 3.8221 3.9209 4.9538 2.0761
4 estoneTi 3.2759 3.3088 3.2697 3.1900 3.8226 8.1739 4.9270 7.6323 -3.0975 3.1149
5 latvia 5.3609 4.9258 5.0331 4.9800 4.9065 4.1025 3.6741 3.4260 2.9688 0.8434
6 litva 3.9562 3.8055 3.6405 3.6700 3.6160 1.4085 1.6744 1.1519 2.1707 2.1041
7 moldova 5.9258 5.0564 5.0945 5.1500 5.2353 4.0687 3.5873 4.8377 3.0710 1.2416
8 poloneTi 4.7425 4.7365 3.9453 3.9900 4.4023 1.4388 0.1533 3.6927 2.7089 2.9294
9 rumineTi 4.6814 4.6825 4.6142 4.5800 4.4578 1.7837 2.1792 2.1220 2.2775 2.7097
10 ruseTi 5.6569 5.7535 6.2902 6.2600 6.2234 3.0397 4.0863 1.2911 0.4133 1.9668
11 saqarTvelo 5.6374 4.8032 4.8321 4.8000 4.7071 6.2635 6.9769 12.2807 10.7152 10.4575
12 somxeTi 5.1255 4.8963 4.8593 4.8900 4.6254 4.7783 3.2235 3.6312 1.5532 2.9396
13 uzbekeTi 5.4235 5.3968 5.3976 5.1100 5.0951 1.2216 1.2634 1.1775 0.1129 0.1065
14 ukraina 6.6153 6.4726 6.5510 6.5600 6.5739 5.6854 3.1367 0.6305 2.5164 2.7750
15 ungreTi 4.2893 4.0653 4.0007 4.0600 4.1497 8.1116 -2.8223 9.2504 -3.6822 46.6865
16 yirgizeTi 6.3071 6.3562 6.2939 6.2700 6.2077 5.1410 10.8717 5.8574 18.8075 9.8044
17 CexeTi 4.8097 4.7404 4.5558 4.5500 4.6583 4.5032 3.5294 3.7776 0.7539 2.8086
334https://index.baselgovernance.org 335https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
153
gaTeTrebuli fulis aRniSnuli monacemebi qvemoT mocemuli
ekonomikuri modelis damoukidebel cvladebs warmoadgenen, xolo
pirdapiri ucxouri investicia damokidebul cvlads.
2012 weli: regresiis gantoleba: =-0.108x+4.8456. x da y
koeficientebisaTvis kavSiris siZlierisa da damokidebulebis dasadgenad,
gamoviyeneT korelaciuri analizi da moZiebuli maCveneblebis safuZvelze
ganvsazRvreT korelaciis koeficienti: ryx=-0.0405, rac gviCvenebs amxsnel da
axsnil faqtorebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebas. aseve,
ganvsazRvreT regresiis standartuli Secdoma (Se) da a da b koeficientebis
standartuli gadaxrebi, romlebsac viyenebT koeficientebis validurobis
dasadgenad. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=3.565, Sb=0.688.
gamoTvlili monacemebis safuZvelze, miRebuli koeficientebis
statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.36, tb=0.16. Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-isa da 0.05
mniSvnelovnebis donis mixedviT, stiudentis ganawilebis cxrilSi
movZebneT Sesabamisi kriteriumis kritikuli mniSvneloba: tkrit=2.131,
vinaidan 1.36<2.131 da 0.16<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive, a da b koeficientebi
statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris
kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.00164 da
Sesabamisad, Fstat=0.0246. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris
Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 0.0246<4.54, amitom
vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri. davadgineT koeficienti,
romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y–pui) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides
Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis
gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis
toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia. =-0.0405, rac
gvaZlevs saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi
saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis maCveneblis 4.05%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. SeviswavleT y
faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi
regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT.
koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis
154
kriteriumis safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis
xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba
Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012w), zogadi cvalebadobis 0.16%
SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis
parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1
erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod 0.108 erTeuliT Semcirebas.
2013 weli: modeli: =1.6128x–4.2062. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.413,
rac gviCvenebs amxsnel da axsnil faqtorebs Soris saSualo da
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. ada b koeficientebis standartuli
gadaxrebia: Sa=4.6, Sb=0.919. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=0.91,
tb=1.75, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan, 0.91<2.131 da 1.75<2.131, a da b koeficientebi
aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.170, xolo Fstat=3.08.
cxrilis Tanaxmad, Fkrit=4.54.3.08<4.54, amitom agebuli regresiis modeli
araa validuri. koeficienti =0.413, rac gviCvenebs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis
maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis maCveneblis 41.3%-is toli sididiT
zrdas. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2013w), zogadi cvalebadobis 17.03%
SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis
parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1
erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod, 1.613 erTeuliT zrdas.
2014 weli: modeli: =-0.7991x+8.4177. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=-0.234,
rac miuTuTebs cvladebis sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebaze. a da
b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=4.275, Sb=0.858. koeficientebis
statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.97, tb=0.93, tkrit=2.131. radgan, 1.97<2.131 da
0.93<2.131, amitom orive koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania.
determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT,
SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.05464, Fstat=0.867, Fkrit=4.54. 0.867<4.54,
amitom, regresiis modeli ar aris validuri. koeficienti =-0.234 , rac
gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo
155
kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis maCveneblis 23.4%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. gamokvleul
situaciaSi (2014w), zogadi cvalebadobis 5.46% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba
axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is
saSualod 0.799 erTeuliT Semcirebas.
2015 weli: regresiis modeli: =2.3931x–8.3311. korelaciis koeficienti
ryx=0.439, rac asaxavs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli
gadaxrebia: Sa=6.281, Sb=1.266. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.33,
tb=1.89, tkrit=2.131. 1.33<2.131 da 1.89<2.131, amitom, koeficientebi statistikurad
aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1923, Fstat=3.571,
Fkrit=4.54. 3.571<4.54, ris gamoc, regresiis modeli aravaliduria.
koeficienti =0.439, rac gulisxmobs, fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi
saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis maCveneblis 43.9%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul
situaciaSi (2015w), zogadi cvalebadobis 19.23% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba
axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is
saSualod, 2.393 erTeuliT zrdas.
2016 weli: modeli: =-2.0954x+16.251. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=-0.165,
rac migvaniSnebs cvladebis sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebaze. a
da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=15.968, Sb=3.225.
koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.02, tb=0.65, tkrit=2.131. 1.02<2.131,
0.65<2.131, rac gulisxmobs, rom koeficientebi statistikurad
aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1923, Fstat=0.42, Fkrit=4.54.
0.42<4.54, ris gamoc, regresiis modeli aravaliduria. koeficienti β=-0.165,
rac gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri
156
investiciebis maCveneblis 16.5%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. gamokvleul
situaciaSi (2016w), zogadi cvalebadobis 2.74% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba
axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 2.095
erTeuliT Semcirebas.
gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012ww.-2016ww.), zogadi cvalebadobis 2.74%
SemTxvevaSi, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis cvlileba axsnilia Savi
fulis gaTeTrebis cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda
iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saSualod, 0.2008 erTeuliT zrdas.
aRniSnuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, uarvyoT nulovani hipoTeza da vaRiaroT
alternatiuli hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad Savi fulis gaTeTrebis zrda
dadebiTad moqmedebs puize.
fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da mSp
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.
H1-: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze.
157
cxrili 10. Savi fulis, korufciis da mSp-s zrdis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi
qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.336 337 338.
fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) mSp (y)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi -1.074 2.203 0.279 -9.416 -6.061 6.452 9.091 8.333 1.001 1.774 2.227 3.370 2 belorusia -0.134 0.134 -0.134 0.134 -6.452 6.897 3.226 25.000 1.024 1.723 -3.830 -2.649 3 bulgareTi -2.664 -7.255 -0.960 1.027 0.000 4.878 -4.651 0.000 0.862 1.329 3.617 3.941 4 estoneTi 1.002 -1.180 -2.438 19.831 6.250 1.471 1.449 0.000 1.937 2.891 1.674 2.063 5 latvia -8.117 2.178 -1.054 -1.475 8.163 3.774 0.000 3.636 2.430 1.858 2.972 2.213 6 litva -3.809 -4.338 0.812 -1.472 5.556 1.754 5.172 -3.279 3.499 3.538 2.035 2.345 7 moldova -14.672 0.754 1.088 1.656 -2.778 0.000 -5.714 -9.091 9.400 4.800 -0.400 4.100 8 poloneTi -0.128 -16.704 1.133 10.333 3.448 1.667 1.639 0.000 1.392 3.283 3.845 2.864 9 rumineTi 0.023 -1.459 -0.741 -2.669 -2.273 0.000 6.977 4.348 3.532 3.076 3.974 4.589
10 ruseTi 1.708 9.329 -0.480 -0.585 0.000 -3.571 7.407 0.000 1.785 0.739 -2.828 -0.225 11 saqarTvelo -14.798 0.601 -0.664 -1.936 -5.769 6.122 0.000 9.615 3.387 4.623 2.880 2.849 12 somxeTi -4.472 -0.755 0.632 -5.412 5.882 2.778 -5.405 -5.714 3.300 3.600 3.200 0.200 13 uzbekeTi -0.494 0.015 -5.328 -0.292 0.000 5.882 5.556 10.526 8.000 7.793 8.000 7.800 14 ukraina -2.156 1.211 0.137 0.212 -3.846 4.000 3.846 7.407 -0.027 -6.553 -9.773 2.308 15 ungreTi -5.222 -1.589 1.481 2.209 -1.818 0.000 -5.556 -5.882 2.096 4.228 3.367 2.213 16 yirgizeTi 0.779 -0.980 -0.380 -0.993 0.000 12.500 3.704 0.000 10.915 4.024 3.876 3.826 17 CexeTi -1.441 -3.893 -0.128 2.381 -2.041 6.250 9.804 -1.786 -0.484 2.715 5.309 2.593
336https://index.baselgovernance.org 337https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 338https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview
158
ekonomikuri modelis asagebad fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
gamoviyeneT amxsnel cvladad, Sesabamisad, x1 da x2. xolo mSp asaxsnel
cvladad-y.
2013: regresiis gantoleba: =2.6488–0.1638x1+0.0567x2. wyviluri
korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.243, ryx2=0.051, rx1x2=0.112. farar-globeris
algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-
arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.56, F2=0.64, F3=0.16, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. radgan
0.56<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. vinaidan, 0.64<19.4,
x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT da 0.16<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis Sesabamisi
dispersiebia: Sb0=0.984, Sb1=0.169. Sb2=0.186, elastikurobis koeficientebia:
E1=0.169, x1–is 1%-iani cvlileba y zrdis 16.9%-iT. E2=-0.0018, x2–is 1%-iani
cvlileba y amcirebs 0.18%-iT. 1=-0.252< 2=0.0792, e.i. meore cvladis
zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia R=0.2554, xolo
determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.06523. ufro zusti Semfasebelia
koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=-0.0683. modelis
mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.49, Fkrit(2;14)=3.74
(gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze)
0.49<3.74, rac niSnavs, rom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad
aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1
erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas saSualod 0.164 erTeuliT,
aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.0567 erTeuliT.
maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=0.0792 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT
meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 6.52% gamowveulia
faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi
mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
2014: regresiis gantoleba: =2.4065-0.08644X1+0.04359X2. wyviluri
korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.164, ryx2=0.0735, rx1x2=-0.111. farar-globeris
algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-
arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.25, F2=0.3, F3=0.13, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, radgan
0.25<19.4, amitom y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, radgan
0.3<19.4, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. 0.13<19.4, amitom x2
159
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis Sesabamisi
dispersiebia: Sb0=1.046, Sb1=0.145, Sb2=0.206. elastikurobis koeficientebia:
E1=0.0413, x1–is 1%-iani cvlileba y zrdis 4.13%‐iT. E2=0.0583, x2–is 1%‐iani
cvlileba y zrdis 5.83%‐iT. 1=‐0.157< 2=0.056. e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba
metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia R=0.1729, xolo determinaciis
koeficientia: R2=0.0299. ufro zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli
determinaciis koeficienti: 2=‐0.109. modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT
fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.22, Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli
determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze). 0.22<3.74, amitom, determinaciis
koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1‐is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas
saSualod 0.0864 erTeuliT, aseve, x2‐is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y‐is
zrdas 0.0436 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=0.056 Tanaxmad,
vaskvniT, rom y‐ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y‐
is zogadi cvalebadobis 2.99% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT.
dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi
heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
2015: regresiis gantoleba: =1.612–0.9282X1-0.09631X2. wyviluri
korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.332, ryx2=-0.0244, rx1x2=-0.265. farar-
globeris algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis
arseboba/ar-arseboba: (fiSeriskriteriumi), F1=1.13, F2=1.81, F3=0.74,
Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. vinaidan, 1.13<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis
mimarT. 1.81<19.4, rac niSnavs, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis
mimarT. Radgan, 0.74<19.4, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT.
parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia: Sb0=1.089, Sb1=0.662, Sb2=0.207.
elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.208, x1–is 1%-iani cvlileba y zrdis
20.8%-iT. E2=-0.117, x2–is 1%-iani cvlileba y amcirebs 11.7%-iT. 1=-0.364< 2=-
0.121, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis
koeficientia R=0.3516, xolo determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.1236. ufro
zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=-0.00159.
modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.99,
160
Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis
safuZvelze). 0.99<3.74, amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad
aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1
erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas saSualod 0.928 erTeuliT,
aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.0963 erTeuliT.
maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=-0.121 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT
meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis
12.36% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba
gamoiricxa.
2016: regresia: =2.7844-0.02311X1-0.06083X2. wyviluri korelaciis
koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.0269, ryx2=-0.209, rx1x2=-0.176. farar-globeris
algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-
arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.4, F2=0.29, F3=0.66, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, radgan
0.4<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. radgan, 0.29<19.4,
amitom x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. radgan 0.66<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis Sesabamisi
dispersiebia: Sb0=0.602, Sb1=0.0934, Sb2=0.0732. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=‐
0.0070, x1–is 1%‐iani cvlileba y amcirebs 0.7%‐iT. E2=‐0.0590, x2–is 1%‐iani
cvlileba y amcirebs 5.9%‐iT. 1=‐0.0656> 2=‐0.22, e.i. pirveli cvladis
zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia R=0.2184, xolo
determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.04771. ufro zusti Semfasebelia
koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=‐0.0883. modelis
mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.35, Fkrit(2;14)=3.74
(gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze).
0.35<3.74. amitom, determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad
aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1‐is 1
erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas saSualod 0.0231 erTeuliT,
aseve, x2‐is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas 0.0608 erTeuliT.
maqsimaluri koeficientis 1=‐0.0656 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT
meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y‐is zogadi cvalebadobis 4.77%
161
gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi
mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
faqtoris 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs mSp-s Semcirebas saSualod
0.300375 erTeuliT. zemoT mocemul modelebSi heteroskedasturobis
arseboba gamoiricxa. aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven miviReT nulovani
hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, Savi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze da uarvyaviT alternatiuli hipoTeza, romlis
Tanaxmad, Savi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze.
fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da investiciebi
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.
H1: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.
162
cxrili 11. Savi fulis, korufciis da investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi
qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.339 340 341
fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) investiciebi (y)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 albaneTi 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.0 33.0 31.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 28.4 27.6 25.9 26.4 27.0
2 belorusia 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 31.0 29.0 31.0 32.0 40.0 38.1 41.3 38.5 32.8 29.2
3 bulgareTi 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 41.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 41.0 22.0 21.1 21.7 21.4 19.6
4 estoneTi 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.8 64.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 70.0 29.3 27.8 28.3 25.8 25.7
5 latvia 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 49.0 53.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 25.9 24.0 21.4 21.4 21.0
6 litva 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 54.0 57.0 58.0 61.0 59.0 17.0 16.5 16.6 20.3 19.0
7 moldova 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 36.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 30.0 24.4 25.0 25.5 22.4 23.1
8 poloneTi 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 58.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 62.0 21.6 20.1 22.0 22.2 21.2
9 rumineTi 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 44.0 43.0 43.0 46.0 48.0 25.6 24.9 24.5 25.2 24.2
10 ruseTi 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.2 28.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 29.0 28.0 26.0 24.2 21.6 22.0
11 saqarTvelo 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 52.0 49.0 52.0 52.0 57.0 25.7 22.0 26.6 28.3 29.8
12 somxeTi 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6 34.0 36.0 37.0 35.0 33.0 27.9 24.6 23.0 22.0 20.1
13 uzbekeTi 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 25.3 25.7 26.4 26.8 27.2
14 ukraina 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 26.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 21.3 18.7 13.1 16.2 22.3
15 ungreTi 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 55.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 48.0 18.6 19.3 20.8 19.3 18.2
16 yirgizeTi 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 24.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 39.2 37.1 41.3 38.8 37.6
17 CexeTi 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 49.0 48.0 51.0 56.0 55.0 26.3 25.0 26.5 28.4 27.0
339https://index.baselgovernance.org 340https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 341https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview
163
2012: regresiis gantoleba: =29.0931+0.6281X1-0.1505X2. dakvirvebaTa
ricxvi n=17. modelSi damoukidebeli cvladebis raodenobaa 2, erTeulovani
veqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT ki regresorTa raodenoba udris ucnobi
koeficientebis raodenobas. wyviluri korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=0.353,
ryx2=-0.419, rx1x2=-0.742. vinaidan, farar-globeris algoriTmi yvelaze srulad
ikvlevs multikoliniarobas, amitom gamoviyeneT igi, raTa dagvedgina, aris
Tu ara sxva danarCen cvladebsa da TiToeul konkretul cvlads Soris
multikoliniaroba. (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilSi,
(16;2) Tavisuflebis xarisxebis gaTvaliswinebiT movZebneT Fkrit(16;2)=19.4 da
SevadareT gamoTvlil Sesabamis F statistikebs: F1=1.75, radgan, F1≤Fkrit,
amitom y-sa da sxva cvladebs Soris multikoliniaroba ar aris. F2=9.89,
radgan F2≤Fkrit, amitom, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebTan
mimarTebaSi. F3=11, vinaidan, F3≤Fkrit, amitom, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva
cvladebTan mimarTebaSi. gaviangariSeT aproqsimaciis saSualo Secdoma,
romelic gansazRvravs gadaxrebs faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebidan.
aproqsimaciis 15%-mde mniSvneloba gansazRvravs kargad SerCeul models.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi: A=15.07%. modelis parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia:
Sb0=17.762, Sb1=2.441, Sb2=0.155. gamovTvaleT elastikurobis kerZo koeficientebi,
raTa dagvedgina, Tu ra gavlena aqvs axsnil cvladze (y) TiToeul
regresors (x1;x2), rac gulisxmobs, Tu ramdeni procentiT icvleba axsnili
cvladi amxsneli cvladis 1%-iT cvlilebisas. E1=0.123, x1 cvladis 1%-iani
cvlileba y–s zrdis 12.3%-iT. E2=-0.235, x2 cvladis 1%-iani cvlileba ki y–s
amcirebs 23.5%-iT. davadgineT koeficientebi, raTa gangvesazRvra, Tu
romeli regresoris zemoqmedebaa ufro Zlieri axsnil cvladze:
1=0.093> 2=-0.35, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. ganvsazRvreT
mravlobiTi korelaciis maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs, Tu ra gavlena aqvT
amxsnel cvladebs erTad axsnilze. R=0.4236. aqedanve, gamovTvaloT
determinaciis koeficienti: R2=0.179, Tumca, vinaidan ufro zusti
Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti, aucilebelia misi
gansazRvra da gamoyeneba: 2=0.0622. rac ufro axlosaa es koeficienti
erTTan, miT ufro metad xsnis regresiis gantoleba y-is cvlilebas.
164
miRebuli mravlobiTi regresiis gantolebis validurobis dasadgenad
gamoviyeneT determinaciis koeficienti dafiSeris testi. R2=0.1795, F=1.53.
Tavisuflebis xarisxebis (2;14) mixedviT, fiSeris cxrilidan davadgineT
kriteriumis kritikuli mniSvneloba Fkrit=3.74. modelis parametrebis
ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1 cvladis 1 erTeuliT gazrda y cvlads
saSualod 0.628 erTeuliT zrdis; x2 cvladis 1 erTeuliT gazrda y-s
saSualod 0.15 erTeuliT amcirebs. maqsimaluri koeficientis 1=0.093
mixedviT vaskvniT, rom axsnil cvladze meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors.
gantolebis statistikuri mniSvneloba Semowmebulia determinaciis
koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT. davadgineT, rom
gamokvleul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo cvalebadobis 17.95% SemTxvevaSi, y–s
cvlis x1 da x2 regresorebi. aseve dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi
statistikurad mniSvnelovanni arian. aseve, uaryofilia modelSi
heteroskedasturoba.
2013: regresiis gantoleba: =27.2966+0.7703X1-0.1466X2. wyviluri
korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=0.387, ryx2=-0.427, rx1x2=-0.831. farar-globeris
algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis
arseboba/ararseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi) F1=1.82, F2=17.94, F3=18.97,
Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. vinaidan 1.82<19.4, amitom y aramultikoliniarulia sxva
cvladebis mimarT. amasTanave, 17.94<19.4, amitom x1 aramultikoliniarulia
sxva cvladebis mimarT da 18.97<19.4, rac niSnavs, rom x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqsimaciis saSualo
Secdomaa: A=15.42%, parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia: Sb0=22.758, Sb1=3.229,
Sb2=0.186. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.152, x1–is 1%-iani zrda y-is
15.2%-iT. E2=0.24, x2–is 1%-iani zrda y-is 24%-iT. 1=0.103> 2=-0.341, e.i. pirveli
cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. amasTanave, mravlobiTi korelaciis
koeficientia R=0.4305, xolo determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.1854. ufro
zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=0.069.
modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=1.59,
Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis
165
safuZvelze). parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT
gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod 0.77 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1
erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.147 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri
koeficientis 1=0.103 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena
aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 18.54%
gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi
mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
2014: regresia: =25.6638+0.6062X1-0.08401X2. kerZo korelaciis
koeficientebi: ryx1=0.238, ryx2=-0.253, rx1x2=-0.841. farar-globeris algoriTmis
saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan
multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis
mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. F1=0.57<19.4,
y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. F2=19.35<19.4, x1
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT. F3=19.59>19.4, x2
multikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqcimaciis saSualo
Secdomaa A=19.34%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=24.891, Sb1=3.352, Sb2=0.222.
elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.118 x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 11.8%-
ian zrdas. E2=-0.142, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 14.2%-ian
Semcirebas. 1=0.0863> 2=-0.18, rac gulisxmobs, rom pirveli cvladis
zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.257, xolo
determinaciis koeficienti R2=0.0661. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficienti ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0674. koreqtirebuli
determinaciis koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT
modelis mniSvnelovneba: F=0.5, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis
ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is
zrdas saSualod 0.606 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs
y-is Semcirebas 0.084 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.0863
Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors.
dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 6.61% gamowveulia faqtorebis
cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi
heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
166
2015: regresia: =19.3358+1.1508X1-0.00663X2. kerZo korelaciis
koeficientebi: ryx1=0.217, ryx2=-0.179, rx1x2=-0.793. farar-globeris algoriTmis
saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan
multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis
mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. F1=0.4<19.4. y
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=13.94<19.4, x1
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=13.6<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqsimaciis saSualo
Secdomaa A=16.9%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=17.754, Sb1=2.424, Sb2=0.158.
elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.227, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 22.7%-
ian zrdas. E2=-0.0115, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 1.15%-ian Semcirebas,
1=0.203> 2=-0.0176, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi
korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.2177, xolo determinaciis koeficienti
R2=0.0474. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti ufro zusti
Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0887. koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientze
dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis mniSvnelovneba: F=0.35,
F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1
erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod 1.151 erTeuliT, aseve,
x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.00663 erTeuliT.
maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.203 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT
meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis
4.74% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba
gamoiricxa.
2016: regresiis gantoleba: =5.2821+3.3128X1+0.06592X2. kerZo
korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=0.441, ryx2=-0.208, rx1x2=-0.695. farar-globeris
algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva
cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris
cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,
F1=2.18<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=10.85<19.4,
x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=7.86<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqcimaciis saSualo
167
Secdomaa A=14.88%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=13.27, Sb1=1.899, Sb2=0.113.
elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.664, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is
66.4%-ian zrdas, E2=-0.119, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 11.9%-ian
Semcirebas. 1=0.575> 2=0.192, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba
metia.mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4625, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.214, Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.102. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=1.9;F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod
3.313 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas
0.0659 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.575 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom
y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi
cvalebadobis 21.39% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. amasTanave,
modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa, xolo misi
parametrebi mniSvnelovania.
aRniSnul kvlevaze dafuZnebiT SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom Savi fulis
gaTeTrebis cvladis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis moculobis
1.2936 erTeuliT zrdas. investiciebze meti gavlena aqvs Savi fulis
gaTeTrebas, gantolebis statistikuri mniSvneloba Semowmebulia
determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT.
davadgineT, rom gamokvleul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo cvalebadobis saSualod
13.85% SemTxvevaSi, investiciebis maCvenebels cvlis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis
da korufciis regresorebi. aseve dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi
statistikurad mniSvnelovanni arian. aseve, uaryofilia modelSi
heteroskedasturoba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, SegviZlia, uarvyoT nulovani
hipoTeza da miviRoT alternatiuli hipoTeza 1, romlis Tanaxmad, fulis
gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.
fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da pui
H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba pui-ze
H1: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze;
168
169
cxrili 12. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis, korufciis da pui-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi
qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.342 343 344
fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) pui (y) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 albaneTi 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.0 33.0 31.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 7.4 10.0 9.0 7.6 7.7 2 belorusia 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 31.0 29.0 31.0 32.0 40.0 2.4 3.6 2.9 2.7 2.1 3 bulgareTi 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 41.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 41.0 3.5 3.8 3.9 5.0 2.1 4 estoneTi 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.8 64.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 70.0 8.2 4.9 7.6 -3.1 3.1 5 latvia 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 49.0 53.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 0.8 6 litva 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 54.0 57.0 58.0 61.0 59.0 1.4 1.7 1.2 2.2 2.1 7 moldova 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 36.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 30.0 4.1 3.6 4.8 3.1 1.2 8 poloneTi 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 58.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 62.0 1.4 0.2 3.7 2.7 2.9 9 rumineTi 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 44.0 43.0 43.0 46.0 48.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.7 10 ruseTi 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.2 28.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 29.0 3.0 4.1 1.3 0.4 2.0 11 saqarTvelo 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 52.0 49.0 52.0 52.0 57.0 6.3 7.0 12.3 10.7 10.5 12 somxeTi 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6 34.0 36.0 37.0 35.0 33.0 4.8 3.2 3.6 1.6 2.9 13 uzbekeTi 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 14 ukraina 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 26.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 5.7 3.1 0.6 2.5 2.8 15 ungreTi 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 55.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 48.0 8.1 -2.8 9.3 -3.7 46.7 16 yirgizeTi 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 24.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 5.1 10.9 5.9 18.8 9.8 17 CexeTi 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 49.0 48.0 51.0 56.0 55.0 4.5 3.5 3.8 0.8 2.8
342https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 343https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview 344https://index.baselgovernance.org
170
2012: regresiis gantoleba: =-2.9734+0.7994X1+0.07771X2. kerZo
korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.0405, ryx2=0.236, rx1x2=‐0.742. farar-globeris
algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva
cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris
cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4.
F1=0.85<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=10.6<19.4, x1
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=11.67<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:
Sb0=7.356, Sb1=1.011, Sb2=0.0643, elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.952, x1-is 1%-
iani zrda iwvevs y‐is 95.2%‐ian zrdas, E2=0.74, x2–is 1%‐iani zrda iwvevs y‐is
74%‐ian zrdas. 1=0.3< 2=0.459, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.
mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.31, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.0961. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=‐0.033. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=074, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is zrdas saSualod
0.799 erTeuliT, aseve, x2‐is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y‐is zrdas 0.0777
erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β2=0.459 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y‐ze
gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y‐is zogadi
cvalebadobis 9.61% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba
gamoiricxa.
2013:regresia: =-5.5464+1.7848X1+0.01194X2, kerZo korelaciis
koeficientebi: ryx1=0.413, ryx2=-0.326, rx1x2=-0.831. farar-globeris algoriTmis
saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan
multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis
mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,
F1=1.65<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=19.84>19.4,
x1 multikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=17.86<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:
Sb0=12.042, Sb1=1.709, Sb2=0.0987. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=2.345, x1–is
171
1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 234.5%-ian zrdas, E2=0.13, x2 –is 1%-iani zrda
iwvevs y-is 13%-ian zrdas. 1=0.457> 2=0.053, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba
metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4138, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.1712. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0528. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=1.45, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod
1.785 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.0119
erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.457 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze
gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi
cvalebadobis 17.12% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba
gamoiricxa.
2014: regresia: =-4.544+0.776x1+0.1241x2. kerZo korelaciis
koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.234, ryx2=0.357, rx1x2=-0.841. farar-globeris algoriTmis
saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan
multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis
mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4.
F1=1.33<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=19.77>19.4,
x1 multikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, aseve, F3=22.09>19.4, x2
multikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:
Sb0=11.601, Sb1=1.562, Sb2=0.103. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.842, x1–is
1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 84.2%-ian zrdas, E2=1.166, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs
y-is 116.6%-ian zrdas. 1=0.227< 2=0.548, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.
mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.3777, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.1427. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0202. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=1.17, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod
0.776 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.124
172
erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β2=0.548 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze
gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi
cvalebadobis 14.27% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. amasTanave, modelSi heteroskedasturobis
arseboba gamoiricxa.
2015: regresiis gantoleba: =-14.8317+3.1661x1+0.06341x2, kerZo
korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=0.439, ryx2=-0.282, rx1x2=-0.793. farar-globeris
algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva
cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris
cxrilis mixedviT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,
F1=2.05<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=16.98<19.4,
x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=13.91<19.4, x2
aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:
Sb0=15.655, Sb1=2.138, Sb2=0.139. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=4.635, x1–is
1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 463.5%-ian zrdas. E2=0.822, x2–is 1%-iani zrda
iwvevs y-is 82.2%-ian zrdas, 1=0.58> 2=0.179, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba
metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4518, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.2041. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0904. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=1.8, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod
3.166 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas
0.0634 erTeuliT. Maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.58 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-
ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi
cvalebadobis 20.41% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis
parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba
gamoiricxa.
2016: regresia: =20.3277–2.5668x1–0.04053x2. kerZo korelaciis
koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.165, ryx2=0.0873, rx1x2=-0.695. farar-globeris algoriTmis
saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan
multikoliniarobis sakiTxi. fiSeris cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi
173
kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, F1=0.24<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia
sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=7.82<19.4, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva
cladebis mimarT, F3=7.5<19.4, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis
mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=32.422, Sb1=4.64, Sb2=0.277.
elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=-2.079, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is
207.9%-ian Semcirebas, E2=-0.295, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 29.5%-ian
Semcirebas, 1=-0.203< 2=-0.0535. e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.
mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.1699, xolo determinaciis
koeficienti R2=0.02885. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti
ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.11. koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis
mniSvnelovneba: F=0.21, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri
interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas
saSualod 2.567 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is
Semcirebas 0.0405 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β2=0.0535 Tanaxmad,
vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-
is zogadi cvalebadobis 2.89% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT.
dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi
heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.
aRniSnuli kvlevis safuZvelze SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom modelis
parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: Savi fulis gaTeTrebis faqtoris
erTi erTeuliT zrda iwvevs puis saSualod 0.7898 erTeuliT zrdas, xolo
korufciis zrda-0.02194-iT. kvlevis safuZvelze aseve vaskvniT, rom
korufcias aqvs gacilebiT meti gavlena pirdapir ucxour investiciebze,
vidre Savi fulis gaTeTrebas. aseve, dadginda, rom pui-s zogadi
cvalebadobis 12.86% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom
modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis
arseboba gamoiricxa. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, SegviZlia, uarvyoT nulovani
hipoTeza da miviRoT alternatiuli hipoTeza 1, romlis Tanaxmad, fulis
gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze.
174
daskvna
naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia fulis gaTeTrebis globalur
problemaze da saqarTvelos gamowvevebze. kvlevis farglebSi,
gavaanalizeT ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciaze arsebuli
literatura, ris Sedegadac CamovayalibeT hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda
empiriuli kvleviT msoflio bankis da bazelis mier gamoqveynebuli Savi
fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis monacemebis safuZvelze.
gasul wlebSi bevri daiwera Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan
fulis gaTeTreba XXI saukunisaTvis axali movlena ar aris da biznesis
operatorebis nawili yovelTvis cdilobda Semosavlebis WeSmariti wyaros
damalvas. Tumca, aRniSnuli problemis interpretacias mecnierebebi
gansxvavebulad axdenen. zogierTi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis gansazRvrebisas
orientirdeba gaTeTrebis Sedegze, zogierTic-procesze.
problemis arsis ukeT aRsaqmelad rekomendirebulia, yuradReba
daeTmos rogorc ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis
micemis process, aseve mis Sedegs. dResdReobiT arsebobs sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso dokumenti da organizacia Tu gaerTianeba, romelic
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebisaTvis legaluri saxis
micemis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. droTa ganmavlobaSi, aRniSnuli
dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis ricxvi matulobs, rac xazs usvams
problemis aqtualobas XXI saukuneSi.
xsenebulma garemoebam ganapiroba fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxis, masze
moqmedi ZiriTadi faqtorebis da gaTeTrebis meTodebis, fazebis kvlevis
aucilebloba. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis determinantebis dadgenis
safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom araoficialuri saqmianobidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis maRali xvedriTi wili, Crdilovani ekonomikis, finansuri
institutebis saqmianobaze kontrolisa da monitoringis meqanizmebis
arasrulyofileba, finansuri saqmianobis regulirebis saerTaSoriso
standartebis Seusrulebloba, gamWvirvalobis arasakmarisi moTxovnebi
finansur operaciebsa da qonebis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT, anonimuri
angariSebis, qveynis SigniT Tavisufali savaWro zonebis arseboba xels
175
uwyobs fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebis zrdas. amasTanave, ZiriTadi
faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
procesze, droTa manZilze viTardeba, rac ganapirobebs maTi Seswavlis
mudmiv saWiroebas.
marTalia, dResdReobiT, arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi
erTi unificirebuli midgoma, romelic gulisxmobs ganTavsebas,
danawevrebasa da gaerTianebas, Tumca, realobaSi mravali xerxi da meTodi
gamoiyeneba kriminalistebis mier ukanono SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri
saxis misacemad.
aSkaraa, rom ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis
legalizaciis meTodebi dRevandelobaSi sakmaod mravalferovania. ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebTan dakavSirebuli procesze zemoqmedebis
mizniT Catarebuli kvleva iZleva saqarTveloSi aqtualuri sferoebis
gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. rogorc kvlevam gvaCvena, 2016 wels finansuri
monitoringis samsaxurSi Sesulia 993 saeWvo garigeba, romelTagan
komerciuli bankebis mier warmodgenilia 549;
mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier 65;
sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemebis
mier 75;
fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebis mier 5;
sabrokero kompaniebis mier 1;
latariebis, azartuli da sxva momgebiani TamaSebis momwyobi
pirebis mier 27;
salizingo kompaniebis mier 46;
Semosavlebis samsaxuris da sajaro reestris erovnuli
saagentos mier 296 saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb angariSgebis forma.
TiToeuli saWiroebs detalur analizs pasuxismgebeli organoebis
mier, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli riskebi, dakavSirebuli qveynis
ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.
fulis gaTeTrebis samyaroSi kriminalebs, finansur institutebsa da
samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris brZola inteleqtualur Serkinebas hgavs,
sadac fulis gamTeTreblebi mudmivad eZeben gaTeTrebis axal gzebs. im
176
dros, rodesac finansuri institutebi iseve, rogorc saxelmwifo
struqturebi, axorcieleben didi moculobis investiciebs Tanamedrove
teqnologiebSi, raTa moxerxdes klientebis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis
miReba. damnaSaveebi maqsimalurad cdiloben alternatiuli gzebis
moZiebas, ris sapasuxodac saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSoriso samarTaldamcavi
da adgilobrivi organoebi imuSaveben sxvadasxva teqnologiebs, romelic
saSualebas miscems maT dainaxon kavSirebi moTamaSeebs Soris da
gamoavlinon saeWvo tipis SemTxvevebi, dakavSirebuli fulis gaTeTrebasTan
da sxva danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan. Tu finansuri sistemebi kvlavac
ganagrZoben axali kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas, kriminalebi kvlav
Seecdebian axali alternatiuli gzis moZiebas fuladi saxsrebisaTvis
WeSmariti wyaros dasafarad.
Cven CavatareT empiriuli kvleva post-socialisturi 17 qveynis
oficialuri statistikuri monacemis safuZvelze. kvlevis sawyis etapze
mimovixileT fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT dainteresebuli sxvadasxva
mecnieris Teoriebi Savi fulis, korufciisa da ekonomikuri zrdis,
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da investiciebis Sesaxeb, raTa
gamovleniliyo Savi fulis gaTeTrebis zemoqmedeba ekonomikur
maCveneblebze. kvlevis mixedviT davaskveniT, rom fulis gaTeTrebasa da
ekonomikur zrdas Soris aris uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. aseve,
aRsaniSnavia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba korufciasTan erTad dadebiTad
aisaxeba investiciebisa da pui-s moculobis zrdaze. aRniSnuli kavSiris
arseboba gamowveulia imiT, rom post-socialisturi qveynebis didi nawili
jer kidev arademokratiuli qveynebia, sadac arsebobs biurokratiuli
samarTali, saxelmwifo moxeleebi Tavad arian CarTulni korufciul
aqtivobebSi, ukanono gzebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi gaaqvT ofSorebSi da
Semdgom pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saxiT axorcieleben investicias
qveyanaSi.
aRniSnulze miuTiTebs saqarTvelos magaliTic, sadac pui-s
garkveuli nawili ofSorebidan moedineba, rac safrTxes warmoadgens
saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis, vinaidan Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs
sxvadasxva negatiuri efeqti qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic
moicavs da ar Semoifargleba mxolod kerZo seqtorisaTvis legitimuri
177
Ziris gamoTxriT, finansuri bazrebisTvis zianis miyenebiT, ekonomikuri
stabilurobis rRveviT, Tu sxv.
kvlevis mixedviT dadginda, rom dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi
mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens Savi fulis gaTeTreba, xolo
korufciis maRali done erT-erTi yuradsaRebi problemaa saqarTvelos
realobisaTvis. orive faqtori gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xdeba, roca ukanono
Semosavlebi qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli RonisZiebebis, maT Soris terorizmis, narkotikebiT da iaraRiT
ukanono vaWrobis, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis danaSaulebebis dafinansebas
xmardeba.
amasTan, politikuri nebis arsebobis pirobebSi sruliad
SesaZlebelia, rom qveyanaSi dausjelobis sindromi dasjis SiSiT
Seicvalos da fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT mkacri zomebi
gatardes. literaturuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom korufciis maRali
zrdis tempi iwvevs qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa Tu ganviTarebis donis
Semcirebas, iseve, rogorc vnebs saxelmwifos mier socialuri tipis
danaxarjebis efeqtianobas da adamianuri kapitalis formirebas.
saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba investiciebis
maCvenebels iseve, rogorc pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas.
qveyanaSi arsebuli liberaluri sainvesticio garemo da Tanabari pirobebi
adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebisaTvis, saqarTvelos mimzidvels
xdis ucxoeli investorebisTvis. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom
mTavroba ar unda ebrZolos korufcias an fulis gaTeTrebis problemas.
miCneulia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis Semdeg, umetesi nawili kvlav miemarTeba
kriminaluri aqtivobebis dasafinanseblad. aucilebelia, gvaxsovdes, rom
saqarTvelos nakisri aqvs valdebuleba moaxdinos sakuTari
kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan da
miiRos kanonmdebloba, romelic iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis dawesebulebebTan
saqmiani urTierTobis dawyebisas momxmarebelTa vinaobis dadgenas,
calkeuli garigebebis an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli garigebebis seriis
damwyebi momxmareblebis identificirebas, momxmarebelTan saqmiani
SeTanxmebis dasrulebis Semdegac ki gansazRvruli periodiT Sesabamisi
cnobebis Senaxvas, Sida kontrolisa da kavSiris adekvaturi procedurebis
178
dawyebas, Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis mier Tavisi TanamSromlebisaTvis
treningis programebis SemuSavebas da sxv.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi did yuradRebas uTmoben saqarTvelos
mier nakisri im valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, romlebic mimarTulia
trefikingiT, narkotikebiT Tu iaraRis vaWrobiT naSovni fulis
legalizebis winaaRmdeg. fulis gaTeTrebis da terorizmis dafinansebis,
rogorc transnacionaluri danaSaulebis, winaaRmdeg brZola da maTi
prevencia saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erTi umTavresi prioritetia.
saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis aRkveTis sistema arsebobis 15 wels iTvlis. amJamad moqmedi
“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanoni 2003 wlis 6 ivniss iqna miRebuli da ZalaSia 2004 wlis
1 ianvridan. swored aRniSnuli kanoni warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis erovnuli sistemis
mTavar samarTlebriv instruments.
kanoni aregulirebs saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTis
xelSewyobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs, aseve, saqarTvelosa da sxva
saxelmwifoTa uflebamosil organoebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs
Soris TanamSromlobis formebs. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
ZiriTadi mizania saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso standartebTan Tavsebadi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis
winaaRmdeg brZolisa da aRkveTis erovnuli sistemis formireba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xels Seuwyobs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
danaSaulebis prevencias, maTi raodenobis klebas da aseve, maT droul
gamovlenas. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg ki brZolis
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba qveyanaSi arsebuli riskebis identificirebas da am
danaSaulebis prevenciis mizniT riskze damyarebuli politikis
gansazRvras gulisxmobs.
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWosa da gaeros wevri,
is SeuerTda aRniSnuli organizaciebis konvenciebs, romlebic aweseben
garkveul standartebs. aucilebelia, saqarTvelomac gaiTvaliswinos es
standartebi, radgan yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba adaptirebuli unda iyos
179
aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad. jerjerobiT saqarTvelo
saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs imiT akmayofilebs, rom Seqmnilia finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuri. am samsaxurSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs sxvadasxva
Cinovnikebis swavlebis procesi, radgan swored maT kompetenciazea
damokidebuli ama Tu im saeWvo tranzaqciis Tu finansuri garigebis
aRmoCena.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis
efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba, romelic
gaiTvaliswinebs konkretul RonisZiebebs, maT implementaciaze
pasuxismgebel uwyebebsa da Sesrulebis vadebs. strategiis da samoqmedo
gegmis Sesrulebis zedamxedvelobam unda uzrunvelyos ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da
prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebi da
organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT formirebuli
uwyebaTSorisi sakoordinacio sabWo, romlis mTavar amocanas aseve
warmoadgens strategiis, Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis da ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da misi prevenciis
sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rekomendaciebis
Sesrulebis zedamxedveloba da am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo organoebis
saqmianobis koordinacia.
naTelia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi arsi da mizani
danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili fuladi saxsrebis dagroveba da misi
dakanonebaa. garda damnaSavis dakavebisa da dasjisa, fulis gaTeTrebis
sawinaaRmdebo RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovan ekonomikur mizans emsaxureba,
kerZod, danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevas da misi
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemas. Sesabamisad, fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego
sistemis danergva konfiskaciis meqanizmis damkvidrebis gareSe
mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs aRniSnuli sistemis efeqtianobas. fulis
gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis srulyofis mizniT, aucilebelia
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gafarToeba da grZelvadiani ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis kompleqsuri miznobrivi programis
SemuSaveba da realizeba.
180
gasaTvaliswinebelia, naRdi fulis brunva, romelic erT-erTi susti
wertilia fulis gaTeTrebis efeqturi aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT. xSirad,
naRdi fuli emsaxureba Crdilovan ekonomikas, romlis zrdac naRdi fulis
brunvis stimulirebas axdens. sainteresroa, rom bolo dros yuradRebas
ipyrobs erTi idea, romelic naRdi fulis ramdenime kupiuris mospobaSi
mdgomareobs. gacxadebuli mizezi isaa, rom es, viTomda, dagvexmareba
teroristebTan, narkodilerebsa da gadasaxadebisgan Tavis amrideblebTan
brZolaSi. ase, TiTqos, damnaSaveebs gadaadgilebasa da ukanonod miRebuli
fuladi tipis Semosavlebis SenaxvaSi problemebi Seeqmneba.
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqturi
brZolisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri xasiaTis
RonisZiebebs. mizanSewonilia, dainergos ucxouri gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, programebi da sxvadasxva
struqturebis monacemebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas erTiani baza, romelic
inteleqtualuri kompiuteruli saZiebo programebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebels gaxdis gamoavlinos saeWvo garigebebi.
fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad
rekomendirebulia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi dakavSirebuli
kontrolTan, romelic moicavs:
risk-menejments;
saeWvo aqtivobebis monitorings;
“icnobde Sens klients” politikis danergvas;
SemTxvevis menejments da dakvirvebis obieqtebis siis
filtracias.
aqve, yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom bolo wlebSi mTels msoflioSi
sagrZnoblad gaizarda sxvadasxva organizaciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
eleqtronuli Tavdasxmebis raodenoba. kompiuteruli danaSaulis zrdasTan
erTad, saWiro gaxda axali maregulirebeli kanonebis SemuSaveba. swored
am periodSi miiRes ramdenime siaxle sxvadasxva qveynebma sakuTar
kanonmdeblobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio aRiarebs kompiuteruli
danaSaulis maRal saSiSroebas, jer kidev ar arsebobs calsaxad
gamokveTili saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba aseTi tipis danaSaulTan
sabrZolvelad. safinanso seqtoris swrafi ganviTareba, saSualebas aZlevs
181
dawesebulebebs gauwion momxmareblebs momsaxureba fizikuri daswrebis
gareSe, magaliTad, internetis, satelefono sabanko momsaxurebis
saSualebebiT. aRniSnuli saxis momsaxurebebi sul ufro masStabur saxes
iZens, da vinaidan aseT avtomatizirebul operaciebs nebismieri adgilidan
xelmisawvdomoba da naklebi gamWvirvaloba axasiaTebs, es fulis
gaTeTrebis metad xelsayrel saSualebad SeiZleba iqces. mniSvneloba
eniWeba aseTi tipis garigebebs da aucilebelia speciluri adekvaturi
zomebis miReba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebeli xdeba Semdegi
punqtebis kontroli:
angariSis gaxsna, fulis depozitze miReba;
sesxis gacema;
sadebeto baraTis gamoSveba;
samogzauro Cekis gamoSveba;
eleqtronuli transferis miReba-gagzavna.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi dagrovili gamocdileba, gviCvenebs, rom
safinanso institutebs fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis didi
riski axasiaTebs. amasTan safinanso institutis cneba garda bankebis,
sadazRvevo konpaniebis da fasini qaRladebis brokerebisa ufro farToa da
iseT instituts moicavs, romelic dazustebuli ar aris, magaliTad:
safinanso salizingo kompaniebi, fuladi gzavnilebis dawesebulebebi, Tu
sxv. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, Tu finansuri monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebeli pirebs auditorebi, damoukidebeli buRaltrebi,
sagadasaxado konsultantebi da iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli
pirebi SeuerTdebian. amasTanave, gasaTvaliwinebelia, rom fulis
gamTeTreblebi, finansuri konsultaciisaTvis profesional buRaltrebs,
iuristebs da sxv. pirebs mimarTaven. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT bazris swraf
ganviTarebas, aRniSnuli profesiuli saqmianoba fulis gaTeTrebis kuTxiT
SesaZlebelia maleve gaxdes maRali riskis matarebeli.
amasTanave, mniSvnelovania, rom kanoproeqtSi mkafiod Camoyalibdes
moTxovnebi, romlis Tanaxmadac monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli
dawesebulebebi klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikacias
ganaxorcieleben rogorc grZevadiani saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas,
aseve, erTjeradi garigebis dadebisas im SemTxvevaSi Tu garigebis Tanxa
182
dadgenil zRvars aRemateba. aRniSnuli debulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom dawesebulebam klientis identifikacia aucileblad unda moaxdinos
masTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas. es debuleba ganamtkicebs
princips `icnobde sakuTar klients”, romelsac unda icavdes monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebuleba. rac Seexeba garigebis Tanxis odenobas,
igi piris identifikaciis valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia
periodulad gadasaxdeli premiis Tanxa, romelic gadaaWarbebs dadgenil
zRvars-1,000 evros. identifikaciis gamonaklisi SeiZleba, Seexos sapensio
sqemebis sadazRvevo polisebs, romlebic gacemulia SromiTi
xelSekrulebis an dazRveulis dasaqmebis safuZvelze, im pirobiT rom
aseTi polisebi ar Seicavs damzRvevis mier xelSekrulebis vadamde
Sewyvetis uflebas.
amasTanave, kazinoebma unda moaxdinon klientebis identifikacia,
romlebic yiduloben an yidian 1,000 evros Sesabamisi eqvivalentis larebSi
da meti Rirebulebis saTamaSo monetebs. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel
pirebs identifikaciis valdebuleba unda daekisroT im SemTxvevaSic,
rodesac garigebis Tanxa zemoT dadgenil zRvrebze naklebia, Tu arsebobs
eWvi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad monitoringis
ganmaxorcielebl pirebs klientis identifikaciis movaleoba ekisrebaT,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebis Tanxa
dadgenil zRvarze metia. monitoringis ganmaxorcilebelma pirebma unda
gaataron yvela saWiro da adekvaturi RonisZieba, romelic aucilebelia im
didi riskis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic dakavSirebulia klientis
fizikuri daswrebis gareSe masTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebasa Tu
garigebis dadebasTan. RonisZiebebma unda uzrunvelyon vinaobis dadgena
damatebiTi dokumenturi mtkicebulebis moTxovnis gziT. amasTanave,
erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos garigebasTan dakavSirebuli
mtkicebulebebis da klientis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli
mtkicebulebebis Senaxvis vada. kanonproeqtSi avtomaturad unda
ganisazRvros moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac dokumentebis Senaxvis vada
aiTvleba am urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan.
fulis gaTeTrebis erT-erT mastimulirebeli faqtori teqnologiuri
progresia, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRmkveTi kanonmdebloba ki
183
ar unda CamorCes finansuri institutebis mier bazrisTvis axali
produqtebis SeTavazebis temps da es axali produqtebi ar unda iqnas
gamoyenebuli kriminalebis mier danaSaulebrivi miznebis
gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros narkotikebTan da danaSaulTan samdivnom
danaSaulobis prevenciisa da kriminaluri iusticiis gaeros me-12
kongresisTvis moamzada eleqtronul danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli proeqti.
konvenciis proeqtSi aRiniSna, rom “eleqtronuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg
globaluri konvenciis SemuSaveba saWiroebs sakiTxisadmi frTxil da
gaazrebul midgomas“. amasTanave, kriptovalutebis momavali jer naTlad
ar aris gansazRvruli. ase, rom mizanSewonilia Zalebis gaerTianeba fulis
gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic moicavs rogorc specialuri
organoebis warmomadgenelTa, aseve sabanko da sxva finansuri institutebis
TanamSromelTa trenings, romlebic erToblivad Seecdebian rogorc
fulis gaTeTrebis, ise korufciis problemis prevencias da mis Semdgom
aRmofxvras.
sxva qveynebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom informaciis
organizebuli gacvla mkveTrad zrdis fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi
samuSaoebis efeqturobas. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, sxvadasxva
sainformacio cnobari Tu saerTaSoriso publikacia da informaciis didi
nakadis gadamamuSavebeli analitikur programebi xels uwyoben ukanonod
miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT
Semdgom prevencias. aseve, sasurvelia informaciis didi nakadis
gadamamuSavebeli mowinave sagamoZiebo, analitikuri programebis, maT
Soris, “12” e.w. “analitikosis wignakis” gamoyeneba. “12’’-is garda aseve
arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, maT Soris NetMiner, UCInet, Pajek, sxv,
romelic iZleva monacemebis informaciad gardaqmnis saSualebas da
kompaniebis saxelwodebebs, mowileTa raodenobas, vinaobas, misamarTebs,
dabadebis TariRebs ise gardaqmnis, rom saerTo saxelwodebebs Soris
xilul kavSirs adgens. programebi saSualebas aZleven mkvlevars rTuli,
kompleqsuri bazebidan mopovebuli informacia martivad daakavSiros
erTmaneTTan da Seqmnas e.w. logikuri scenarebi. amgvarad, kavSirebis
dadgena, romelic analitikoss gauWirdeboda monacemTa bazebis
raodenobis gamo, ukve SesaZlebelia kompiuteruli programis meSveobiT.
184
kompiuteruli programebis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba, rodesac mas
gamoiyeneben analitikosTa mier Seqmnil monacemTa bazebSi. aseTi baza
funqcionirebs, rogorc damakavSirebeli xidi da uzrunvelyofs
gacvlisTvis dacul samuSao sivrces. amasTanave, fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb
raime eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamis dawesebulebas unda daevalos,
ar ganaxorcielos konkretuli garigeba da Seatyobinos policias an sxva
makontrolebel organos informacia. Tu informaciis gacema xdeba
keTilsindisieri gziT, maSin igi ar warmoadgens saidumloebis principis
darRvevas.
kvlevis SezRudvebi: winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia
raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi, romelic eyrdnoba msoflio bankis da
bazelis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis monacemTa bazas. Teoriebisa da
wamyvani mecnierebis naSromebis analizis da sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibda
hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda empiriuli kvlevis gamoyenebiT.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, midgoma, romelsac efuZneba naSromi
gulisxmobs Camoyalibebuli hipoTezebis empiriuli kvlevis saSualebiT
Semowmebas. Tumca, aRniSnuli naSromis erT-erTi udidesi SezRudva aris is
faqti, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis gamoTvla warmoebs 2012
wlidan. miRebuli Sedegebis saimedoobis da sizustis gaumjobesebisaTvis
aucilebelia meti informacia, romelic moicavs minimum 10 an 15 wels.
185
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